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valdr lýða á láði
‘ruler of people on earth’ = KING = Paul
ruler of people on earth. → KING = Paul
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
vísi strinda
‘of the ruler of the strindir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
the ruler of the Strindir → NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
gramr sygna
‘of the lord of the sygnir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
the lord of the Sygnir, → NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
vinr virða
‘the friend of men’ = RULER = Magnús
the friend of men → RULER = Magnús
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
folkstýrir
‘the troop-leader’ = RULER
The troop-leader → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
3.1. commander of the army
sendir flotna
‘of the sender of sea-warriors’ = KING
the sender of sea-warriors → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
hildarramr sløngvir harra
‘the battle-mighty disperser of lords’ = RULER
The battle-mighty disperser of lords → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
sveit íms
‘the company of the wolf’ = WOLVES
the company of the wolf → WOLVES
wolf
2.2. company of the wolf (B3a)
ástvinr aldar
‘the beloved friend of people’ = RULER
the beloved friend of people → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
hollvinr herjar
‘the loyal friend of the people’ = JUST RULER
the loyal friend of the people → JUST RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
3.8. friend of the army
spjalli harra
‘the companion of lords’ = RULER = Henry IV
The companion of lords → RULER = Henry IV
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
ríkir jǫfra
‘a ruler of princes’ = KING
A ruler of princes → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.2. lord of princes
þengill dana
‘the prince of the danes’ = Eiríkr
the prince of the Danes. → Eiríkr
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
harri dana
‘the lord of the danes’ = Eiríkr
the lord of the Danes; → Eiríkr
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
dýrri vǫrðr flotna
‘a more precious guardian of sea-warriors’ = RULER
a more precious guardian of sea-warriors → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.3. guardian of people
konungr eyna
‘the king of the eynir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
The king of the Eynir → NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
dýrr stjóri drengja
‘the worthy leader of warriors’ = RULER = Eiríkr
the worthy leader of warriors → RULER = Eiríkr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
sóknstríðs tyggi Svía
‘of the battle-hard king of the Swedes’ = Óláfr sœnski
the battle-hard king of the Swedes → Óláfr sœnski
Swedish king, ruler
. ruler of the Swedes
þess sessi þjóðar
‘of this bench-mate of the people’ = RULER
this bench-mate of the people → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
hjaldrmóðum gramr Hringa
‘the battle-bold prince of the Hringar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
the battle-bold prince of the Hringar; → NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
stjóri gumna
‘the steerer of men’ = RULER
the steerer of men, → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
vinr jarla
‘the friend of jarls’ = KING
the friend of jarls → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
dróttinn hersa
‘the lord of hersar’ = KING = Óláfr
the lord of hersar → KING = Óláfr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.2. lord of princes
ítr*vinr Áta
‘the glorious friends of Áti’ = SEAFARERS
the glorious friends of Áti → SEAFARERS
seafarer
3.2. friend of the sea-king
gramr lofða
‘the ruler of warriors’ = Óláfr
the ruler of warriors → Óláfr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
landreki hers inn fremri
‘better land-ruler of the army’ = KING
better land-ruler of the army → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
3.1. commander of the army
nenninn dróttinn Norðmanna
‘the energetic lord of Norwegians’ = Óláfr
the energetic lord of Norwegians → Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
dýrr stjóri dróttar
‘the worthy steerer of the retinue’ = RULER
the worthy steerer of the retinue → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
dróttinn virða
‘the lord of men’ = RULER
the lord of men; → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
gætir gumna
‘the protector of men’ = RULER = Guðbrandr
the protector of men → RULER = Guðbrandr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.3. guardian of people
snarr harri búþegna
‘the keen chief of landowners’ = RULER = Óláfr
the keen chief of landowners → RULER = Óláfr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
vinr dróttar
‘the friend of the people’ = RULER = Magnús or Óláfr Haraldsson
the friend of the people → RULER = Magnús or Óláfr Haraldsson
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
stillir hörða
‘the ruler of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr Haraldsson
The ruler of the Hǫrðar. → NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr Haraldsson
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
hraustr vinr hǫrða
‘the bold friend of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
the bold friend of the Hǫrðar → NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
3. friend of the Norwegians
geðsnjallr folkvǫrðr
‘the quick-witted guardian of the people’ = RULER
The quick-witted guardian of the people → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.3. guardian of people
konungr hǫrða
‘of the king of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING
the king of the Hǫrðar → NORWEGIAN KING
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
yfirmaðr allrar alþýðu lærðra
‘the superior of the whole multitude of learned men’ = BISHOP
the whole multitude of learned men — → CLERICS
the superior of CLERICS → BISHOP
bishop
2. ruler of clerics
þengill mœra
‘of the lord of the mœrir’ = Óláfr
the lord of the Mœrir; → Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
liðgegn lofðungr þrœnda
‘the prince of the þrœndir, fair with men’ = Óláfr
The prince of the Þrœndir, fair with men, → Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
fullhugaðr folkvaldr
‘the very wise army-ruler’ = Óláfr
the very wise army-ruler → Óláfr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
3.1. commander of the army
konungr rauma
‘the king of the raumar’ = Óláfr
the king of the Raumar → Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
gramr hǫrða
‘the king of the hǫrðar’ = Óláfr
The king of the Hǫrðar, → Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
guðs riddari
‘god’s knight’ = SAINT = Óláfr
God’s knight → SAINT = Óláfr
holy man, saint
1.1. knight of God/Christ
dróttinn hǫrða
‘of the lord of the hǫrðar’ = Óláfr
the lord of the Hǫrðar → Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
guðs riddari
‘god’s knight’ = SAINT = Óláfr
God’s knight → SAINT = Óláfr
holy man, saint
1.1. knight of God/Christ
dróttinn sygna
‘the lord of the sygnir’ = Óláfr
the lord of the Sygnir, → Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
guðs riddari
‘god’s knight’ = SAINT = Óláfr
God’s knight → SAINT = Óláfr
holy man, saint
1.1. knight of God/Christ
folksterks fylkir egða
‘of the army-strong leader of the egðir’ = Óláfr
the army-strong leader of the Egðir → Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
guðs riddari
‘god’s knight’ = SAINT = Óláfr
God’s knight → SAINT = Óláfr
holy man, saint
1.1. knight of God/Christ
guðs riddari
‘god’s knight’ = SAINT = Óláfr
God’s knight → SAINT = Óláfr
holy man, saint
1.1. knight of God/Christ
guðs riddari
‘god’s knight’ = SAINT = Óláfr
God’s knight → SAINT = Óláfr
holy man, saint
1.1. knight of God/Christ
guðs riddari
‘god’s knight’ = SAINT = Óláfr
God’s knight → SAINT = Óláfr
holy man, saint
1.1. knight of God/Christ
mildingr hǫrða
‘of the king of the hǫrðar’ = Óláfr
the king of the Hǫrðar → Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
guðs riddari
‘god’s knight’ = SAINT = Óláfr
God’s knight → SAINT = Óláfr
holy man, saint
1.1. knight of God/Christ
guðs riddari
‘god’s knight’ = SAINT = Óláfr
God’s knight → SAINT = Óláfr
holy man, saint
1.1. knight of God/Christ
þengill rauma
‘the king of the raumar’ = Óláfr
the king of the Raumar → Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
jǫfurr fyrða
‘the prince of men’ = Óláfr
the prince of men, → Óláfr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
guðs riddari
‘god’s knight’ = SAINT = Óláfr
God’s knight → SAINT = Óláfr
holy man, saint
1.1. knight of God/Christ
þjónn mildings angrfyldrar aldar
‘the servant of the king of sinful humankind’ = PRIEST = Ríkarðr
the king of sinful humankind → God
The servant of GOD → PRIEST = Ríkarðr
priest
1. servant of God
guðs þræll
‘god’s servant’ = PRIEST
God’s servant → PRIEST
priest
1. servant of God
vinr lausnara
‘the friend of the saviour’ = SAINT
the friend of the Saviour, → SAINT
holy man, saint
1.2. friend of God
vinr gumna
‘the friend of men’ = RULER = Haraldr
The friend of men → RULER = Haraldr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
orðheppinn spjalli jǫfra
‘the speech-blessed confidant of princes’ = JARL = Hákon
the speech-blessed confidant of princes → JARL = Hákon
jarl
2. friend of the ruler
dróttinn fila
‘the lord of the filir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
The lord of the Filir → NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
hirð Hugins
‘for the retinue of Huginn’ = RAVENS
for the retinue of Huginn → RAVENS
raven
2.2. retinue of the raven (B3a)
fljótmæltr konungr Jóta
‘the eloquent king of the Jótar’ = DANISH KING = Eiríkr
The eloquent king of the Jótar, → DANISH KING = Eiríkr
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
fljótmælts vinr Jóta
‘of the swift-spoken friend of the Jótar’ = DANISH KING = Sveinn
the swift-spoken friend of the Jótar → DANISH KING = Sveinn
Danish king, ruler, jarl
3. friend of the Danes
gjǫfvinr vildra sygna
‘the gift-friend of prized sygnir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
The gift-friend of prized Sygnir → NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
3. friend of the Norwegians
þengill hersa
‘the lord of hersar’ = RULER
the lord of hersar, → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.2. lord of princes
fjǫlnenninn landreki dana
‘the very vigorous land-ruler of the danes’ = DANISH KING = Eiríkr
the very vigorous land-ruler of the Danes. → DANISH KING = Eiríkr
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
eiðbróðir arnar
‘sworn-brother of the eagle’ = RAVEN
sworn-brother of the eagle → RAVEN
raven
2.3. sworn-brother of the eagle (B3a)
dróttinn Norðmanna
‘lord of Norwegians’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
lord of Norwegians; → NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
ins framráða allvaldr austmanna
‘the forward-striving mighty ruler of the norwegians’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
the forward-striving mighty ruler of the Norwegians, → NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
hildingr kyns lofða
‘of the prince of the race of men’ = RULER = Christ
the race of men → MANKIND
the prince of the MANKIND → RULER = Christ
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
ástvinr dróttins ýta
‘the dear friends of the lord of men’ = SAINTS
the lord of men; → God
the dear friends of GOD → SAINTS
holy man, saint
1.2. friend of God
segjandi sagna
‘with the commanders of the troops’ = Æsir
with the commanders of the troops → Æsir
Áss, god
4. leaders of the troops
vinr hrafnásar
‘the friend of the raven-god’ = Loki
the raven-god → Óðinn
the friend of ÓÐINN → Loki
Loki
2.1. friend of a god
ballastan dolgr vallar
‘the very bold enemy of the earth’ = GIANT = Þjazi
the very bold enemy of the earth → GIANT = Þjazi
giant
. enemy of the land
holls vinr Hœnis
‘of the loyal friend of Hœnir’ = Loki
the loyal friend of Hœnir → Loki
Loki
2.1. friend of a god
of rúni Þórs
‘the confidant of Þórr’ = Loki
the confidant of Þórr → Loki
Loki
2.1. friend of a god
môlunautr Miðjungs
‘the speech-companion of Miðjungr’ = GIANT = Þjazi
the speech-companion of Miðjungr → GIANT = Þjazi
giant
3.3. confidant of the giant
leiðiþírr ǫl-Gefnar
‘the leading slave of ale-Gefn’ = Loki
ale-Gefn, → WOMAN = Iðunn
the leading slave of the WOMANIÐUNN → Loki
Loki
2.4. servant of the woman
biðill Greipar
‘of the wooer of Greip’ = GIANT
the wooer of Greip → GIANT
giant
4.1. confidant of the giantess
solgnum dolgr manna
‘the greedy enemy of men’ = GIANT = Hrungnir
the greedy enemy of men; → GIANT = Hrungnir
giant
. enemy of people
heimþingaðr herju Vingnis
‘of the home-visitor of the female follower of Vingnir’ = GIANT = Hrungnir
the female follower of Vingnir → GIANTESS
the home-visitor of GIANTESS → GIANT = Hrungnir
giant
4.1. confidant of the giantess
herja Vingnis
‘of the female follower of Vingnir’ = GIANTESS
the female follower of Vingnir → GIANTESS
giantess, troll-woman
1.1. consort of the giant (B3a)
bági jarla
‘adversary of jarls’ = RULER = Hákon
Adversary of jarls, → RULER = Hákon
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.6. enemy of princes
víf Mistar
‘of the woman of Mist’ = VALKYRIE
the woman of Mist. → VALKYRIE
valkyrie
2.2. woman of the valkyrie (B3b)
herrekkir
‘war-promoter’ = WARRIOR
War-promoter, → WARRIOR
warrior
4.3.2. emboldener of the army
sessi seggja
‘the benchmate of men’ = RULER = Hákon
the benchmate of men → RULER = Hákon
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
ferðar Hugins verðbjóðr
‘meal-offerer of the flock of Huginn’ = WARRIOR = Hákon
the flock of Huginn → RAVENS
the meal of RAVENS → CORPSES
The offerer of CORPSES → WARRIOR = Hákon
warrior
15.1. offerer of corpses
ferð Hugins
‘of the flock of Huginn’ = RAVENS
the flock of Huginn → RAVENS
raven
2.2. retinue of the raven (B3a)
gunnríkr rúni grams
‘the battle-powerful prince’s confidant’ = RULER
The battle-powerful prince’s confidant, → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.4. friend of the ruler
sá snjallráðr spjalli konungs
‘that shrewdly-advising king’s intimate’ = RULER
that shrewdly-advising king’s intimate → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.4. friend of the ruler
gramr jǫfra
‘the king of princes’ = Hákon
The king of princes → Hákon
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.2. lord of princes
kván óls mána
‘of the wife of the affliction of the moon’ = GIANTESS
the affliction of the moon. → GIANT
the wife of the GIANT → GIANTESS
giantess, troll-woman
1.1. consort of the giant (B3a)
auðmildr valdr hörða
‘the wealth-generous ruler of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
The wealth-generous ruler of the Hǫrðar, → NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
vitr valdr norrænar aldar
‘the wise ruler of the norwegian people’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
The wise ruler of the Norwegian people → NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
göfugr oddviti jöfra
‘the glorious leader of princes’ = KING
the glorious leader of princes → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.2. lord of princes
lofðungr þrænda
‘the lord of the þrændir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
the lord of the Þrændir → NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
göfugr dróttinn virða
‘the glorious lord of men’ = KING = Hákon
The glorious lord of men → KING = Hákon
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
ríkjum jǫfurr Skánunga
‘the mighty prince of the Skánungar’ = DANISH KING = Kristófór
the mighty prince of the Skánungar → DANISH KING = Kristófór
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
hilmir rauma
‘the ruler of the raumar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
The ruler of the Raumar → NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
stillir egða
‘the ruler of the egðir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
The ruler of the Egðir → NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
gramr lýða
‘of the lord of men’ = KING
the lord of men; → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
Aurnis spjalli
‘of Aurnir’s confidant’ = GIANT
Aurnir’s confidant. → GIANT
giant
3.3. confidant of the giant
stýrir lofða
‘the controller of men’ = RULER = Hákon
The controller of men → RULER = Hákon
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
gramr hörða
‘of the lord of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
the lord of the Hǫrðar → NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
dróttinn seggja
‘the lord of men’ = KING = Hákon
the lord of men, → KING = Hákon
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
stýrir jöfra
‘of the controller of princes’ = KING
the controller of princes → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.2. lord of princes
ógnstórr gramr Svía
‘the awe-inspiring lord of the Swedes’ = SWEDISH RULER = Birgir
the awe-inspiring lord of the Swedes → SWEDISH RULER = Birgir
Swedish king, ruler
. ruler of the Swedes
bági jarla
‘the adversary of jarls’ = RULER
the adversary of jarls → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.6. enemy of princes
heljarmaðr
‘the men of hel’ = WICKED MEN
The men of Hel → WICKED MEN
male, man
meistari klerka
‘the teacher of clerics’ = BISHOP
The teacher of clerics → BISHOP
bishop
2. ruler of clerics
gildir flotna
‘supporter of seafarers’ = RULER
Supporter of seafarers, → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
rúni rekka
‘the counsellor of warriors’ = KING = Æthelred
the counsellor of warriors → KING = Æthelred
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
þofti skjǫldunga
‘benchmate of kings’ = RULER
benchmate of kings, → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.4. friend of the ruler
engi allvaldr aldar
‘no mighty ruler of men’ = RULER
no mighty ruler of men → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
hringmildr, algildr vinr bragna
‘the ring-generous, thoroughly splendid friend of the people’ = Ragnarr
the ring-generous, thoroughly splendid friend of the people → Ragnarr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
sá gramr ýta
‘that lord of the people’ = RULER
that lord of the people → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
konungr Jóta
‘of the king of the Jótar’ = DANISH KING = Haraldr
the king of the Jótar → DANISH KING = Haraldr
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
hilmir hǫrða
‘the lord of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
the lord of the Hǫrðar → NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
mær Viðris
‘of Viðrir’s maidens’ = VALKYRIES
Viðrir’s maidens. → VALKYRIES
valkyrie
2.1. woman of Óðinn (B3a; B3b)
gramr þjóðar
‘the lord of the people’ = RULER
the lord of the people. → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
allnýtr gætir egða
‘the thoroughly beneficial guardian of the egðir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
The thoroughly beneficial guardian of the Egðir → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
2.2. guardian of the Norwegians
gramr aldar
‘ruler of men’ = KING
ruler of men. → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
víða lendum jǫfurr þrœnda
‘the wide-landed prince of the þrœndir’ = Skúli
the wide-landed prince of the Þrœndir; → Skúli
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
stýrir Gauta
‘the commander of the Gautar’ = Birgir Magnússon
The commander of the Gautar → Birgir Magnússon
Swedish king, ruler
. ruler of the Swedes
stillir rekka
‘the leader of men’ = RULER = Skúli
the leader of men → RULER = Skúli
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
dróttinn hǫrða
‘lord of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
lord of the Hǫrðar; → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
þengill Jóta
‘of the ruler of the Jótar’ = DANISH KING = Kristófór
the ruler of the Jótar → DANISH KING = Kristófór
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
gramr Norðmanna
‘the ruler of the Norwegians’ = Hákon
The ruler of the Norwegians → Hákon
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
hauksnjallr stillir hersa
‘the hawk-brave ruler of hersar’ = Skúli
The hawk-brave ruler of hersar → Skúli
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.2. lord of princes
spjalli gotna
‘confidant of men’ = RULER
Confidant of men, → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
gramr mœra
‘lord of the mœrir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
lord of the Mœrir, → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
gramr fyrða
‘the leader of the people’ = RULER = Skúli
The leader of the people, → RULER = Skúli
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
dróttinn jöfra
‘by a lord of princes’ = KING
by a lord of princes. → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.2. lord of princes
bági jǫfra
‘subduer of princes’ = RULER
Subduer of princes, → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.6. enemy of princes
dolgr hlenna
‘the foe of thieves’ = JUST RULER
the foe of thieves → JUST RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
4.2. enemy of evildoers
inn víða frægi stillir egða
‘far-famed ruler of the egðir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
Far-famed ruler of the Egðir, → NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
dróttinn sygna
‘lord of the sygnir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
Lord of the Sygnir, → NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
gramr fyrða
‘ruler of men’ = KING
ruler of men. → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
brúðr jóða Aurnis
‘the bride of Aurnir’s brood’ = GIANTESS
Aurnir’s brood → GIANTS
the bride of GIANTS → GIANTESS
giantess, troll-woman
1.1. consort of the giant (B3a)
vinr gotna
‘the friend of men’ = RULER = Hákon
The friend of men → RULER = Hákon
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
gætir fira
‘to the guardian of men’ = RULER = Hákon
to the guardian of men; → RULER = Hákon
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.3. guardian of people
vinr drengja
‘the friend of warriors’ = RULER
the friend of warriors → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
prýðir jarla
‘the adorner of jarls’ = KING = Hákon
the adorner of jarls; → KING = Hákon
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
stillir hersa
‘to the lord of hersar’ = RULER
to the lord of hersar, → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.2. lord of princes
treystir fólka
‘the encourager of troops’ = WARRIOR
The encourager of troops → WARRIOR
warrior
4.3.5. strengthener of the army
þengill skatna
‘the lord of chieftains’ = RULER
The lord of chieftains → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
drós Yggs
‘of Yggr’s woman’ = VALKYRIE
Yggr’s woman → VALKYRIE
valkyrie
2.1. woman of Óðinn (B3a; B3b)
vinr aldar
‘the friend of the people’ = RULER
the friend of the people → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
jaðarr fólks
‘the protector of the people’ = RULER
the protector of the people → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.3. guardian of people
vinr skatna
‘the friend of the people’ = RULER
the friend of the people → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
ræsir þrœnda
‘the ruler of the þrœndir’ = NORWEGIAN RULER = Skúli
the ruler of the Þrœndir → NORWEGIAN RULER = Skúli
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
stillir mœra
‘about the lord of the mœrir’ = NORWEGIAN RULER = Skúli
about the lord of the Mœrir → NORWEGIAN RULER = Skúli
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
spjalli gumna
‘the confidant of men’ = RULER
the confidant of men → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
oddviti hers
‘the leader of the army’ = Skúli
the leader of the army → Skúli
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
3.1. commander of the army
vinr bragna
‘the friend of men’ = Skúli
the friend of men → Skúli
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
hilmir mœra
‘to the lord of the mœrir’ = NORWEGIAN RULER = Skúli
to the lord of the Mœrir. → NORWEGIAN RULER = Skúli
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
sóknfúss siklingr þrœnda
‘the war-eager ruler of the þrœndir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Ingi
The war-eager ruler of the Þrœndir → NORWEGIAN KING = Ingi
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
oddrviti fólks
‘of the leader of the army’ = KING = Hálfr
the leader of the army. → KING = Hálfr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
3.1. commander of the army
oddviti hers
‘of the leader of the army’ = KING = Hálfr
the leader of the army. → KING = Hálfr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
3.1. commander of the army
dróttinn Engla
‘the lord of the English’ = Knútr
the lord of the English → Knútr
Knútr inn ríki Sveinsson (r. 1014-1035)
3. lord of the English
þræll sonar Máríu
‘the servants of the son of Mary’ = CHRISTIAN PEOPLE
the son of Mary. → Christ
the servants of CHRIST → CHRISTIAN PEOPLE
Christian people
1.2. servants of Christ
stýrir skatna
‘ruler of men’ = KING
ruler of men’, → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
fold mána
‘of the land of the moon’ = SKY/HEAVEN
the land of the moon → SKY/HEAVEN
sky/heaven
6.1.2. land of the moon
dróttinn Jóta
‘the lord of the Jótar’ = DANISH KING = Knútr
The lord of the Jótar → DANISH KING = Knútr
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
fylkir dana
‘of the ruler of the danes’ = Sveinn
the ruler of the Danes. → Sveinn
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
hárfagran drengr meyjar
‘the fine-haired young knight of a maiden’ = LOVER
the fine-haired young knight of a maiden → LOVER
lover
1. friend/fellow of the woman
málvinr ekkju
‘the close friends of a widow’ = LOVERS
the close friends of a widow → LOVERS
lover
1. friend/fellow of the woman
ástvinr meyja
‘the dear friend of maidens’ = LOVER
the dear friend of maidens → LOVER
lover
1. friend/fellow of the woman
þrekprúðum yfirmaðr þjóðar
‘the strength-magnificent overseer of the people’ = RULER = Moses
the strength-magnificent overseer of the people → RULER = Moses
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
sigrfíkinn vísi dana
‘the victory-avid leader of the danes’ = DANISH KING = Knútr
the victory-avid leader of the Danes → DANISH KING = Knútr
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
þengill mœra
‘lord of the mœrir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
Lord of the Mœrir, → NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
nafni Nefju
‘Nefja’s namesake’ = Hrólfr
Nefja’s namesake; → Hrólfr
Gǫngu-Hrólfr
. namesake of Hrólfr nefja
oddviti allrar þjóðar
‘the spearhead of the whole people’ = RULER
the spearhead of the whole people. → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
herstillir
‘of the army-commander’ = RULER
the army-commander → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
3.1. commander of the army
þengill þrœnda
‘of the ruler of the þrœndir’ = NORWEGIAN RULER = Hákon
the ruler of the Þrœndir → NORWEGIAN RULER = Hákon
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
fríðum jǫfra heiðar galdrs hlíðrœkjandi
‘slope-cultivator of the chant of the chieftains of the heath’ = MAN
the chieftains of the heath; → GIANTS
the chant of GIANTS → GOLD
the slope of the GOLD → WOMAN
the handsome cultivator of the WOMAN → MAN
male, man
. carer of the woman
folkrakkr þengill þrœnda
‘battle-brave lord of the þrœndir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
Battle-brave lord of the Þrœndir, → NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
máli buðlunga
‘the confidant of rulers’ = RULER
The confidant of rulers → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.4. friend of the ruler
mella Hrungnis
‘the female lovers of Hrungnir <giant>’ = GIANTESSES
The female lovers of Hrungnir <giant> → GIANTESSES
giantess, troll-woman
1.1. consort of the giant (B3a)
blíðum buðlungr bragna
‘to the joyful prince of men’ = KING = Ragnarr
to the joyful prince of men → KING = Ragnarr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
nýtum gramr Norðmanna
‘the capable king of the Norwegians’ = Hákon
the capable king of the Norwegians, → Hákon
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
landvǫrðr hǫrða
‘land-guardian of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
land-guardian of the Hǫrðar, → NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
2.2. guardian of the Norwegians
máli Mundils
‘the close companion of Mundill’ = SEAFARER
the close companion of Mundill → SEAFARER
seafarer
3.2. friend of the sea-king
tý þursa
‘of the bondwoman of giants’ = GIANTESS
the bondwoman of giants, → GIANTESS
giantess, troll-woman
1.1. consort of the giant (B3a)
alfr valmeyjar
‘the elf of the carnage-maiden’ = WARRIOR
the carnage-maiden → VALKYRIE
the elf of the VALKYRIE → WARRIOR
warrior
9.3. male mythical being of the valkyrie
hilmir hǫrða
‘of the ruler of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
the ruler of the Hǫrðar → NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
dróttinn skatna
‘lord of men’ = RULER = Helgi
lord of men, → RULER = Helgi
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
þengill rekka
‘of the prince of warriors’ = RULER = Sveinn/Magnús
the prince of warriors; → RULER = Sveinn/Magnús
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
dróttinn drengja
‘the lord of men’ = RULER = Óláfr
The lord of men → RULER = Óláfr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
dróttinn Vǫrsa
‘the lord of the Vǫrsar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
The lord of the Vǫrsar → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
ræsir hǫrða
‘the ruler of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
the ruler of the Hǫrðar → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
buðlungr þrœnda
‘the lord of the þrœndir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
the lord of the Þrœndir → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
ægr þengill jöfra
‘terrifying lord of princes’ = KING
Terrifying lord of princes, → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.2. lord of princes
hraustr vinr hǫrða
‘the valiant friend of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
the valiant friend of the Hǫrðar, → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
3. friend of the Norwegians
snarr harri sygna
‘the swift lord of the sygnir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
The swift lord of the Sygnir → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
allvaldr egða
‘the mighty ruler of the egðir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
the mighty ruler of the Egðir → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
gramr hǫrða
‘the lord of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
the lord of the Hǫrðar → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
snarfengjan þengill sygna
‘the swift-acting lord of the sygnir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
the swift-acting lord of the Sygnir → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
lofðungr þrœnda
‘the ruler of the þrœndir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
the ruler of the Þrœndir → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
nýtr ungr gramr egða
‘the bountiful young lord of the egðir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
The bountiful young lord of the Egðir → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
hilmir hǫrða
‘the ruler of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
the ruler of the Hǫrðar, → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
víf Yggjar áleggjar
‘of the wife of the Yggr of the river-limb’ = GIANTESS
the river- limb → ROCK
the Yggr of the ROCK → GIANT
the wife of the GIANT → GIANTESS
giantess, troll-woman
1.1. consort of the giant (B3a)
hilmir hǫrða
‘the prince of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
the prince of the Hǫrðar → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
hverr herskyldir
‘which troop-commander’ = RULER
which troop-commander → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
3.1. commander of the army
ræsir þrœnda
‘ruler of the þrœndir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
ruler of the Þrœndir; → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
vinr gœðinga
‘friend of nobles’ = RULER
Friend of nobles, → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
mætr gramr mœra
‘the excellent lord of the mœrir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
The excellent lord of the Mœrir → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
buðlungr þrœnda
‘the prince of the þrœndir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
The prince of the Þrœndir → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
láðgǫfguðum dróttinn haða
‘the land-endowed lord of the haðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
the land-endowed lord of the Haðar. → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
folkvǫrðr
‘the people’s guardian’ = RULER
The people’s guardian → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.3. guardian of people
dróttinn Svía
‘the lord of the Svíar’ = SWEDISH RULER = Ingi
the lord of the Svíar → SWEDISH RULER = Ingi
Swedish king, ruler
. ruler of the Swedes
jaðarr hers
‘the leader of the army’ = RULER = Vortigern
the leader of the army → RULER = Vortigern
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
3.1. commander of the army
stjóri gumna
‘the commander of men’ = RULER = Vortigern
The commander of men → RULER = Vortigern
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
deilir herja
‘the commander of armies’ = LEADER = S. Oswald
the commander of armies, → LEADER = S. Oswald
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
3.1. commander of the army
‘sá stjóri aldar
‘‘that ruler of the peoplewho’ = KING = Caduallo
‘That ruler of the people who → KING = Caduallo
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
‘vinr Mistar
‘‘the friend of Mist’ = WARRIOR
‘The friend of Mist → WARRIOR
warrior
9.7. friend of the valkyrie
vinr gumna
‘the friend of men’ = RULER
the friend of men. → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
stýrir dróttar
‘of the ruler of the entourage’ = PRINCE
the ruler of the entourage. → PRINCE
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
gramr vinr lofða
‘the fierce friend of men’ = RULER
The fierce friend of men → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
göfugur gætir góðra klerka
‘the glorious guardian of good clerics’ = BISHOP = Augustine
the glorious guardian of good clerics; → BISHOP = Augustine
bishop
. guardian of clerics
tíginn valdr presta*
‘the esteemed ruler of priests’ = BISHOP = Augustine
the esteemed ruler of priests → BISHOP = Augustine
bishop
2. ruler of clerics
gætir munka
‘the guardian of monks’ = BISHOP = Augustine
the guardian of monks. → BISHOP = Augustine
bishop
. guardian of clerics
þess stýrir jöfra
‘of that controller of princes’ = KING
that controller of princes, → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.2. lord of princes
hugstrangr dróttinn hersa
‘the strong-minded lord of hersar’ = KING = Haraldr
The strong-minded lord of hersar → KING = Haraldr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
allvaldr dana
‘the mighty ruler of the danes’ = Sveinn
The mighty ruler of the Danes → Sveinn
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
ræsir sygna
‘the ruler of the sygnir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
The ruler of the Sygnir → NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
fylkir þrœnda
‘the lord of the þrœndir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
The lord of the Þrœndir → NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
dróttinn sygna
‘the lord of the sygnir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
the lord of the Sygnir, → NORWEGIAN KING = Magnús
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
dróttinn mœra
‘of the lord of the mœrir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
the lord of the Mœrir. → NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
þess hilmir dœla
‘of that lord of the dœlir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
that lord of the Dœlir → NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
gramr sygna
‘of the lord of the sygnir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr gilli
the lord of the Sygnir → NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr gilli
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
herstillir
‘of the troop-controller’ = KING
the troop-controller; → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
3.1. commander of the army
þreksnjallr, mildr þengill þrænda
‘the mightily wise, generous prince of the þrœndir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
The mightily wise, generous prince of the Þrœndir → NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
góður skjǫldungr þjóðar
‘the good ruler of the people’ = KING
The good ruler of the people → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
framr dróttinn fila
‘the outstanding lord of the filir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
The outstanding lord of the Filir → NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
hjǫrdjarfr dróttinn hersa
‘the sword-bold lord of hersar’ = RULER
The sword-bold lord of hersar → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.2. lord of princes
vǫrðr ýta
‘guardian of men’ = RULER
guardian of men, → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.3. guardian of people
herstefnir
‘the army-commander’ = RULER
the army-commander → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
3.1. commander of the army
sjórkonungr rauma
‘the sea-king of the raumar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
the sea-king of the Raumar, → NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
dróttinn egða
‘of the lord of the egðir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = S. Óláfr
the lord of the Egðir → NORWEGIAN KING = S. Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
gramr Svía
‘the ruler of the Swedes’ = Óláfr
the ruler of the Swedes → Óláfr
Swedish king, ruler
. ruler of the Swedes
sóknǫrr stillir egða
‘the battle-generous ruler of the egðir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
The battle-generous ruler of the Egðir → NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
dróttinn fila
‘of the lord of the filir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
the lord of the Filir → NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
eggdjarfr þengill þrœnda
‘the blade-daring lord of the þrœndir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
The blade-daring lord of the Þrœndir → NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
heiðmildr herstefnir
‘reward-generous army commander’ = RULER
reward-generous army commander, → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
3.1. commander of the army
hirðmaðr Krists
‘to the retainer of Christ’ = APOSTLE = Peter
to the retainer of Christ → APOSTLE = Peter
apostle
1. agent of God/Jesus
herstefnir
‘to the army-ruler’ = WARRIOR
to the army-ruler → WARRIOR
warrior
4.3.1. commander of the army
þegn goðs
‘god’s retainer’ = HOLY MAN
God’s retainer → HOLY MAN
holy man, saint
1.4. retainer of God
þegn goðs
‘god’s retainer’ = HOLY MAN
God’s retainer → HOLY MAN
holy man, saint
1.4. retainer of God
stillir lýða
‘the controller of men’ = RULER
The controller of men, → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
dróttinn egða
‘lord of the egðir’ = NORWEGIAN KING
lord of the Egðir, → NORWEGIAN KING
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
ágætan ǫðlingr Jóta
‘the splendid ruler of the Jótar’ = DANISH KING = Knútr
the splendid ruler of the Jótar, → DANISH KING = Knútr
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
gramr Skônunga
‘the sovereign of the Skônungar’ = DANISH KING = Knútr
The sovereign of the Skônungar → DANISH KING = Knútr
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
bragningr þjóðar
‘of the prince of men’ = RULER = Óláfr
the prince of men → RULER = Óláfr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
stillir hǫrða
‘for the ruler of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
for the ruler of the Hǫrðar, → NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
ferð gylðis
‘the company of the wolf’ = WOLVES
the company of the wolf → WOLVES
wolf
2.2. company of the wolf (B3a)
herskorðuðr
‘the troop-supporter’ = WARRIOR
the troop-supporter, → WARRIOR
warrior
4.3.4. supporter of the army
allvaldr egða
‘the overlord of the egðir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
The overlord of the Egðir → NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
konungr Jóta
‘of the king of the Jótar’ = DANISH KING = Sveinn
the king of the Jótar → DANISH KING = Sveinn
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
fylkir hǫrða
‘the ruler of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
The ruler of the Hǫrðar → NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
konungr hǫrða
‘the king of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
the king of the Hǫrðar → NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
hár, hugreifr stjóri hirðar
‘the tall, mind-cheerful commander of the retinue’ = RULER
The tall, mind-cheerful commander of the retinue → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
ræsir þrœnda
‘the ruler of the þrœndir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
The ruler of the Þrœndir, → NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
gramr Jóta
‘the lord of the Jótar’ = DANISH KING = Eiríkr
the lord of the Jótar. → DANISH KING = Eiríkr
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
harri sygna
‘the lord of the sygnir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
The lord of the Sygnir → NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
dróttinn ýta
‘the lord of men’ = KING = Sigurðr
The lord of men → KING = Sigurðr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
dróttinn dœla
‘the lord of the dœlir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
the lord of the Dœlir → NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
reiðorðr ræsir rauma
‘the clear-talking ruler of the raumar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
the clear-talking ruler of the Raumar → NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
auðrsúgr jǫtuns
‘wealth-sucker of a giant’ = TROLL-WOMAN
wealth-sucker of a giant, → TROLL-WOMAN
giantess, troll-woman
1.3. wealth-sucker of the giant (B3a)
vílsinnr vǫlu
‘delightful company of a prophetess’ = TROLL-WOMAN
delightful company of a prophetess, → TROLL-WOMAN
giantess, troll-woman
4. company of a prophetess (B3a)
snjallr jǫfurr þrœnda
‘the courageous prince of the þrœndir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
The courageous prince of the Þrœndir → NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
hvatr fylkir hǫrða
‘swift ruler of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
Swift ruler of the Hǫrðar, → NORWEGIAN KING = Sigurðr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
gramr egða
‘of the prince of the egðir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
the prince of the Egðir → NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
spjalli gauta
‘the confidant of the people’ = KING
the confidant of the people → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
inn ítri gramr Jóta
‘the splendid ruler of the Jótar’ = DANISH KING = Sveinn
The splendid ruler of the Jótar → DANISH KING = Sveinn
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
fengsæll þengill dana
‘the booty-blessed lord of the danes’ = DANISH KING = Sveinn
The booty-blessed lord of the Danes → DANISH KING = Sveinn
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
harðan gramr hǫrða
‘the harsh ruler of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
the harsh ruler of the Hǫrðar. → NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
þengill þrœnda
‘of the lord of the þrœndir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
the lord of the Þrœndir → NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
dróttinn seggja
‘the lord of men’ = KING = Sveinn
the lord of men → KING = Sveinn
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people
hauldvinr
‘the friend of freeholders’ = KING
the friend of freeholders → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
stórhǫggr stillir þrœnda
‘the hard-hitting leader of the þrœndir’ = NORWEGIAN RULER
the hard-hitting leader of the Þrœndir. → NORWEGIAN RULER
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
snjallr njótr veg-Jóta
‘the bold enjoyer of the glory-Jótar’ = DANISH KING = Knútr
the bold enjoyer of the glory-Jótar → DANISH KING = Knútr
Danish king, ruler, jarl
4. enjoyer of the Danes
vinr drengja
‘the friend of the warriors’ = Sigurðr
the friend of the warriors, → Sigurðr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people
herforðuðr
‘the army-protector’ = RULER
the army-protector → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
3.5. guardian of the army
konungr hǫrða
‘of the king of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr gráfeldr
the king of the Hǫrðar. → NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr gráfeldr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
morðfíkinn folkverjandi mœra
‘the battle-eager people-defender of the mœrir’ = NORWEGIAN RULER = Hákon jarl
the battle-eager people-defender of the Mœrir → NORWEGIAN RULER = Hákon jarl
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
2.2. guardian of the Norwegians
valdr hǫrða
‘the ruler of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN RULER = Hákon jarl
the ruler of the Hǫrðar, → NORWEGIAN RULER = Hákon jarl
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
dróttinn dofra
‘the lord of the dofrar’ = NORWEGIAN RULER = Hákon jarl
the lord of the Dofrar, → NORWEGIAN RULER = Hákon jarl
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
stillir Jóta
‘the ruler of the Jótar’ = DANISH KING = Knútr
the ruler of the Jótar; → DANISH KING = Knútr
Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes
styrkr vǫrðr verðungar
‘the strong guardian of the troop’ = RULER
the strong guardian of the troop → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.3. guardian of people
snjallr dróttinn þrœnda
‘the brave lord of the þrœndir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
The brave lord of the Þrœndir → NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
hilmir mœra
‘the ruler of the mœrir’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
the ruler of the Mœrir, → NORWEGIAN KING = Óláfr
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
bági ljóna
‘the fighter of men’ = KING
the fighter of men. → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.9. enemy of people
valdr hersa
‘of the lord of hersar’ = KING
the lord of hersar. → KING
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.2. lord of princes
sviptir sagna
‘the mover of troops’ = LEADER = Þórr
the mover of troops → LEADER = Þórr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
brúðr mága sefgrímnis
‘the bride of the in-laws of sefgrímnir’ = GIANTESS
the in-laws of Sefgrímnir. → GIANTS
the bride of GIANTS → GIANTESS
giantess, troll-woman
1.1. consort of the giant (B3a)
ekkja Hrekkmímis
‘the widows of Hrekkmímir’ = GIANTESSES
The widows of Hrekkmímir → GIANTESSES
giantess, troll-woman
1.1. consort of the giant (B3a)
kván risa
‘of the wife of the giant’ = GIANTESS
the wife of the giant; → GIANTESS
giantess, troll-woman
1.1. consort of the giant (B3a)
ǫrÞrasir drósar Hrímnis
‘of the passionate lover of the lady of Hrímnir’ = GIANT = Geirrøðr
the lady of Hrímnir → GIANTESS
the passionate lover of GIANTESS → GIANT = Geirrøðr
giant
4.1. confidant of the giantess
drós Hrímnis
‘of the lady of Hrímnir’ = GIANTESS
the lady of Hrímnir → GIANTESS
giantess, troll-woman
1.1. consort of the giant (B3a)
salrvaniðr Synjar arinbrautar
‘the hall-visitor of the Syn of the hearth-stone-path’ = GIANT
the hearth-stone-path. → MOUNTAINS
the Syn of MOUNTAINS → GIANTESS
the hall-visitor of GIANTESS → GIANT
giant
4.1. confidant of the giantess
ǫld Ellu steins
‘of the people of the Ælla of the stone’ = GIANTS
the Ælla of the stone, → GIANT
the people of the GIANT → GIANTS
giant
3.2. men of the giant
þess morðkennds sessi þengils
‘of that battle-skilled bench-mate of the monarch’ = RULER = Þorfinnr
that battle-skilled bench-mate of the monarch. → RULER = Þorfinnr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.4. friend of the ruler
þeim geymir inndróttar
‘that guardian of his retinue’ = RULER
that guardian of his retinue. → RULER
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.3. guardian of people
gramr Norðmanna
‘the lord of the Norwegians’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
the lord of the Norwegians. → NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
Norwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians
árr Yggs
‘the messengers of Yggr’ = GODS
the messengers of Yggr. → GODS
Áss, god
2. messengers of Óðinn
flotnar forns Litar
‘of the followers of ancient Litr’ = GIANTS
the followers of ancient Litr. → GIANTS
giant
3.2. men of the giant
dróttinn lýða
‘the lord of men’ = RULER = Játmundr
the lord of men → RULER = Játmundr
chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people