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Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages

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RvHbreiðm Hl 40III

Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Rǫgnvaldr jarl and Hallr Þórarinsson, Háttalykill 40’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1048.

Rǫgnvaldr jarl and Hallr ÞórarinssonHáttalykill
394041

Ben ‘wound’

(not checked:)
1. ben (noun f.; °-jar, dat. -; -jar , gen. -a(var. EiðKrC 402¹³: AM 77 4°— “D”)): wound < benfasti (noun m.): [wound-flame]

kennings

Kaldr benfasti
‘The cold wound-flame ’
   = SWORD

The cold wound-flame → SWORD
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fasti ‘flame’

(not checked:)
fasti (noun m.; °; -ar): flame, fire < benfasti (noun m.): [wound-flame]

kennings

Kaldr benfasti
‘The cold wound-flame ’
   = SWORD

The cold wound-flame → SWORD
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varð ‘had’

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1. verða (verb): become, be

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hjalm ‘the helmet’

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1. hjalmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): helmet

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svalir ‘cool’

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svalr (adj.): cool

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malmar ‘weapons’

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malmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): metal

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í ‘in’

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í (prep.): in, into

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háturnum ‘high towers’

(not checked:)
háturn (noun m.): [high towers]

kennings

háturnum hjarna,
‘high towers of the brain ’
   = HEADS

high towers of the brain → HEADS

notes

[3] háturnum ‘high towers’: The word turn ‘tower’ (from OS turn < OFr. *torn < Lat. turrem) is late (see AEW: turn), but also attested in SnSt Ht 50/8 (gnapturn ‘jutting towers’).

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hjarna ‘of the brain’

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hjarni (noun m.): brain

kennings

háturnum hjarna,
‘high towers of the brain ’
   = HEADS

high towers of the brain → HEADS
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heitr ‘hot’

(not checked:)
heitr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): hot, ardent

[4] heitr: heit papp25ˣ, R683ˣ

notes

[4] heitr sveiti* ‘hot blood’: The emendations to heitr (m. nom. sg.) ‘hot’ and sveiti (m. nom. sg.) ‘blood’ (m. nom. sg.) are necessary to furnish the missing subject. For loss of final ‑r, see Note to st. 5/2, and for final, inorganic ‑r, see Note to st. 8/4.

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kaldr ‘The cold’

(not checked:)
kaldr (adj.; °compar. -ari): cold

kennings

Kaldr benfasti
‘The cold wound-flame ’
   = SWORD

The cold wound-flame → SWORD
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þars ‘where’

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þars (conj.): where

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dreif ‘spurted’

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2. drífa (verb; °drífr; dreif, drifu; drifinn): drive, rush

[4] dreif (‘dræif’): so R683ˣ, ‘dræf’ papp25ˣ

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sveiti* ‘blood’

(not checked:)
sveiti (noun m.; °-a): blood

[4] sveiti*: ‘suætir’ papp25ˣ, ‘svæitir’ R683ˣ

notes

[4] heitr sveiti* ‘hot blood’: The emendations to heitr (m. nom. sg.) ‘hot’ and sveiti (m. nom. sg.) ‘blood’ (m. nom. sg.) are necessary to furnish the missing subject. For loss of final ‑r, see Note to st. 5/2, and for final, inorganic ‑r, see Note to st. 8/4.

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Strǫng ‘strong’

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strangr (adj.): strong

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guðr ‘The battle’

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guðr (noun f.): battle

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áðr ‘before’

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áðr (adv.; °//): before

[5] áðr: áðr en papp25ˣ, R683ˣ

notes

[5] áðr ‘before’: En ‘than’ (added by Rugman above the line in papp25ˣ and retained in R683ˣ) has been deleted since it makes the line hypermetrical.

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gengi ‘the company’

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gengi (noun n.): support, following

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geir ‘the spear’

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geirr (noun m.): spear < geirmót (noun n.): spear-meeting

kennings

geirmót
‘the spear-meeting ’
   = BATTLE

the spear-meeting → BATTLE
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mót ‘meeting’

(not checked:)
1. mót (noun n.; °; -): meeting < geirmót (noun n.): spear-meeting

kennings

geirmót
‘the spear-meeting ’
   = BATTLE

the spear-meeting → BATTLE
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konungs ‘of the king’

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konungr (noun m.; °dat. -i, -s; -ar): king

[6] konungs: konungr corrected from konungi papp25ˣ, konungr R683ˣ

kennings

konungs Jóta
‘of the king of the Jótar ’
   = DANISH KING = Haraldr

the king of the Jótar → DANISH KING = Haraldr
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Jóta ‘of the Jótar’

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Jóti (noun m.; °; -ar): one of the Jótar

kennings

konungs Jóta
‘of the king of the Jótar ’
   = DANISH KING = Haraldr

the king of the Jótar → DANISH KING = Haraldr
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bendr ‘the bent’

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1. benda (verb; °-nd-): bend

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sparn ‘kicked’

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sperna (verb): kick

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til ‘towards’

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til (prep.): to

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unda ‘wounds’

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1. und (noun f.; °; -ir): wound

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óx ‘intensified’

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vaxa (verb): grow, increase

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þvarr ‘diminished’

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1. þverra (verb): diminish

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boga ‘of the bow’

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bogi (noun m.; °-a; -ar): bow

kennings

stǫrrum boga
‘sedge-grass of the bow ’
   = ARROWS

sedge-grass of the bow → ARROWS
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stǫrrum ‘sedge-grass’

(not checked:)
stǫrr (noun f.; °dat. -u): [sedge-grass]

[8] stǫrrum: ‑starran R683ˣ

kennings

stǫrrum boga
‘sedge-grass of the bow ’
   = ARROWS

sedge-grass of the bow → ARROWS

notes

[8] stǫrrum ‘sedge-grass’: This word also occurs in st. 78/4.

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Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses

As st. 39 above.

The antithesis consists of the words heitr ‘hot’ : kaldr ‘cold’ (l. 4) and óx ‘grew’ : þvarr ‘diminished’ (l. 8). — [5, 6]: Skj B and Skald retain the nom. form konungr (m. nom. sg.; so both mss) ‘king’ as the subject of gengi (l. 5) which they construe as 3rd pers. sg. pret. subj. of ganga ‘go’ i.e. ‘die’. As Holtsmark (Hl 1941) points out, ganga is not attested in that meaning, and the word must be the noun gengi (n. nom. sg.) ‘company, support’. — [7-8]: Skj B and Skald, following R683ˣ, construe these lines as follows: bendr sparn almr til unda, | (óx) þvarr boga starran, translated in Skj B as den spændte bue skød [pilene] til sårene; den stive bue slappedes ‘the drawn bow shot [the arrows] toward the wounds; the stiff bow became slack’. In that reading the object of sparn lit. ‘kicked’ is missing, however, and þverra ‘diminish’ (þvarr 3rd pers. sg. pret. indic.) is not attested in the meaning ‘become slack’. The present edn follows Holtsmark (Hl 1941).

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