Hfr ErfÓl 3^I

gæta ‘’

(not checked:)
2. gæta (verb): look after, care for

Geta ‘mention’

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2. geta (verb): to beget, give birth to, mention, speak of; to think well of, like, love

[1] Geta: gæta 54

skal ‘One must’

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skulu (verb): shall, should, must

[1] skal: om. Flat

máls ‘the speech’

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1. mál (noun n.; °-s; -): speech, matter

þess ‘which’

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1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those < 1. sá (pron.): that (one), those

[1] þess’s (‘þess er’): þess Flat

’s ‘’

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2. er (conj.): who, which, when < 1. sá (pron.): that (one), those

[1] þess’s (‘þess er’): þess Flat

mæla ‘addressed’

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1. mæla (verb): speak, say

menn ‘men’

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maðr (noun m.): man, person

at ‘at’

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3. at (prep.): at, to

orða ‘’

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orð (noun n.; °-s; -): word

vápna ‘of weapons’

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vápn (noun n.; °-s; -): weapon

[2] vápna: orða Bb

kennings

sennu ‘the flyting’

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1. senna (noun f.; °; -ur): quarrel

kennings

dolga ‘of strife’

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dolgr (noun m.; °dat. -; -ar): enemy, battle

kennings

notes

[3-4] bǫr fangs dolga ‘tree of the tunic of strife [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIOR]’: (a) Bǫr(r) (lit. ‘conifer’) is the base-word of this man-kenning, and dolga is gen. pl. of dolg n. ‘strife, enmity, combat’ (see HHund I 20/3, for the pl. meaning ‘battle, strife’). Gen. pl. of dolgr m. ‘enemy’ is also grammatically possible, but very unlikely since dolgr in kennings is usually the base-word. Fang, usually ‘grasp, hold’, here refers to a garment (Meissner 165; AEW: fang 2). (b) Gram ‘lord’, the alternative to bǫr, found in a single ÓTOdd ms. as well as most Hkr mss and all ÓT mss, would yield dáðǫflgan gram ‘deed-mighty lord’ and drengi fangs dolga. The latter phrase is explained by Kock (NN §2448) as ‘warriors of enemies’ tussle [BATTLE > WARRIORS]’, where dolga is gen. pl. of dolgr m. ‘enemy’ and fang is ‘tussle, grappling, wrestling’, but his battle-kenning lacks solid parallels (the C14th fundr dolga ‘meeting of enemies’, Anon (FoGT) 18/4^III, does not function as a kenning in its context) and drengr ‘warrior’ is unsatisfactory as a base-word of a warrior-kenning, as it is identical to the referent (Meissner 28-9). (c) The latter objection also applies to drengi fangs dolga ‘men of the tunic of strife [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIORS]’, tentatively suggested in Hkr 1991. Gram is probably a corruption, inserted by a scribe who did not understand the kenning as it stood (ÍF 25; see also ÍF 26).

dolga ‘of strife’

(not checked:)
dolgr (noun m.; °dat. -; -ar): enemy, battle

kennings

notes

[3-4] bǫr fangs dolga ‘tree of the tunic of strife [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIOR]’: (a) Bǫr(r) (lit. ‘conifer’) is the base-word of this man-kenning, and dolga is gen. pl. of dolg n. ‘strife, enmity, combat’ (see HHund I 20/3, for the pl. meaning ‘battle, strife’). Gen. pl. of dolgr m. ‘enemy’ is also grammatically possible, but very unlikely since dolgr in kennings is usually the base-word. Fang, usually ‘grasp, hold’, here refers to a garment (Meissner 165; AEW: fang 2). (b) Gram ‘lord’, the alternative to bǫr, found in a single ÓTOdd ms. as well as most Hkr mss and all ÓT mss, would yield dáðǫflgan gram ‘deed-mighty lord’ and drengi fangs dolga. The latter phrase is explained by Kock (NN §2448) as ‘warriors of enemies’ tussle [BATTLE > WARRIORS]’, where dolga is gen. pl. of dolgr m. ‘enemy’ and fang is ‘tussle, grappling, wrestling’, but his battle-kenning lacks solid parallels (the C14th fundr dolga ‘meeting of enemies’, Anon (FoGT) 18/4^III, does not function as a kenning in its context) and drengr ‘warrior’ is unsatisfactory as a base-word of a warrior-kenning, as it is identical to the referent (Meissner 28-9). (c) The latter objection also applies to drengi fangs dolga ‘men of the tunic of strife [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIORS]’, tentatively suggested in Hkr 1991. Gram is probably a corruption, inserted by a scribe who did not understand the kenning as it stood (ÍF 25; see also ÍF 26).

vangs ‘’

(not checked:)
1. vangr (noun m.): field, plain

fangs ‘of the tunic’

(not checked:)
fang (noun n.; °-s; *-): grasp, tunic

[3] fangs: vangs F

kennings

notes

[3-4] bǫr fangs dolga ‘tree of the tunic of strife [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIOR]’: (a) Bǫr(r) (lit. ‘conifer’) is the base-word of this man-kenning, and dolga is gen. pl. of dolg n. ‘strife, enmity, combat’ (see HHund I 20/3, for the pl. meaning ‘battle, strife’). Gen. pl. of dolgr m. ‘enemy’ is also grammatically possible, but very unlikely since dolgr in kennings is usually the base-word. Fang, usually ‘grasp, hold’, here refers to a garment (Meissner 165; AEW: fang 2). (b) Gram ‘lord’, the alternative to bǫr, found in a single ÓTOdd ms. as well as most Hkr mss and all ÓT mss, would yield dáðǫflgan gram ‘deed-mighty lord’ and drengi fangs dolga. The latter phrase is explained by Kock (NN §2448) as ‘warriors of enemies’ tussle [BATTLE > WARRIORS]’, where dolga is gen. pl. of dolgr m. ‘enemy’ and fang is ‘tussle, grappling, wrestling’, but his battle-kenning lacks solid parallels (the C14th fundr dolga ‘meeting of enemies’, Anon (FoGT) 18/4^III, does not function as a kenning in its context) and drengr ‘warrior’ is unsatisfactory as a base-word of a warrior-kenning, as it is identical to the referent (Meissner 28-9). (c) The latter objection also applies to drengi fangs dolga ‘men of the tunic of strife [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIORS]’, tentatively suggested in Hkr 1991. Gram is probably a corruption, inserted by a scribe who did not understand the kenning as it stood (ÍF 25; see also ÍF 26).

fangs ‘of the tunic’

(not checked:)
fang (noun n.; °-s; *-): grasp, tunic

[3] fangs: vangs F

kennings

notes

[3-4] bǫr fangs dolga ‘tree of the tunic of strife [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIOR]’: (a) Bǫr(r) (lit. ‘conifer’) is the base-word of this man-kenning, and dolga is gen. pl. of dolg n. ‘strife, enmity, combat’ (see HHund I 20/3, for the pl. meaning ‘battle, strife’). Gen. pl. of dolgr m. ‘enemy’ is also grammatically possible, but very unlikely since dolgr in kennings is usually the base-word. Fang, usually ‘grasp, hold’, here refers to a garment (Meissner 165; AEW: fang 2). (b) Gram ‘lord’, the alternative to bǫr, found in a single ÓTOdd ms. as well as most Hkr mss and all ÓT mss, would yield dáðǫflgan gram ‘deed-mighty lord’ and drengi fangs dolga. The latter phrase is explained by Kock (NN §2448) as ‘warriors of enemies’ tussle [BATTLE > WARRIORS]’, where dolga is gen. pl. of dolgr m. ‘enemy’ and fang is ‘tussle, grappling, wrestling’, but his battle-kenning lacks solid parallels (the C14th fundr dolga ‘meeting of enemies’, Anon (FoGT) 18/4^III, does not function as a kenning in its context) and drengr ‘warrior’ is unsatisfactory as a base-word of a warrior-kenning, as it is identical to the referent (Meissner 28-9). (c) The latter objection also applies to drengi fangs dolga ‘men of the tunic of strife [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIORS]’, tentatively suggested in Hkr 1991. Gram is probably a corruption, inserted by a scribe who did not understand the kenning as it stood (ÍF 25; see also ÍF 26).

við ‘to’

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2. við (prep.): with, against

drengi ‘the warriors’

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drengr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ir, gen. -ja): man, warrior

dáð ‘the deed’

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dáð (noun f.; °; -ir): feat, deed < dáðǫflugr (adj.)dáð (noun f.; °; -ir): feat, deed

kennings

aulfgan ‘’

ǫflgan ‘mighty’

(not checked:)
ǫflugr (adj.): mighty, strong < dáðǫflugr (adj.)

[4] ‑ǫflgan: ‘‑aulfgan’ J1ˣ, 54

kennings

bý ‘’

(not checked:)
býr (noun m.; °býjar/bjár/bjór/bjárs, dat. -; gen. býa/bjá, dat. bjóm/bjám, acc. býi/býa/bjá): dwelling, down

bur ‘’

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burr (noun m.; °; -ir): son

burr ‘’

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burr (noun m.; °; -ir): son

gram ‘’

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1. gramr (noun m.): ruler

bǫr ‘tree’

(not checked:)
bǫrr (noun m.): tree

[4] bǫr (‘bꜹr’): so F, bur FskBˣ, burr FskAˣ, ‘by’ Holm18, gram 310, Kˣ, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 61, 54, Bb, Flat

kennings

notes

[3-4] bǫr fangs dolga ‘tree of the tunic of strife [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIOR]’: (a) Bǫr(r) (lit. ‘conifer’) is the base-word of this man-kenning, and dolga is gen. pl. of dolg n. ‘strife, enmity, combat’ (see HHund I 20/3, for the pl. meaning ‘battle, strife’). Gen. pl. of dolgr m. ‘enemy’ is also grammatically possible, but very unlikely since dolgr in kennings is usually the base-word. Fang, usually ‘grasp, hold’, here refers to a garment (Meissner 165; AEW: fang 2). (b) Gram ‘lord’, the alternative to bǫr, found in a single ÓTOdd ms. as well as most Hkr mss and all ÓT mss, would yield dáðǫflgan gram ‘deed-mighty lord’ and drengi fangs dolga. The latter phrase is explained by Kock (NN §2448) as ‘warriors of enemies’ tussle [BATTLE > WARRIORS]’, where dolga is gen. pl. of dolgr m. ‘enemy’ and fang is ‘tussle, grappling, wrestling’, but his battle-kenning lacks solid parallels (the C14th fundr dolga ‘meeting of enemies’, Anon (FoGT) 18/4^III, does not function as a kenning in its context) and drengr ‘warrior’ is unsatisfactory as a base-word of a warrior-kenning, as it is identical to the referent (Meissner 28-9). (c) The latter objection also applies to drengi fangs dolga ‘men of the tunic of strife [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIORS]’, tentatively suggested in Hkr 1991. Gram is probably a corruption, inserted by a scribe who did not understand the kenning as it stood (ÍF 25; see also ÍF 26).

kvôðu ‘reported’

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2. kveðja (verb; kvaddi): (dd) request, address, greet

bað ‘’

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biðja (verb; °biðr; bað, báðu; beðinn (beiþ- Martin¹ 573‡, bỏþ- HákEirsp 661‰, cf. ed. intr. xl)): ask for, order, pray

báðu ‘’

(not checked:)
biðja (verb; °biðr; bað, báðu; beðinn (beiþ- Martin¹ 573‡, bỏþ- HákEirsp 661‰, cf. ed. intr. xl)): ask for, order, pray

baðat ‘did not ask’

(not checked:)
biðja (verb; °biðr; bað, báðu; beðinn (beiþ- Martin¹ 573‡, bỏþ- HákEirsp 661‰, cf. ed. intr. xl)): ask for, order, pray

[5] baðat: bað FskAˣ, báðu Flat

hratt ‘’

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hraðr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): [swift, fast]

herr ‘’

(not checked:)
herr (noun m.; °-s/-jar, dat. -; -jar, gen. -ja/herra): army, host

her ‘of the army’s’

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herr (noun m.; °-s/-jar, dat. -; -jar, gen. -ja/herra): army, host < hertryggð (noun f.): [army security]herr (noun m.; °-s/-jar, dat. -; -jar, gen. -ja/herra): army, host < herdyggr (adj.)herr (noun m.; °-s/-jar, dat. -; -jar, gen. -ja/herra): army, host

[5] hertryggðar: herr tryggvir FskAˣ, hertryggvan 310, ‘her tygðar’ Kˣ, herdyggvir F, ‘hratt ygþar’ 54, ‘hratt ygdar’ Bb

kennings

notes

[5, 6] hnekkir hertryggðar ‘the confounder of the army’s security [WARRIOR]’: Óláfr is here portrayed as one who crushes his enemies’ hubris (Nj 1875-8, II, 388-9). The ms. paradosis for -tryggðar suggests scribal confusion.

tryggvan ‘’

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tryggr (adj.; °tryggan/tryggvan; compar. -ari/-vari; superl. -jastr/-astr): loyal

yggðar ‘’

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-yggð (noun f.)

yggðar ‘’

(not checked:)
-yggð (noun f.)

tryggvir ‘’

(not checked:)
tryggr (adj.; °tryggan/tryggvan; compar. -ari/-vari; superl. -jastr/-astr): loyal

tygðar ‘’

dyggvir ‘’

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dyggr (adj.; °dyggvan/dyggan; compar. -vari/-ari/-ri, superl. -vastr/-astr/-str): trustworthy < herdyggr (adj.)

tryggðar ‘security’

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tryggð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir/-ar): security, oath < hertryggð (noun f.): [army security]

[5] hertryggðar: herr tryggvir FskAˣ, hertryggvan 310, ‘her tygðar’ Kˣ, herdyggvir F, ‘hratt ygþar’ 54, ‘hratt ygdar’ Bb

kennings

notes

[5, 6] hnekkir hertryggðar ‘the confounder of the army’s security [WARRIOR]’: Óláfr is here portrayed as one who crushes his enemies’ hubris (Nj 1875-8, II, 388-9). The ms. paradosis for -tryggðar suggests scribal confusion.

hyggja ‘to think’

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2. hyggja (verb): think, consider

hnekkir ‘the confounder’

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hnekkir (noun m.): subduer

kennings

notes

[5, 6] hnekkir hertryggðar ‘the confounder of the army’s security [WARRIOR]’: Óláfr is here portrayed as one who crushes his enemies’ hubris (Nj 1875-8, II, 388-9). The ms. paradosis for -tryggðar suggests scribal confusion.

sinna ‘’

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3. sinn (pron.; °f. sín, n. sitt): (refl. poss. pron.)

sína ‘his’

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3. sinn (pron.; °f. sín, n. sitt): (refl. poss. pron.)

[6] sína: sinna FskAˣ

rekka ‘men’

(not checked:)
rekkr (noun m.; °; -ar): man, champion

þess ‘of this’

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1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

kennings

lifir ‘’

(not checked:)
lifa (verb): live

lifa ‘live on’

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lifa (verb): live

[7] lifa: lifir Holm18

þjóðir ‘’

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þjóð (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -/-u; -ir): people

þjóðar ‘of the people’

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þjóð (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -/-u; -ir): people

[7] þjóðar: þjóðir Flat

kennings

hressar ‘’

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hress (adj.; °superl. -astr): hearty

hnossa ‘’

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1. hnoss (noun f.; °; -ir): treasure

sessa ‘bench-mate’

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sessi (noun m.; °-a; -ar): bench-mate

[7] sessa: hressar 310, hnossa Flat

kennings

þróttar ‘the forceful’

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þróttr (noun m.): strength, might, valour

orð ‘words’

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orð (noun n.; °-s; -): word

sporði ‘’

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sporðr (noun m.; °-s, dat -i; -ar): [their tail]

á ‘of’

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3. á (prep.): on, at

flótta ‘flight’

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flótti (noun m.): flight, fleeing

[8] flótta: sporði Holm18