Hfr Óldr 2I
Diana Whaley (ed.) 2012, ‘Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld Óttarsson, Óláfsdrápa 2’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 393.
Hættr ‘dangerous’
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hættr (adj.; °compar. -ari/-ri, superl. -astr): dangerous
Hǫrða ‘’
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Hǫrðar (noun m.): the Hǫrðar
hersa ‘of hersar’
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hersir (noun m.; °-is; -ar): cheiftan
[1] hersa: Hǫrða FskBˣ, FskAˣ, 310
kennings
Hjǫrdjarfr dróttinn hersa‘The sword-bold lord of hersar ’
= RULER
The sword-bold lord of hersar → RULER
notes
[1] dróttinn hersa ‘lord of hersar [RULER]’: I.e. of noblemen, district chieftains. The reading of Fsk and 310, dróttinn Hǫrða ‘lord of the Hǫrðar’, is equally viable.
dróttinn ‘lord’
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dróttinn (noun m.; °dróttins, dat. dróttni (drottini [$1049$]); dróttnar): lord, master
kennings
Hjǫrdjarfr dróttinn hersa‘The sword-bold lord of hersar ’
= RULER
The sword-bold lord of hersar → RULER
notes
[1] dróttinn hersa ‘lord of hersar [RULER]’: I.e. of noblemen, district chieftains. The reading of Fsk and 310, dróttinn Hǫrða ‘lord of the Hǫrðar’, is equally viable.
hjǫr ‘The sword’
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hjǫrr (noun m.): sword < hjǫrdjarfr (adj.)hjǫrr (noun m.): sword
kennings
Hjǫrdjarfr dróttinn hersa‘The sword-bold lord of hersar ’
= RULER
The sword-bold lord of hersar → RULER
darfr ‘’
djarfr ‘bold’
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djarfr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): bold < hjǫrdjarfr (adj.)
[2] ‑djarfr: ‘darfr’ J1ˣ
kennings
Hjǫrdjarfr dróttinn hersa‘The sword-bold lord of hersar ’
= RULER
The sword-bold lord of hersar → RULER
Gota ‘of the Gotar’
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Goti (noun m.; °-a; -ar/-nar): person (or horse) from Gotland
notes
[2] Gota ‘of the Gotar’: The people of the large island of Gotland, south-east Sweden.
fjǫrvi ‘to the life’
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fjǫr (noun n.): life
goll ‘the gold’
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gull (noun n.): gold < gullskerðir (noun m.)gull (noun n.): gold < gullskerðir (noun m.)gull (noun n.): gold
kennings
gollskerði‘the gold-diminisher ’
= GENEROUS MAN
the gold-diminisher → GENEROUS MAN
skeyði ‘’
skerðir ‘’
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skerðir (noun m.): diminisher < gullskerðir (noun m.)
skerði ‘diminisher’
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skerðir (noun m.): diminisher < gullskerðir (noun m.)
[3] ‑skerði: ‑skerðir J1ˣ, ‘sker[…]’ 62, ‘skeyde’ Flat
kennings
gollskerði‘the gold-diminisher ’
= GENEROUS MAN
the gold-diminisher → GENEROUS MAN
frák ‘I have learned’
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1. fregna (verb): hear of
garðꝍey ‘’
geyrðu ‘’
gerðu ‘made’
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1. gera (verb): do, make
[3] gerðu: ‘geyrðo’ F, ‘g[…]u’ 62, ‘garðꝍy’ FskBˣ
geir ‘spear’
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geirr (noun m.): spear < geirþeyr (noun m.)
kennings
geirþey‘spear-breeze ’
= BATTLE
spear-breeze → BATTLE
þey ‘breeze’
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þeyr (noun m.; °; -jar/-ir): breeze, thawing wind < geirþeyr (noun m.)
kennings
geirþey‘spear-breeze ’
= BATTLE
spear-breeze → BATTLE
á ‘in’
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3. á (prep.): on, at
Skán ‘Skåne’
eyri ‘’
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eyrr (noun f.): land-spit < Skáneyrr (noun f.)
eyju ‘’
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1. ey (noun f.; °-jar, dat. -ju/-; -jar): island < Skáney (noun f.): Skåne
[4] ‑eyju: eyri F, 54, Bb, Flat
Bǫð ‘of the battle’
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bǫð (noun f.; °-s; -): battle < bǫðserkr (noun m.)
kennings
barklaust birki bǫðserkjar‘the barkless birches of the battle-shirt ’
= WARRIORS
the battle-shirt → MAIL-SHIRT
the barkless birches of the MAIL-SHIRT → WARRIORS
notes
[5, 6] barklaust birki bǫðserkjar ‘the barkless birches of the battle-shirt [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIORS]’: Birki n. is a collective noun, hence the sg. refers in this kenning to several warriors. The epithet barklaust ‘barkless’ helps to clarify the referent: not trees but men, but it may also imply that the victorious Óláfr strips the enemy of their armour like a tree of its bark (so ÍF 26; ÍF 29; Hkr 1991).
Bǫð ‘of the battle’
(not checked:)
bǫð (noun f.; °-s; -): battle < bǫðserkr (noun m.)
kennings
barklaust birki bǫðserkjar‘the barkless birches of the battle-shirt ’
= WARRIORS
the battle-shirt → MAIL-SHIRT
the barkless birches of the MAIL-SHIRT → WARRIORS
notes
[5, 6] barklaust birki bǫðserkjar ‘the barkless birches of the battle-shirt [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIORS]’: Birki n. is a collective noun, hence the sg. refers in this kenning to several warriors. The epithet barklaust ‘barkless’ helps to clarify the referent: not trees but men, but it may also imply that the victorious Óláfr strips the enemy of their armour like a tree of its bark (so ÍF 26; ÍF 29; Hkr 1991).
serkjar ‘shirt’
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1. serkr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -/-i; -ir): shirt < bǫðserkr (noun m.)
kennings
barklaust birki bǫðserkjar‘the barkless birches of the battle-shirt ’
= WARRIORS
the battle-shirt → MAIL-SHIRT
the barkless birches of the MAIL-SHIRT → WARRIORS
notes
[5, 6] barklaust birki bǫðserkjar ‘the barkless birches of the battle-shirt [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIORS]’: Birki n. is a collective noun, hence the sg. refers in this kenning to several warriors. The epithet barklaust ‘barkless’ helps to clarify the referent: not trees but men, but it may also imply that the victorious Óláfr strips the enemy of their armour like a tree of its bark (so ÍF 26; ÍF 29; Hkr 1991).
serkjar ‘shirt’
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1. serkr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -/-i; -ir): shirt < bǫðserkr (noun m.)
kennings
barklaust birki bǫðserkjar‘the barkless birches of the battle-shirt ’
= WARRIORS
the battle-shirt → MAIL-SHIRT
the barkless birches of the MAIL-SHIRT → WARRIORS
notes
[5, 6] barklaust birki bǫðserkjar ‘the barkless birches of the battle-shirt [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIORS]’: Birki n. is a collective noun, hence the sg. refers in this kenning to several warriors. The epithet barklaust ‘barkless’ helps to clarify the referent: not trees but men, but it may also imply that the victorious Óláfr strips the enemy of their armour like a tree of its bark (so ÍF 26; ÍF 29; Hkr 1991).
lét ‘’
(not checked:)
láta (verb): let, have sth done
kennings
barklaust birki bǫðserkjar‘the barkless birches of the battle-shirt ’
= WARRIORS
the battle-shirt → MAIL-SHIRT
the barkless birches of the MAIL-SHIRT → WARRIORS
notes
[5, 6] barklaust birki bǫðserkjar ‘the barkless birches of the battle-shirt [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIORS]’: Birki n. is a collective noun, hence the sg. refers in this kenning to several warriors. The epithet barklaust ‘barkless’ helps to clarify the referent: not trees but men, but it may also imply that the victorious Óláfr strips the enemy of their armour like a tree of its bark (so ÍF 26; ÍF 29; Hkr 1991).
bǫrk ‘’
bark ‘the bark’
[6] bark‑: bǫrk‑ Bb
kennings
barklaust birki bǫðserkjar‘the barkless birches of the battle-shirt ’
= WARRIORS
the battle-shirt → MAIL-SHIRT
the barkless birches of the MAIL-SHIRT → WARRIORS
notes
[5, 6] barklaust birki bǫðserkjar ‘the barkless birches of the battle-shirt [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIORS]’: Birki n. is a collective noun, hence the sg. refers in this kenning to several warriors. The epithet barklaust ‘barkless’ helps to clarify the referent: not trees but men, but it may also imply that the victorious Óláfr strips the enemy of their armour like a tree of its bark (so ÍF 26; ÍF 29; Hkr 1991).
rjóðr ‘’
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3. rjóðr (adj.): red < barkrjóðr (noun m.)
laust ‘less’
[6] ‑laust: ‑rjóðr J1ˣ
kennings
barklaust birki bǫðserkjar‘the barkless birches of the battle-shirt ’
= WARRIORS
the battle-shirt → MAIL-SHIRT
the barkless birches of the MAIL-SHIRT → WARRIORS
notes
[5, 6] barklaust birki bǫðserkjar ‘the barkless birches of the battle-shirt [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIORS]’: Birki n. is a collective noun, hence the sg. refers in this kenning to several warriors. The epithet barklaust ‘barkless’ helps to clarify the referent: not trees but men, but it may also imply that the victorious Óláfr strips the enemy of their armour like a tree of its bark (so ÍF 26; ÍF 29; Hkr 1991).
til ‘’
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til (prep.): to
Dan ‘Den’
markar ‘’
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2. mǫrk (noun f.; °merkr; merkr): forest < Danmǫrk (noun f.): [Denmark]
mǫrku ‘mark’
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mark (noun n.; °-s; *-): sign < Danmǫrk (noun f.): [Denmark]
[6] ‑mǫrku: ‑markar Flat
hleypi ‘The impelling’
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hleypa (verb): impell, make run < hleypimeiðr (noun m.)hleypa (verb): impell, make run
kennings
Hleypimeiðr hlunnviggja‘The impelling tree of the roller-steeds ’
= SEAFARER
the roller-steeds → SHIPS
The impelling tree of SHIPS → SEAFARER
meyðrs ‘’
meiðr ‘tree’
(not checked:)
meiðr (noun m.): beam, tree < hleypimeiðr (noun m.)
[7] ‑meiðr: ‘mꝍyðrs’ FskAˣ
kennings
Hleypimeiðr hlunnviggja‘The impelling tree of the roller-steeds ’
= SEAFARER
the roller-steeds → SHIPS
The impelling tree of SHIPS → SEAFARER
fyr ‘’
(not checked:)
fyr (prep.): for, over, because of, etc.
Heiða ‘of Hedeby’
notes
[7, 8] Heiðabý ‘Hedeby’: A major Viking trading centre in the south of Jutland. This is an early example of the skalds’ practice of fitting place names into the dróttkvætt lines using tmesis; cf. Þfagr Sveinn 1/3, 4II for a similar tmesis on this p. n., and for another example see Þloft Tøgdr 1/5, 6 and Note; also Kuhn (1983, 111-12).
hlunn ‘of the roller’
kennings
Hleypimeiðr hlunnviggja‘The impelling tree of the roller-steeds ’
= SEAFARER
the roller-steeds → SHIPS
The impelling tree of SHIPS → SEAFARER
hlunn ‘of the roller’
kennings
Hleypimeiðr hlunnviggja‘The impelling tree of the roller-steeds ’
= SEAFARER
the roller-steeds → SHIPS
The impelling tree of SHIPS → SEAFARER
fyr ‘’
(not checked:)
fyr (prep.): for, over, because of, etc.
viggja ‘steeds’
(not checked:)
vigg (noun n.): steed < hlunnvigg (noun n.): roller-steed
[8] ‑viggja: viggja fyr J1ˣ, ‑veggja 54, Bb
kennings
Hleypimeiðr hlunnviggja‘The impelling tree of the roller-steeds ’
= SEAFARER
the roller-steeds → SHIPS
The impelling tree of SHIPS → SEAFARER
viggja ‘steeds’
(not checked:)
vigg (noun n.): steed < hlunnvigg (noun n.): roller-steed
[8] ‑viggja: viggja fyr J1ˣ, ‑veggja 54, Bb
kennings
Hleypimeiðr hlunnviggja‘The impelling tree of the roller-steeds ’
= SEAFARER
the roller-steeds → SHIPS
The impelling tree of SHIPS → SEAFARER
bý ‘’
[8] bý: bú 54
notes
[7, 8] Heiðabý ‘Hedeby’: A major Viking trading centre in the south of Jutland. This is an early example of the skalds’ practice of fitting place names into the dróttkvætt lines using tmesis; cf. Þfagr Sveinn 1/3, 4II for a similar tmesis on this p. n., and for another example see Þloft Tøgdr 1/5, 6 and Note; also Kuhn (1983, 111-12).
sunnan ‘south’
(not checked:)
sunnan (adv.): (from the) south
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Hættr vas hersa dróttinn |
The sword-bold lord of hersar [RULER] was dangerous to the life of the Gotar; I have learned that the gold-diminisher [GENEROUS MAN] made spear-breeze [BATTLE] in Skåne. The impelling tree of the roller-steeds [SHIPS > SEAFARER] cut down the barkless birches of the battle-shirt [MAIL-SHIRT > WARRIORS] in Denmark south of Hedeby.
See Introduction.
The pairing of helmingar follows Fsk and 310 (see Introduction); in Hkr and ÓT, st. 1/5-8 and st. 2/1-4 form a stanza, while st. 2/5-8 stands as an isolated helmingr. — [5-8]: The title of the source poem is given as Óláfsdrápa ‘Drápa about Óláfr’ in Hkr and ÓT; cf. Note to st. 4/1-4.
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