Hildr Lv 1^I

Hafnið ‘You renounce’

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1. hafna (verb): abandon, reject

Nefju ‘Nefja’s’

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Nefja (noun f.; °-u): nefja

kennings

notes

[1] nafna Nefju ‘Nefja’s namesake [= Hrólfr]’: Nefja ‘Nose’ was the nickname of Hildr’s father, Hrólfr, and her son was named after his grandfather. The name Hrólfr originally meant ‘glory-wolf’ (*Hrōþuwolfaʀ > *Hrōðwolfʀ > Hrólfr; see ANG §228 Anm.). It is unclear whether the original meaning of the name would still have been discernible at the time when the stanza was composed, but it certainly would have been in keeping with the ‘wolf-outlaw’ imagery in this stanza. For ‘wolf’ = ‘outlaw’ in Germanic literature, see Jacoby (1974).

nefna ‘’

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2. nefna (verb): mention, name, call

nafni ‘’

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nafni (noun m.; °-a; -ar): namesake

nafna ‘namesake’

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nafni (noun m.; °-a; -ar): namesake

[1] nafna: nafni R686ˣ, 321ˣ, 78aˣ, 68, 61, Bb, Flat, nefna Tóm

kennings

notes

[1] nafna Nefju ‘Nefja’s namesake [= Hrólfr]’: Nefja ‘Nose’ was the nickname of Hildr’s father, Hrólfr, and her son was named after his grandfather. The name Hrólfr originally meant ‘glory-wolf’ (*Hrōþuwolfaʀ > *Hrōðwolfʀ > Hrólfr; see ANG §228 Anm.). It is unclear whether the original meaning of the name would still have been discernible at the time when the stanza was composed, but it certainly would have been in keeping with the ‘wolf-outlaw’ imagery in this stanza. For ‘wolf’ = ‘outlaw’ in Germanic literature, see Jacoby (1974).

nú ‘now’

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nú (adv.): now

rekr ‘’

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2. reka (verb): drive, force

rekinn ‘’

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2. reka (verb): drive, force

er ‘’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

rekum ‘’

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2. reka (verb): drive, force

rekið ‘you banish’

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2. reka (verb): drive, force

[2] rekið: rekum F, rekr 321ˣ, 78aˣ, er rekinn 75c, 325VII, Flat, Tóm

gandr ‘’

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gandr (noun m.; °-s; dat. *-um): wolf, magic staff

grandir ‘’

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grandi (noun m.): [damagers]

gand ‘the wolf’

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gandr (noun m.; °-s; dat. *-um): wolf, magic staff

[2] gand: gandr 75c, Flat, Tóm, grandir 325VII

notes

[2] gand ‘the wolf’: The primary sense of gandr is ‘(magic) staff, rod’, but it also means ‘wolf’ and is synonymous with vargr, which also means ‘outlaw’.

af ‘’

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af (prep.): from

ór ‘from’

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3. ór (prep.): out of

[2] ór: af J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 325VII

landi ‘the land’

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land (noun n.; °-s; *-): land

horskan ‘the wise’

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horskr (adj.; °compar. -ari): wise

notes

[3] horskan barma hǫlða ‘the wise brother of freeholders’: Skj B takes this noun phrase as the acc. object of bella ‘risk, be engaged in, harm, destroy’ (l. 4) and translates the clause as hvorfor behandler I höldernes kloge frænde således, konge? ‘why do you treat the wise kinsman of free farmers in such a manner, king?’. However, bella cannot take an acc. object (see NN §§2007, 2218). Barma hǫlða ‘the brother of freeholders’ refers to the fact that Hrólfr belonged to the social class of freeholders or free farmers (see Note to Anon Nkt 15/2^II).

hauða ‘’

hǫfða ‘’

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hǫfuð (noun n.; °-s; -): head

hǫrða ‘’

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Hǫrðar (noun m.): the Hǫrðar

hǫlða ‘of freeholders’

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hǫlðr (noun m.; °-s; -ar): man

[3] hǫlða: hǫrða 68, 75c, 325V, 325VII, Flat, Tóm, hǫfða Bb

notes

[3] horskan barma hǫlða ‘the wise brother of freeholders’: Skj B takes this noun phrase as the acc. object of bella ‘risk, be engaged in, harm, destroy’ (l. 4) and translates the clause as hvorfor behandler I höldernes kloge frænde således, konge? ‘why do you treat the wise kinsman of free farmers in such a manner, king?’. However, bella cannot take an acc. object (see NN §§2007, 2218). Barma hǫlða ‘the brother of freeholders’ refers to the fact that Hrólfr belonged to the social class of freeholders or free farmers (see Note to Anon Nkt 15/2^II).

barma ‘brother’

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barmi (noun m.): brother

notes

[3] horskan barma hǫlða ‘the wise brother of freeholders’: Skj B takes this noun phrase as the acc. object of bella ‘risk, be engaged in, harm, destroy’ (l. 4) and translates the clause as hvorfor behandler I höldernes kloge frænde således, konge? ‘why do you treat the wise kinsman of free farmers in such a manner, king?’. However, bella cannot take an acc. object (see NN §§2007, 2218). Barma hǫlða ‘the brother of freeholders’ refers to the fact that Hrólfr belonged to the social class of freeholders or free farmers (see Note to Anon Nkt 15/2^II).

hufi ‘’

hví ‘why’

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hví (adv.): why

[4] hví: h(u)fi(?) R686ˣ

bellir ‘’

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1. bella (verb; °præt. sg. ball): deal with

hellit ‘’

bellið ‘do you risk’

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1. bella (verb; °præt. sg. ball): deal with

[4] bellið: bellir 321ˣ, 78aˣ, 75c, 325VII, Flat, Tóm

þú ‘’

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þú (pron.; °gen. þín, dat. þér, acc. þik): you

theri ‘’

því ‘that’

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1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

[4] því: þú 75c

stillir ‘lord’

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stillir (noun m.): ruler

Illts ‘It is dangerous’

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illr (adj.): bad, evil, unwell

[5] Illts (‘illt err’): er Bb

við ‘’

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2. við (prep.): with, against

[5] við: om. J2ˣ, 321ˣ

ylf ‘’

ulf ‘a wolvish enemy’

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1. ulfr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): wolf

[5] ulf: ‘ylf’ J1ˣ, J2ˣ

notes

[5, 6] slíkan ulf Yggs valbríkar ‘such a wolvish enemy of the Yggr <= Ó̃ðinn> of the slain-plank [SHIELD > WARRIOR (= Haraldr)]’: (a) The kenning Yggs valbríkar ‘of the Yggr of the slain-plank’ refers to Haraldr, and his ulfr ‘wolf’ is his outlaw and enemy, Hrólfr (see LP: ulfr 4). (b) Skj B and Skald emend Yggs (gen.) to Yggr (nom.) and take the noun as a base-word in a warrior-kenning addressing Haraldr: Yggr valbríkar ‘Yggr of the slain-plank [SHIELD > WARRIOR]’, but this goes against all ms. witnesses. (c) Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF 26) retains Yggs and construes ulf Yggs valbríkar ‘the wolf of the slain-plank of Yggr [SHIELD > WARRIOR]’. That kenning is overdetermined, however, because ‘slain-plank’ alone is a shield-kenning and hence Yggs ‘of Yggr’ is redundant.

at ‘to’

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5. at (nota): to (with infinitive)

ylfa ‘’

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2. ylfa (verb): threaten

yglask ‘’

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ygla (verb): become fierce

ylfask ‘threaten’

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2. ylfa (verb): threaten

[5] ylfask: ylfa 321ˣ, yglask Flat, Tóm

notes

[5] ylfask ‘threaten’: Lit. ‘turn oneself into a wolf’. Hap. leg. formed from the noun ulfr ‘wolf’.

Iks ‘’

ygh ‘’

éls ‘’

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él (noun n.; °; dat. -um): storm

ýgs ‘’

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2. ýgr (adj.): fierce

Yggs ‘of the Yggr’

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1. Yggr (noun m.): Yggr

[6] Yggs: ýgs J1ˣ, Holm2, 68, 325VII, Bb, Tóm, éls 321ˣ, 78aˣ, ‘Jks’ 158 8°ˣ

kennings

notes

[5, 6] slíkan ulf Yggs valbríkar ‘such a wolvish enemy of the Yggr <= Ó̃ðinn> of the slain-plank [SHIELD > WARRIOR (= Haraldr)]’: (a) The kenning Yggs valbríkar ‘of the Yggr of the slain-plank’ refers to Haraldr, and his ulfr ‘wolf’ is his outlaw and enemy, Hrólfr (see LP: ulfr 4). (b) Skj B and Skald emend Yggs (gen.) to Yggr (nom.) and take the noun as a base-word in a warrior-kenning addressing Haraldr: Yggr valbríkar ‘Yggr of the slain-plank [SHIELD > WARRIOR]’, but this goes against all ms. witnesses. (c) Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF 26) retains Yggs and construes ulf Yggs valbríkar ‘the wolf of the slain-plank of Yggr [SHIELD > WARRIOR]’. That kenning is overdetermined, however, because ‘slain-plank’ alone is a shield-kenning and hence Yggs ‘of Yggr’ is redundant.

bál ‘’

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bál (noun n.; °-s; -): fire

val ‘of the slain’

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1. valr (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ir): corpse, the slain < valbrík (noun f.)1. valr (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ir): corpse, the slain1. valr (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ir): corpse, the slain < 1. val (noun m.): °valg, udvalg, valgmulighed; mulighed (for ngt), chance, lejlighed1. valr (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ir): corpse, the slain

[6] val‑: ‘bal‑’ Bb

kennings

notes

[5, 6] slíkan ulf Yggs valbríkar ‘such a wolvish enemy of the Yggr <= Ó̃ðinn> of the slain-plank [SHIELD > WARRIOR (= Haraldr)]’: (a) The kenning Yggs valbríkar ‘of the Yggr of the slain-plank’ refers to Haraldr, and his ulfr ‘wolf’ is his outlaw and enemy, Hrólfr (see LP: ulfr 4). (b) Skj B and Skald emend Yggs (gen.) to Yggr (nom.) and take the noun as a base-word in a warrior-kenning addressing Haraldr: Yggr valbríkar ‘Yggr of the slain-plank [SHIELD > WARRIOR]’, but this goes against all ms. witnesses. (c) Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF 26) retains Yggs and construes ulf Yggs valbríkar ‘the wolf of the slain-plank of Yggr [SHIELD > WARRIOR]’. That kenning is overdetermined, however, because ‘slain-plank’ alone is a shield-kenning and hence Yggs ‘of Yggr’ is redundant.

val ‘of the slain’

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1. valr (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ir): corpse, the slain < valbrík (noun f.)1. valr (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ir): corpse, the slain1. valr (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ir): corpse, the slain < 1. val (noun m.): °valg, udvalg, valgmulighed; mulighed (for ngt), chance, lejlighed1. valr (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ir): corpse, the slain

[6] val‑: ‘bal‑’ Bb

kennings

notes

[5, 6] slíkan ulf Yggs valbríkar ‘such a wolvish enemy of the Yggr <= Ó̃ðinn> of the slain-plank [SHIELD > WARRIOR (= Haraldr)]’: (a) The kenning Yggs valbríkar ‘of the Yggr of the slain-plank’ refers to Haraldr, and his ulfr ‘wolf’ is his outlaw and enemy, Hrólfr (see LP: ulfr 4). (b) Skj B and Skald emend Yggs (gen.) to Yggr (nom.) and take the noun as a base-word in a warrior-kenning addressing Haraldr: Yggr valbríkar ‘Yggr of the slain-plank [SHIELD > WARRIOR]’, but this goes against all ms. witnesses. (c) Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF 26) retains Yggs and construes ulf Yggs valbríkar ‘the wolf of the slain-plank of Yggr [SHIELD > WARRIOR]’. That kenning is overdetermined, however, because ‘slain-plank’ alone is a shield-kenning and hence Yggs ‘of Yggr’ is redundant.

brixlar ‘’

bjarkar ‘’

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bjǫrk (noun f.): birch < 1. val (noun m.): °valg, udvalg, valgmulighed; mulighed (for ngt), chance, lejlighed

birkar ‘’

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birki (noun n.): birch-

bríkar ‘plank’

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brík (noun f.; °-ar; -r): plank < valbrík (noun f.)brík (noun f.; °-ar; -r): plank

[6] ‑bríkar: ‑birkar R686ˣ, ‘Brixlar’ 158 8°ˣ

kennings

notes

[5, 6] slíkan ulf Yggs valbríkar ‘such a wolvish enemy of the Yggr <= Ó̃ðinn> of the slain-plank [SHIELD > WARRIOR (= Haraldr)]’: (a) The kenning Yggs valbríkar ‘of the Yggr of the slain-plank’ refers to Haraldr, and his ulfr ‘wolf’ is his outlaw and enemy, Hrólfr (see LP: ulfr 4). (b) Skj B and Skald emend Yggs (gen.) to Yggr (nom.) and take the noun as a base-word in a warrior-kenning addressing Haraldr: Yggr valbríkar ‘Yggr of the slain-plank [SHIELD > WARRIOR]’, but this goes against all ms. witnesses. (c) Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF 26) retains Yggs and construes ulf Yggs valbríkar ‘the wolf of the slain-plank of Yggr [SHIELD > WARRIOR]’. That kenning is overdetermined, however, because ‘slain-plank’ alone is a shield-kenning and hence Yggs ‘of Yggr’ is redundant.

bríkar ‘plank’

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brík (noun f.; °-ar; -r): plank < valbrík (noun f.)brík (noun f.; °-ar; -r): plank

[6] ‑bríkar: ‑birkar R686ˣ, ‘Brixlar’ 158 8°ˣ

kennings

notes

[5, 6] slíkan ulf Yggs valbríkar ‘such a wolvish enemy of the Yggr <= Ó̃ðinn> of the slain-plank [SHIELD > WARRIOR (= Haraldr)]’: (a) The kenning Yggs valbríkar ‘of the Yggr of the slain-plank’ refers to Haraldr, and his ulfr ‘wolf’ is his outlaw and enemy, Hrólfr (see LP: ulfr 4). (b) Skj B and Skald emend Yggs (gen.) to Yggr (nom.) and take the noun as a base-word in a warrior-kenning addressing Haraldr: Yggr valbríkar ‘Yggr of the slain-plank [SHIELD > WARRIOR]’, but this goes against all ms. witnesses. (c) Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF 26) retains Yggs and construes ulf Yggs valbríkar ‘the wolf of the slain-plank of Yggr [SHIELD > WARRIOR]’. That kenning is overdetermined, however, because ‘slain-plank’ alone is a shield-kenning and hence Yggs ‘of Yggr’ is redundant.

slíkr ‘’

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2. slíkr (adj.): such

slíkan ‘such’

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2. slíkr (adj.): such

[6] slíkan: slíkr J1ˣ, J2ˣ

notes

[5, 6] slíkan ulf Yggs valbríkar ‘such a wolvish enemy of the Yggr <= Ó̃ðinn> of the slain-plank [SHIELD > WARRIOR (= Haraldr)]’: (a) The kenning Yggs valbríkar ‘of the Yggr of the slain-plank’ refers to Haraldr, and his ulfr ‘wolf’ is his outlaw and enemy, Hrólfr (see LP: ulfr 4). (b) Skj B and Skald emend Yggs (gen.) to Yggr (nom.) and take the noun as a base-word in a warrior-kenning addressing Haraldr: Yggr valbríkar ‘Yggr of the slain-plank [SHIELD > WARRIOR]’, but this goes against all ms. witnesses. (c) Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF 26) retains Yggs and construes ulf Yggs valbríkar ‘the wolf of the slain-plank of Yggr [SHIELD > WARRIOR]’. That kenning is overdetermined, however, because ‘slain-plank’ alone is a shield-kenning and hence Yggs ‘of Yggr’ is redundant.

munisk ‘’

man ‘’

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munu (verb): will, must

maunat ‘’

munit ‘’

muna ‘he will not’

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munu (verb): will, must

[7] muna: ‘mꜹnat’ F, man 78aˣ, munisk Bb, munit corrected from ‘mvnia’ Bb

við ‘with’

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2. við (prep.): with, against

yðrar ‘’

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þú (pron.; °gen. þín, dat. þér, acc. þik): you

hilmis ‘the ruler’s’

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hilmir (noun m.): prince, protector

[7] hilmis: yðrar 61

hjarðar ‘’

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hjǫrð (noun f.; °hjarðar, dat. -/-u; hjarðir/hjarðar): herd

hǫlða ‘’

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hǫlðr (noun m.; °-s; -ar): man

hjarðir ‘herds’

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hjǫrð (noun f.; °hjarðar, dat. -/-u; hjarðir/hjarðar): herd

[7] hjarðir: hǫlða Holm2, R686ˣ, 972ˣ, hjarðar 321ˣ

hœgt ‘’

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1. hœgr (adj.; °acc. -an/-jan; comp. hǿgri, superl. hǿgstr/hǿgastr): convenient, calm, pleasant

Hogr ‘’

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hogr (noun m.)

hœgr ‘be gentle’

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1. hœgr (adj.; °acc. -an/-jan; comp. hǿgri, superl. hǿgstr/hǿgastr): convenient, calm, pleasant

[8] hœgr: Hogr 972ˣ, hœgt 321ˣ

er ‘’

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2. er (conj.): who, which, when

ef ‘if’

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3. ef (conj.): if

[8] ef: er J1ˣ, J2ˣ, Holm2, R686ˣ, 972ˣ, 321ˣ, 78aˣ, 61, 325VII

gengr ‘’

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2. ganga (verb; geng, gekk, gengu, genginn): walk, go

kømr ‘’

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koma (verb; kem, kom/kvam, kominn): come

renn ‘he runs’

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2. renna (verb): run (strong)

[8] renn (‘hann renn’): hann gengr F, 68, 61, 75c, 325V, 325VII, Bb, Flat, Tóm, hann kømr J1ˣ, J2ˣ, Holm2, R686ˣ, 972ˣ, 321ˣ, 78aˣ

notes

[8] renn (3rd pers. sg. pres. indic.) ‘runs’: For this form, see ANG §278.4b. The other two variants (gengr ‘goes’ and kømr ‘comes’) are also possible.

til ‘to’

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til (prep.): to

skógar ‘the forest’

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skógr (noun m.; °-ar/-s, dat. -i; -ar): forest