Eskál Vell 12I
Edith Marold (ed.) 2012, ‘Einarr skálaglamm Helgason, Vellekla 12’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 298.
Hvarf ‘return’
(not checked:)
1. hverfa (verb): turn, disappear < 1. hverfa (verb): turn, disappear
[1] Hvarfat: hvarf FskAˣ, 52ˣ, 301ˣ
at ‘not’
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-at (particle): (neg. suffix) < 1. hverfa (verb): turn, disappear
[1] Hvarfat: hvarf FskAˣ, 52ˣ, 301ˣ
aptr ‘’
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aptr (adv.; °compar. -ar): back
áðr ‘before’
(not checked:)
áðr (adv.; °//): before
notes
[1] áðr ‘before’: The mss have áðr enn ‘before’, where enn is the later form of an. The syllable produces a hypermetrical line, however, and is removed here, as in other eds of this poem, as part of the normalisation process (see ‘Normalisation on metrical grounds’ in General Introduction).
‘’
erfðan ‘done honour’
(not checked:)
erfa (verb): [done honour]
notes
[1, 2] hafði erfðan fǫður ‘he had done honour to his father’s memory’: Erfa means ‘to honour a deceased relative and take one’s leave of him’ (Fritzner: erfa), often through a memorial feast, but here the reference is clearly to Hákon honouring his father by avenging him; cf. the praise of Hákon’s revenge in st. 9. LP: erfa similarly interprets it as the equivalent of ‘to avenge’.
odda ‘’
(not checked:)
oddr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): point of weapon < oddastafr (noun m.)
odd ‘’
(not checked:)
oddr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): point of weapon < oddstafr (noun m.)
ó ‘’
(not checked:)
ó- ((prefix)): un-
óð ‘The furious’
(not checked:)
2. óðr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): raging, furious < óðstafr (noun m.)
[2] óð‑: odda‑ FskBˣ, odd‑ corrected from odda‑ 51ˣ, 302ˣ, ‘o‑’ FskAˣ, 52ˣ, 301ˣ
kennings
Óðstafr hjǫrveðrs‘The furious stave of the sword-storm ’
= WARRIOR
the sword-storm → BATTLE
The furious stave of the BATTLE → WARRIOR
notes
[2, 4] óðstafr hjǫrveðrs ‘the furious stave of the sword-storm [BATTLE > WARRIOR]’: The mss offer either ‘ostafr’ or ‘odd(a)sta(r)f’. Although oddstafr ‘arrow-stave’ is a possible warrior-kenning it is not acceptable here because the kenning would have two determinants (odd- ‘arrow, point’ and hjǫrveðrs ‘sword-storm’). A minor emendation produces óð- ‘furious’ in óðstafr, which functions as an adj. qualifying the entire kenning.
starf ‘’
(not checked:)
starf (noun n.; °-s; *-): exertion, task, trouble < oddastafr (noun m.)
staf ‘’
stafr ‘stave’
[2] ‑stafr: so FskAˣ, 52ˣ, 301ˣ, ‑starf FskBˣ, ‑staf corrected from ‑starf 51ˣ, 302ˣ
kennings
Óðstafr hjǫrveðrs‘The furious stave of the sword-storm ’
= WARRIOR
the sword-storm → BATTLE
The furious stave of the BATTLE → WARRIOR
notes
[2, 4] óðstafr hjǫrveðrs ‘the furious stave of the sword-storm [BATTLE > WARRIOR]’: The mss offer either ‘ostafr’ or ‘odd(a)sta(r)f’. Although oddstafr ‘arrow-stave’ is a possible warrior-kenning it is not acceptable here because the kenning would have two determinants (odd- ‘arrow, point’ and hjǫrveðrs ‘sword-storm’). A minor emendation produces óð- ‘furious’ in óðstafr, which functions as an adj. qualifying the entire kenning.
fǫður ‘to his father’s’
(not checked:)
faðir (noun m.): father
notes
[1, 2] hafði erfðan fǫður ‘he had done honour to his father’s memory’: Erfa means ‘to honour a deceased relative and take one’s leave of him’ (Fritzner: erfa), often through a memorial feast, but here the reference is clearly to Hákon honouring his father by avenging him; cf. the praise of Hákon’s revenge in st. 9. LP: erfa similarly interprets it as the equivalent of ‘to avenge’.
hafði ‘he had’
(not checked:)
hafa (verb): have
notes
[1, 2] hafði erfðan fǫður ‘he had done honour to his father’s memory’: Erfa means ‘to honour a deceased relative and take one’s leave of him’ (Fritzner: erfa), often through a memorial feast, but here the reference is clearly to Hákon honouring his father by avenging him; cf. the praise of Hákon’s revenge in st. 9. LP: erfa similarly interprets it as the equivalent of ‘to avenge’.
kennings
herforðuðr‘the army-protector ’
= RULER
the army-protector → RULER
forðaðr ‘’
(not checked:)
forðuðr (noun m.): [protector] < her (adv.): here
vǫrðuðr ‘’
(not checked:)
varðaðr (noun m.): [guard] < hervǫrðuðr (noun m.)
forðuðr ‘protector’
(not checked:)
forðuðr (noun m.): [protector] < herforðuðr (noun m.)
[3] ‑forðuðr: ‑vǫrðuðr FskBˣ, 51ˣ, 302ˣ, ‑forðaðr FskAˣ, 52ˣ, 301ˣ
kennings
herforðuðr‘the army-protector ’
= RULER
the army-protector → RULER
réð ‘had power’
(not checked:)
ráða (verb): advise, rule, interpret, decide
herða ‘’
(not checked:)
herðr (noun f.; °-ar(Thom² 447¹³); -ar): shoulder
kennings
konungs Hǫrða.‘of the king of the Hǫrðar. ’
= NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr gráfeldr
the king of the Hǫrðar. → NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr gráfeldr
hjǫr ‘of the sword’
(not checked:)
hjǫrr (noun m.): sword < hjǫrveðr (noun n.)
kennings
Óðstafr hjǫrveðrs‘The furious stave of the sword-storm ’
= WARRIOR
the sword-storm → BATTLE
The furious stave of the BATTLE → WARRIOR
notes
[2, 4] óðstafr hjǫrveðrs ‘the furious stave of the sword-storm [BATTLE > WARRIOR]’: The mss offer either ‘ostafr’ or ‘odd(a)sta(r)f’. Although oddstafr ‘arrow-stave’ is a possible warrior-kenning it is not acceptable here because the kenning would have two determinants (odd- ‘arrow, point’ and hjǫrveðrs ‘sword-storm’). A minor emendation produces óð- ‘furious’ in óðstafr, which functions as an adj. qualifying the entire kenning.
hjǫr ‘of the sword’
(not checked:)
hjǫrr (noun m.): sword < hjǫrveðr (noun n.)
kennings
Óðstafr hjǫrveðrs‘The furious stave of the sword-storm ’
= WARRIOR
the sword-storm → BATTLE
The furious stave of the BATTLE → WARRIOR
notes
[2, 4] óðstafr hjǫrveðrs ‘the furious stave of the sword-storm [BATTLE > WARRIOR]’: The mss offer either ‘ostafr’ or ‘odd(a)sta(r)f’. Although oddstafr ‘arrow-stave’ is a possible warrior-kenning it is not acceptable here because the kenning would have two determinants (odd- ‘arrow, point’ and hjǫrveðrs ‘sword-storm’). A minor emendation produces óð- ‘furious’ in óðstafr, which functions as an adj. qualifying the entire kenning.
veðrs ‘storm’
(not checked:)
2. veðr (noun n.; °-s; -): weather, wind, storm < hjǫrveðr (noun n.)
kennings
Óðstafr hjǫrveðrs‘The furious stave of the sword-storm ’
= WARRIOR
the sword-storm → BATTLE
The furious stave of the BATTLE → WARRIOR
notes
[2, 4] óðstafr hjǫrveðrs ‘the furious stave of the sword-storm [BATTLE > WARRIOR]’: The mss offer either ‘ostafr’ or ‘odd(a)sta(r)f’. Although oddstafr ‘arrow-stave’ is a possible warrior-kenning it is not acceptable here because the kenning would have two determinants (odd- ‘arrow, point’ and hjǫrveðrs ‘sword-storm’). A minor emendation produces óð- ‘furious’ in óðstafr, which functions as an adj. qualifying the entire kenning.
veðrs ‘storm’
(not checked:)
2. veðr (noun n.; °-s; -): weather, wind, storm < hjǫrveðr (noun n.)
kennings
Óðstafr hjǫrveðrs‘The furious stave of the sword-storm ’
= WARRIOR
the sword-storm → BATTLE
The furious stave of the BATTLE → WARRIOR
notes
[2, 4] óðstafr hjǫrveðrs ‘the furious stave of the sword-storm [BATTLE > WARRIOR]’: The mss offer either ‘ostafr’ or ‘odd(a)sta(r)f’. Although oddstafr ‘arrow-stave’ is a possible warrior-kenning it is not acceptable here because the kenning would have two determinants (odd- ‘arrow, point’ and hjǫrveðrs ‘sword-storm’). A minor emendation produces óð- ‘furious’ in óðstafr, which functions as an adj. qualifying the entire kenning.
konungr ‘’
(not checked:)
konungr (noun m.; °dat. -i, -s; -ar): king
konungs ‘of the king’
(not checked:)
konungr (noun m.; °dat. -i, -s; -ar): king
[4] konungs: so FskAˣ, 52ˣ, 301ˣ, konungr FskBˣ, 51ˣ, 302ˣ
kennings
konungs Hǫrða.‘of the king of the Hǫrðar. ’
= NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr gráfeldr
the king of the Hǫrðar. → NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr gráfeldr
fjǫrvi ‘over the life’
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fjǫr (noun n.): life
Varðat ‘has not been’
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1. verða (verb): become, be
Freyr ‘a Freyr’
(not checked:)
Freyr (noun m.): (a god)
kennings
Freyr folkskíðs,‘a Freyr of the battle-ski, ’
= WARRIOR
the battle-ski, → SWORD
a Freyr of the SWORD → WARRIOR
fœri ‘proceeded’
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2. fœra (verb): bring
folk ‘of the battle’
(not checked:)
folk (noun n.): people < folkskíð (noun n.)
kennings
Freyr folkskíðs,‘a Freyr of the battle-ski, ’
= WARRIOR
the battle-ski, → SWORD
a Freyr of the SWORD → WARRIOR
folk ‘of the battle’
(not checked:)
folk (noun n.): people < folkskíð (noun n.)
kennings
Freyr folkskíðs,‘a Freyr of the battle-ski, ’
= WARRIOR
the battle-ski, → SWORD
a Freyr of the SWORD → WARRIOR
skíðs ‘ski’
(not checked:)
skíð (noun n.; °; -): ski < folkskíð (noun n.)
kennings
Freyr folkskíðs,‘a Freyr of the battle-ski, ’
= WARRIOR
the battle-ski, → SWORD
a Freyr of the SWORD → WARRIOR
skíðs ‘ski’
(not checked:)
skíð (noun n.; °; -): ski < folkskíð (noun n.)
kennings
Freyr folkskíðs,‘a Freyr of the battle-ski, ’
= WARRIOR
the battle-ski, → SWORD
a Freyr of the SWORD → WARRIOR
né ‘nor’
(not checked:)
né (conj.): nor
síðan ‘afterwards’
(not checked:)
síðan (adv.): later, then
bragðr ‘’
bregðr ‘say’
(not checked:)
bregða (verb; °bregðr/brigðr; brá, brugðu; brugðinn/brogðinn): pull, jerk, break; change
[7] bregðr: so FskAˣ, 52ˣ, 301ˣ, bragðr FskBˣ, 51ˣ, 302ˣ
ǫld ‘the people’
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ǫld (noun f.; °; aldir): people, age
við ‘to’
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2. við (prep.): with, against
aðra ‘one another’
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1. annarr (pron.; °f. ǫnnur, n. annat; pl. aðrir): (an)other, second
jarls ‘of a jarl’
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jarl (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): poet, earl
ríki ‘power’
(not checked:)
ríki (noun n.; °-s; -): kingdom, power
framm ‘with’
(not checked:)
fram (adv.): out, forth, forwards, away
slíku ‘such’
(not checked:)
2. slíkr (adj.): such
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Hvarfat aptr, áðr erfðan, |
The furious stave of the sword-storm [BATTLE > WARRIOR] did not return before he had done honour to his father’s memory; the army-protector [RULER] had power over the life of the king of the Hǫrðar [NORWEGIAN KING = Haraldr gráfeldr]. There has not been a Freyr <god> of the battle-ski [SWORD > WARRIOR], nor will there be afterwards, who proceeded with such power of a jarl; so say the people to one another.
Haraldr gráfeldr, who had Hákon’s father Sigurðr Grjótgarðsson killed, is lured into a trap in Limafjǫrðr (Limfjorden) instigated by Hákon jarl with the complicity of the Danish king, Haraldr blátǫnn ‘Blue-tooth’. Haraldr gráfeldr dies in the battle. The Danish king installs Hákon as his jarl in Norway.
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