Sigv Nesv 9^I

Ǫld ‘Men’

ǫld (noun f.; °; aldir): people, age

vann ‘made’

2. vinna (verb): perform, work

[1] vann: corrected from hef 325VI

a ‘’

3. á (prep.): on, at

oss ‘’

vér (pron.; °gen. vár, dat./acc. oss): we, us, our

ossa ‘our’

vér (pron.; °gen. vár, dat./acc. oss): we, us, our

[1] ossa: ‘oss a’ Holm2, 972ˣ, 325VI, 75a, 78aˣ, 68, 325VII, Tóm

skjǫldum ‘’

skjǫldr (noun m.; °skjaldar/skildar, dat. skildi; skildir, acc. skjǫldu): shield

skjǫldu ‘shields’

skjǫldr (noun m.; °skjaldar/skildar, dat. skildi; skildir, acc. skjǫldu): shield

[1] skjǫldu: skjǫldum 325VI, 75a, 78aˣ

aut ‘’

auð ‘’

3. auðr (adj.): empty, barren < auðsær (adj.): [obvious]

[2] auðsætt: auðsær 325VII, ‘aut sætt’ Flat

notes

[2, 3, 4] þat vas auðsætt hljóms hringmiðlǫndum ‘that was obvious to the sharers of the sword-clamour [(lit. ‘sword-sharers of clamour’) BATTLE > WARRIORS]’: Sigvatr appeals to the shared experience of those who partook in the fight. An inverted kenning is assumed here, following previous eds. The cpd hringmiðlǫndum in itself would make sense as ‘ring-sharers’, with hring understood as ‘arm-ring’ or ‘finger-ring’, but in combination with the gen. hljóms ‘clamour’ it must be construed as a pars pro toto for ‘sword’ (cf. LP: 2. hringr and Note to Þhorn Harkv 1/1). The interweaving of the kenning through the helmingr is typical of Sigvatr’s highly complex handling of word order.

sær ‘’

sætt ‘obvious’

sættr (adj.): apparent, evident < auðsær (adj.): [obvious]

[2] auðsætt: auðsær 325VII, ‘aut sætt’ Flat

notes

[2, 3, 4] þat vas auðsætt hljóms hringmiðlǫndum ‘that was obvious to the sharers of the sword-clamour [(lit. ‘sword-sharers of clamour’) BATTLE > WARRIORS]’: Sigvatr appeals to the shared experience of those who partook in the fight. An inverted kenning is assumed here, following previous eds. The cpd hringmiðlǫndum in itself would make sense as ‘ring-sharers’, with hring understood as ‘arm-ring’ or ‘finger-ring’, but in combination with the gen. hljóms ‘clamour’ it must be construed as a pars pro toto for ‘sword’ (cf. LP: 2. hringr and Note to Þhorn Harkv 1/1). The interweaving of the kenning through the helmingr is typical of Sigvatr’s highly complex handling of word order.

er ‘’

2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

vas ‘was’

2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

[2] vas (‘var’): er 325VII

notes

[2, 3, 4] þat vas auðsætt hljóms hringmiðlǫndum ‘that was obvious to the sharers of the sword-clamour [(lit. ‘sword-sharers of clamour’) BATTLE > WARRIORS]’: Sigvatr appeals to the shared experience of those who partook in the fight. An inverted kenning is assumed here, following previous eds. The cpd hringmiðlǫndum in itself would make sense as ‘ring-sharers’, with hring understood as ‘arm-ring’ or ‘finger-ring’, but in combination with the gen. hljóms ‘clamour’ it must be construed as a pars pro toto for ‘sword’ (cf. LP: 2. hringr and Note to Þhorn Harkv 1/1). The interweaving of the kenning through the helmingr is typical of Sigvatr’s highly complex handling of word order.

þar ‘’

þar (adv.): there

þat ‘that’

1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

[2] þat: þar R686ˣ, 325V

notes

[2, 3, 4] þat vas auðsætt hljóms hringmiðlǫndum ‘that was obvious to the sharers of the sword-clamour [(lit. ‘sword-sharers of clamour’) BATTLE > WARRIORS]’: Sigvatr appeals to the shared experience of those who partook in the fight. An inverted kenning is assumed here, following previous eds. The cpd hringmiðlǫndum in itself would make sense as ‘ring-sharers’, with hring understood as ‘arm-ring’ or ‘finger-ring’, but in combination with the gen. hljóms ‘clamour’ it must be construed as a pars pro toto for ‘sword’ (cf. LP: 2. hringr and Note to Þhorn Harkv 1/1). The interweaving of the kenning through the helmingr is typical of Sigvatr’s highly complex handling of word order.

rauðu ‘’

rauðr (adj.; °compar. -ari): red

rauða ‘red’

rauðr (adj.; °compar. -ari): red

[2] rauða: rauðu Bb

notes

[2, 3] rauða; hvítir ‘red; white’: Sigvatr contrasts the reddened state of the shields after the battle with their white pristine state on arrival. The ‘white’ might refer either to the natural colour of the wood used for the shield-board or to the colour in which it was painted (Foote and Wilson 1980, 278; Steuer 2004, 83-6; see also Falk 1914b, 128-32). The imagery of the red and white shield is also found in Sjórs Lv 3^II.

hlom ‘’

hlǫm (noun f.)

hljóm ‘’

hljómr (noun m.; °dat. -i): sound

hljóms ‘clamour’

hljómr (noun m.; °dat. -i): sound

[3] hljóms: hljóm Holm2, R686ˣ, 972ˣ, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 325VI, 75a, 78aˣ, 68, 61, 325VII, Bb, Flat, Tóm, ‘hlom’ 325V

kennings

notes

[2, 3, 4] þat vas auðsætt hljóms hringmiðlǫndum ‘that was obvious to the sharers of the sword-clamour [(lit. ‘sword-sharers of clamour’) BATTLE > WARRIORS]’: Sigvatr appeals to the shared experience of those who partook in the fight. An inverted kenning is assumed here, following previous eds. The cpd hringmiðlǫndum in itself would make sense as ‘ring-sharers’, with hring understood as ‘arm-ring’ or ‘finger-ring’, but in combination with the gen. hljóms ‘clamour’ it must be construed as a pars pro toto for ‘sword’ (cf. LP: 2. hringr and Note to Þhorn Harkv 1/1). The interweaving of the kenning through the helmingr is typical of Sigvatr’s highly complex handling of word order.

hljóms ‘clamour’

hljómr (noun m.; °dat. -i): sound

[3] hljóms: hljóm Holm2, R686ˣ, 972ˣ, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 325VI, 75a, 78aˣ, 68, 61, 325VII, Bb, Flat, Tóm, ‘hlom’ 325V

kennings

notes

[2, 3, 4] þat vas auðsætt hljóms hringmiðlǫndum ‘that was obvious to the sharers of the sword-clamour [(lit. ‘sword-sharers of clamour’) BATTLE > WARRIORS]’: Sigvatr appeals to the shared experience of those who partook in the fight. An inverted kenning is assumed here, following previous eds. The cpd hringmiðlǫndum in itself would make sense as ‘ring-sharers’, with hring understood as ‘arm-ring’ or ‘finger-ring’, but in combination with the gen. hljóms ‘clamour’ it must be construed as a pars pro toto for ‘sword’ (cf. LP: 2. hringr and Note to Þhorn Harkv 1/1). The interweaving of the kenning through the helmingr is typical of Sigvatr’s highly complex handling of word order.

þar ‘’

þar (adv.): there

þás ‘that’

þás (conj.): when

[3] þás (‘þá er’): so papp18ˣ, Holm2, R686ˣ, 972ˣ, 325VI, 75a, 73aˣ, 78aˣ, 68, Holm4, Bb, þar er Kˣ, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 61, 325V, 325VII, Flat, Tóm

hvítr ‘’

hvítr (adj.; °-an; -ari, -astr): white

hvítir ‘white’

hvítr (adj.; °-an; -ari, -astr): white

[3] hvítir: hvítr R686ˣ

notes

[2, 3] rauða; hvítir ‘red; white’: Sigvatr contrasts the reddened state of the shields after the battle with their white pristine state on arrival. The ‘white’ might refer either to the natural colour of the wood used for the shield-board or to the colour in which it was painted (Foote and Wilson 1980, 278; Steuer 2004, 83-6; see also Falk 1914b, 128-32). The imagery of the red and white shield is also found in Sjórs Lv 3^II.

komum ‘’

koma (verb; kem, kom/kvam, kominn): come

kómu ‘came’

koma (verb; kem, kom/kvam, kominn): come

[3] kómu: komum 61

hrings ‘’

1. hringr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ar): ring; sword

hring ‘of the sword’

1. hringr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ar): ring; sword < hringmiðlandi (noun m.)1. hringr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ar): ring; sword < hringmiðluðr (adj./verb p.p.)1. hringr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ar): ring; sword < hringmiðlangr (adj.)1. hringr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ar): ring; sword

[4] hring‑: hrings 78aˣ

kennings

notes

[2, 3, 4] þat vas auðsætt hljóms hringmiðlǫndum ‘that was obvious to the sharers of the sword-clamour [(lit. ‘sword-sharers of clamour’) BATTLE > WARRIORS]’: Sigvatr appeals to the shared experience of those who partook in the fight. An inverted kenning is assumed here, following previous eds. The cpd hringmiðlǫndum in itself would make sense as ‘ring-sharers’, with hring understood as ‘arm-ring’ or ‘finger-ring’, but in combination with the gen. hljóms ‘clamour’ it must be construed as a pars pro toto for ‘sword’ (cf. LP: 2. hringr and Note to Þhorn Harkv 1/1). The interweaving of the kenning through the helmingr is typical of Sigvatr’s highly complex handling of word order.

hring ‘of the sword’

1. hringr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ar): ring; sword < hringmiðlandi (noun m.)1. hringr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ar): ring; sword < hringmiðluðr (adj./verb p.p.)1. hringr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ar): ring; sword < hringmiðlangr (adj.)1. hringr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ar): ring; sword

[4] hring‑: hrings 78aˣ

kennings

notes

[2, 3, 4] þat vas auðsætt hljóms hringmiðlǫndum ‘that was obvious to the sharers of the sword-clamour [(lit. ‘sword-sharers of clamour’) BATTLE > WARRIORS]’: Sigvatr appeals to the shared experience of those who partook in the fight. An inverted kenning is assumed here, following previous eds. The cpd hringmiðlǫndum in itself would make sense as ‘ring-sharers’, with hring understood as ‘arm-ring’ or ‘finger-ring’, but in combination with the gen. hljóms ‘clamour’ it must be construed as a pars pro toto for ‘sword’ (cf. LP: 2. hringr and Note to Þhorn Harkv 1/1). The interweaving of the kenning through the helmingr is typical of Sigvatr’s highly complex handling of word order.

miðlǫmðum ‘’

lundum ‘’

lund (noun f.; °-ar; -ir/-ar(Rém 301³¹)): mind, way

mid ‘’

miðlǫngum ‘’

miðlangr (adj.) < hringmiðlangr (adj.)

miðluðum ‘’

miðluðr (adj./verb p.p.) < hringmiðluðr (adj./verb p.p.)

miðlǫndum ‘to the sharers’

miðlandi (noun m.): sharer, mediator < hringmiðlandi (noun m.)

[4] ‑miðlǫndum: ‘midlǫmþom’ papp18ˣ, ‘mid lundum’ 972ˣ, 325V, miðlǫngum 325VI, 75a, 78aˣ, ‘miðluðum’ 73aˣ, 61

kennings

notes

[2, 3, 4] þat vas auðsætt hljóms hringmiðlǫndum ‘that was obvious to the sharers of the sword-clamour [(lit. ‘sword-sharers of clamour’) BATTLE > WARRIORS]’: Sigvatr appeals to the shared experience of those who partook in the fight. An inverted kenning is assumed here, following previous eds. The cpd hringmiðlǫndum in itself would make sense as ‘ring-sharers’, with hring understood as ‘arm-ring’ or ‘finger-ring’, but in combination with the gen. hljóms ‘clamour’ it must be construed as a pars pro toto for ‘sword’ (cf. LP: 2. hringr and Note to Þhorn Harkv 1/1). The interweaving of the kenning through the helmingr is typical of Sigvatr’s highly complex handling of word order.

þingit ‘’

þing (noun n.; °-s; -): meeting, assembly

hingat ‘’

hingat (adv.): (to) here

þingat ‘there’

þangat (adv.): there, thither

[4] þingat: ‘þingit’ 972ˣ, hingat 68

Þar ‘There’

þar (adv.): there

[5] Þar: om. J1ˣ, J2ˣ

hykk ‘I think’

2. hyggja (verb): think, consider

ǫngvan ‘’

2. engi (pron.): no, none

øngan ‘’

2. engi (pron.): no, none

undan ‘’

undan (adv.): away, away from

ungan ‘the young’

ungr (adj.): young

[5] ungan: øngan Holm2, undan J1ˣ, J2ˣ, ǫngvan Tóm

notes

[5] ungan ‘young’: Óláfr’s birth can be placed at 995 (Johnsen 1916, 4), making him around twenty at the time of the battle.

gram ‘king’

1. gramr (noun m.): ruler

gengu ‘’

2. ganga (verb; geng, gekk, gengu, genginn): walk, go

gǫngu ‘his advance’

1. ganga (noun f.): way

[5] gǫngu: so Holm2, 972ˣ, gengu Kˣ, papp18ˣ, R686ˣ, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 325VI, 75a, 73aˣ, 78aˣ, 68, 61, Holm4, 325V, 325VII, Bb, Flat, Tóm

notes

[5] gǫngu ‘his advance’: The majority reading gengu, past inf. ‘to have gone’, may have arisen in well-intentioned error to supply an inf. following hykk ‘I think’, since the actual inf. gerðu ‘made’ is delayed until l. 8.

gall ‘’

gjalla (verb): to scream, shriek; to repay, return, pay for

gunn ‘a battle’

gunnr (noun f.): battle < gunnsylgr (noun m.)gunnr (noun f.): battle < gunnsylgr (noun m.)

[6] gunnsylgs en vér fylgðum: gall strengr ein vá þengill R686ˣ

kennings

sylg ‘’

sylgr (noun m.; °dat. -): drink, draught < gunnsylgr (noun m.)

strengr ‘’

strengr (noun m.; °-jar; -ir): string, rope, bow-string

sylgs ‘draught’

sylgr (noun m.; °dat. -): drink, draught < gunnsylgr (noun m.)

[6] gunnsylgs en vér fylgðum: gall strengr ein vá þengill R686ˣ;    ‑sylgs: ‑sylg Holm2, 972ˣ, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 325VI, 75a, 78aˣ, 68, 325V, 325VII, Bb

kennings

er ‘’

2. er (conj.): who, which, when

ein ‘’

2. einn (pron.; °decl. cf. einn num.): one, alone

en ‘and’

2. en (conj.): but, and

[6] gunnsylgs en vér fylgðum: gall strengr ein vá þengill R686ˣ;    en: so Holm2, R686ˣ, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 325VI, 75a, 73aˣ, 78aˣ, 61, Holm4, 325V, 325VII, Bb, Flat, Tóm, er Kˣ, papp18ˣ, 972ˣ, 68

notes

[6] en vér fylgðum ‘and we followed’: The minority reading er (normalised es) gives the equally reasonable ‘whom we followed’.

vit ‘’

2. vit (pron.): we two

vá ‘’

1. vega (verb): strike, slay

vér ‘we’

vér (pron.; °gen. vár, dat./acc. oss): we, us, our

[6] gunnsylgs en vér fylgðum: gall strengr ein vá þengill R686ˣ;    vér: vit Flat

notes

[6] en vér fylgðum ‘and we followed’: The minority reading er (normalised es) gives the equally reasonable ‘whom we followed’.

þengill ‘’

þengill (noun m.): prince, ruler

fylgðum ‘followed’

2. fylgja (verb): follow, accompany

[6] gunnsylgs en vér fylgðum: gall strengr ein vá þengill R686ˣ

notes

[6] en vér fylgðum ‘and we followed’: The minority reading er (normalised es) gives the equally reasonable ‘whom we followed’.

bráð ‘’

bráðr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): quick(ly)

gjóð ‘’

gjóðr (noun m.; °-s; -ar): osprey

blóð ‘’

blóð (noun n.; °-s): blood

brátt ‘’

bráðr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): quick(ly)

blóðs ‘of blood’

blóð (noun n.; °-s): blood

[7] blóðs: blóð R686ˣ, 972ˣ, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 325VI, 75a, 73aˣ, 78aˣ, 68, 61, gjóð Holm4, bráð 325V, 325VII, Tóm, brátt Flat

kennings

notes

[7] svǫrr blóðs ‘the bird of blood [RAVEN/EAGLE]’: The species of the svǫrr remains unidentified (cf. NN §451A), and the rarity of this base-word evidently caused confusion in transmission. The variant svanr ‘swan’, although well represented, is probably the result of scribal emendation. Also productive of confusion is Sigvatr’s contrived placement of the two gen.-case nouns gunnsylgs ‘of battle-draught’ and blóðs ‘of blood’ in advance of the base-word svǫrr ‘bird’, so that the listener must decide which connects to svǫrr and which to fekk ‘gained’ (which in this sense takes a gen. object). The solution adopted here follows Kock (NN §485); Finnur Jónsson’s gunnsvǫrr fekk blóðs sylg ‘the battle-bird [RAVEN] got blood to drink’ (Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B) unnecessarily assumes tmesis of the cpd; Sigvatr is not otherwise known for his use of this device.

gekk ‘’

2. ganga (verb; geng, gekk, gengu, genginn): walk, go

fesk ‘’

fell ‘’

falla (verb): fall

fekk ‘gained’

2. fá (verb; °fǽr; fekk, fengu; fenginn): get, receive

[7] fekk: ‘f(e)ll’(?) 61, ‘fesk’ Bb, gekk Tóm

ǫr ‘’

ǫr (noun f.; °dat. -/-u; ǫrvar/ǫrar): arrow

sú ‘’

1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

svart ‘’

svartr (adj.): black

gannr ‘’

sjór ‘’

sjór (noun m.): sea

síǫr ‘’

tafn ‘’

tafn (noun n.; °-s; *-): carrion

saur ‘’

saurr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): [muck]

svanr ‘’

svanr (noun m.; °-s; -ir): swan

svǫrr ‘the bird’

svǫrr (noun m.): [bird]

[7] svǫrr: ‘su ǫr’ papp18ˣ, svanr R686ˣ, 972ˣ, 325VI, 75a, 73aˣ, 78aˣ, 325V, Flat, saur J1ˣ, J2ˣ, ‘síǫr’ 68, sjór 61, tafn Holm4, ‘gannr’ 325VII, svart Tóm

kennings

notes

[7] svǫrr blóðs ‘the bird of blood [RAVEN/EAGLE]’: The species of the svǫrr remains unidentified (cf. NN §451A), and the rarity of this base-word evidently caused confusion in transmission. The variant svanr ‘swan’, although well represented, is probably the result of scribal emendation. Also productive of confusion is Sigvatr’s contrived placement of the two gen.-case nouns gunnsylgs ‘of battle-draught’ and blóðs ‘of blood’ in advance of the base-word svǫrr ‘bird’, so that the listener must decide which connects to svǫrr and which to fekk ‘gained’ (which in this sense takes a gen. object). The solution adopted here follows Kock (NN §485); Finnur Jónsson’s gunnsvǫrr fekk blóðs sylg ‘the battle-bird [RAVEN] got blood to drink’ (Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B) unnecessarily assumes tmesis of the cpd; Sigvatr is not otherwise known for his use of this device.

þar ‘’

þar (adv.): there

þars ‘where’

þars (conj.): where

[7] þars (‘þar er’): þar 325VII

slæðast ‘’

2. slœða (verb): [were blunted]

slædduzt ‘’

slæður ‘’

1. slœða (noun f.; °; -ur): °kjortel, beklædningsgenstand med lange ærmer

slæfðuz ‘’

sæfðusk ‘’

sœfa (verb): die, kill

slioðuz ‘’

slæðusk ‘were blunted’

2. slœða (verb): [were blunted]

[7] slæðusk: ‘slædast’ 972ˣ, sæfðusk 325VI, 68, 61, ‘slæfðuz’ 75a, 73aˣ, 78aˣ, 325V, ‘slioðuz’ Holm4, slæður Bb, ‘slædduzt’ Tóm

huerd ‘’

sverðs ‘’

sverð (noun n.; °-s; -): sword

sverð ‘swords’

sverð (noun n.; °-s; -): sword

[8] sverð: ‘huerd’ 972ˣ, sverðs Bb

upp ‘up’

upp (adv.): up

í ‘on to’

í (prep.): in, into

skip ‘the ship’

skip (noun n.; °-s; -): ship

gjǫrðisk ‘’

1. gera (verb): do, make

gerðri ‘’

Gerðr (noun f.): Gerðr

gerði ‘’

1. gera (verb): do, make

gerðu ‘made’

1. gera (verb): do, make

[8] gerðu: ‘gerðri’ 73aˣ, gerði Holm4, 325V, 325VII, Flat, gjǫrðisk Tóm