Glúmr Lv 1^I

Vel ‘well’

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vel (adv.): well, very

hefr ‘has’

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hafa (verb): have

hefint ‘’

hefnt ‘avenged’

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hefna (verb): avenge

[1] hefnt: ‘hefint’ or ‘hefmt’ Bb

en ‘and’

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2. en (conj.): but, and

notes

[All]: Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B) separates the conj. en ‘and’ (l. 1) from the following clause, taking it rather with the clause in ll. 3-4, which thereby is not intercalary. He also appears to assume a double role for vannt (l. 3): with framligt (l. 4), which is taken substantivally, hence du udførte en herlig dåd ‘you performed a great deed’, and with the clause beginning es (l. 5), hence da du bevirkede, at (ravnene drikker) ‘when you brought it about that (ravens drink ...)’. This is unnecessary and problematic, however (NN §§224 Anm., 1827F).

hafna ‘give up’

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1. hafna (verb): abandon, reject

hjǫrs ‘of the sword’

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hjǫrr (noun m.): sword

kennings

notes

[2] berdraugar hjǫrs ‘the bare logs of the sword [WARRIORS]’: Draugr is assumed here, as in previous eds, to mean ‘log’, but ‘revenant, ghost’ is also possible (cf. Meissner 264-5 and Note to ÞHjalt Lv 1/5). The interpretation of ber- is also uncertain. (a) It is taken here as ber- ‘bare’, qualifying the metaphorical draugar ‘logs’ by hinting at the actual referent: these are logs without bark, i.e. humans; cf. a similar use of barklaust ‘barkless’ to qualify a warrior-kenning in Hfr Óldr 2/6 (and see Note). Ber- could also imply ‘without defence’, which would be appropriate to dying warriors. (b) Previous eds (see Hkr 1893-1901, IV; ÍF 26) take ber- in the sense ‘carrying’ (cf. the strong verb bera). Verbal elements attached to the base-words of kennings are normally derivatives of weak ‑jan verbs with a long root syllable and have a suffix ‑i, though other types occur, rarely (Meissner 280-2). A possible parallel is berdraugr auðs ‘carrying log of wealth [MAN]’ in GunnLeif Merl I 94/4^VIII, though the ms. reads ‘ben’. On ber- see also Konráð Gíslason (1892, 67). (c) The variant ben- would produce an overdetermined warrior-kenning meaning ‘wound-logs of the sword’.

ber ‘the bare’

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3. bera (verb; °berr; bar, báru; borinn): bear, carry < berdraugr (noun m.): bare log

[2] berdraugar: bendingar F, bendraugar J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 61, Bb, FskBˣ, FskAˣ

kennings

notes

[2] berdraugar hjǫrs ‘the bare logs of the sword [WARRIORS]’: Draugr is assumed here, as in previous eds, to mean ‘log’, but ‘revenant, ghost’ is also possible (cf. Meissner 264-5 and Note to ÞHjalt Lv 1/5). The interpretation of ber- is also uncertain. (a) It is taken here as ber- ‘bare’, qualifying the metaphorical draugar ‘logs’ by hinting at the actual referent: these are logs without bark, i.e. humans; cf. a similar use of barklaust ‘barkless’ to qualify a warrior-kenning in Hfr Óldr 2/6 (and see Note). Ber- could also imply ‘without defence’, which would be appropriate to dying warriors. (b) Previous eds (see Hkr 1893-1901, IV; ÍF 26) take ber- in the sense ‘carrying’ (cf. the strong verb bera). Verbal elements attached to the base-words of kennings are normally derivatives of weak ‑jan verbs with a long root syllable and have a suffix ‑i, though other types occur, rarely (Meissner 280-2). A possible parallel is berdraugr auðs ‘carrying log of wealth [MAN]’ in GunnLeif Merl I 94/4^VIII, though the ms. reads ‘ben’. On ber- see also Konráð Gíslason (1892, 67). (c) The variant ben- would produce an overdetermined warrior-kenning meaning ‘wound-logs of the sword’.

bendraugar ‘’

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bendraugr (noun m.)

bendingar ‘’

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bending (noun f.; °dat. -u/-; -ar): [signs]

draugar ‘logs’

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1. draugr (noun m.; °; -ar): tree < berdraugr (noun m.): bare log

[2] berdraugar: bendingar F, bendraugar J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 61, Bb, FskBˣ, FskAˣ

kennings

notes

[2] berdraugar hjǫrs ‘the bare logs of the sword [WARRIORS]’: Draugr is assumed here, as in previous eds, to mean ‘log’, but ‘revenant, ghost’ is also possible (cf. Meissner 264-5 and Note to ÞHjalt Lv 1/5). The interpretation of ber- is also uncertain. (a) It is taken here as ber- ‘bare’, qualifying the metaphorical draugar ‘logs’ by hinting at the actual referent: these are logs without bark, i.e. humans; cf. a similar use of barklaust ‘barkless’ to qualify a warrior-kenning in Hfr Óldr 2/6 (and see Note). Ber- could also imply ‘without defence’, which would be appropriate to dying warriors. (b) Previous eds (see Hkr 1893-1901, IV; ÍF 26) take ber- in the sense ‘carrying’ (cf. the strong verb bera). Verbal elements attached to the base-words of kennings are normally derivatives of weak ‑jan verbs with a long root syllable and have a suffix ‑i, though other types occur, rarely (Meissner 280-2). A possible parallel is berdraugr auðs ‘carrying log of wealth [MAN]’ in GunnLeif Merl I 94/4^VIII, though the ms. reads ‘ben’. On ber- see also Konráð Gíslason (1892, 67). (c) The variant ben- would produce an overdetermined warrior-kenning meaning ‘wound-logs of the sword’.

fjǫrvi ‘life’

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fjǫr (noun n.): life

rakkar ‘’

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rakkr (adj.; °compar. -ari): bold < folkrakkr (adj.): battle-brave

rakkum ‘’

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rakkr (adj.; °compar. -ari): bold < folkrakkr (adj.): battle-brave

folk ‘battle’

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folk (noun n.): people < folkrakkr (adj.): battle-bravefolk (noun n.): people < folkrakkr (adj.): battle-bravefolk (noun n.): people < folkrakkr (adj.): battle-brave

rakkr ‘bold’

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rakkr (adj.; °compar. -ari): bold < folkrakkr (adj.): battle-brave

[3] ‑rakkr: ‑rakkum FskBˣ, rakkar FskAˣ

vann ‘’

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2. vinna (verb): perform, work

of ‘’

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4. of (particle): (before verb)

[3] of (‘vm’): om. 61, FskBˣ

vannt ‘you fought’

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2. vinna (verb): perform, work

[3] vannt: vann 61, Bb, FskBˣ

notes

[3] vannt ‘you fought’: (a) The 2nd pers. sg. reading vannt in the Hkr mss and FskAˣ is adopted here (as in Skj B, ÍF 26, ÍF 29 and Hkr 1991), and hence folkrakkr fylkir ‘battle-bold leader’ is read as an apostrophe. A direct address to Haraldr is consonant with the occasion for the stanza envisaged by the prose sources (see Context), though that cannot be verified. (b) The 3rd pers. variant vann in the remaining mss is favoured by Kock (NN §224 Anm.; Skald). It tallies with 3rd pers. Haraldr (l. 4), but for that reason may be regarded as the lectio facilior.

fylkir ‘leader’

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fylkir (noun m.): leader

framligt ‘outstandingly’

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framligr (adj.): outstanding, fine

Haraldr ‘Haraldr’

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Haraldr (noun m.): Haraldr

enn ‘’

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4. en (conj.): than

Gamla ‘Gamli’

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gamall (adj.; °gamlan; compar. & superl. „ ellri adj.): old

notes

[4] Gamla ‘Gamli’: Gamli Eiríksson, brother of Haraldr gráfeldr and his predecessor as leader of the Eiríkssynir or Gunnhildarsynir. Gamli was killed as he fled from Hákon góði following the battle of Rastarkálfr on the island of Fræði (Frei, Møre og Romsdal), c. 955; see Gsind Hákdr 8, Eyv Lv 6 and ÞSjár Þórdr 2.

dǫgg ‘’

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dǫgg (noun f.; °-var/-ar, dat. -/-u; -var/-ar/dǫggir/daggir (cf. [$1242$])): dew < dǫggvalr (noun m.)

dǫg ‘’

es ‘when’

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2. er (conj.): who, which, when

[5] es (‘er’): enn FskBˣ

dǫkk ‘the dark’

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døkkr (adj.; °-van; compar. -vari/-ari/-ri, superl. -vastr/-astr): dark < dǫkkvalr (noun m.)

[5] dǫkk‑: ‘dog‑’ FskBˣ, ‘dogg‑’ FskAˣ

kennings

notes

[5, 6] dǫkkvalir dolgbands ‘the dark falcons of the battle-god [= Óðinn > RAVENS]’: Valir ‘falcons’ is clearly the base-word to a raven-kenning, but the variants brands/bands and alternative interpretations of dǫkk- produce different routes by which the raven-kenning is arrived at. (a) The reading -bands ‘band’ has considerable ms. support, including that of the main ms., and is adopted here, as in ÍF 26, ÍF 29 and Hkr 1991. Band is taken in the sense ‘god’, forming the base-word of a kenning dolgband ‘battle-god [= Óðinn]’, whose valir ‘falcons’ are ravens. Dǫkk- ‘dark’ then describes the birds; so ÍF 26, ÍF 29. The drawback to this analysis is that the word band rarely or never occurs in the sg. in the sense ‘god’ (see LP: band 5), but -bands is nonetheless tentatively adopted here, as the lectio difficilior and the reading with strongest ms. support. (b) The variant -brands could form dǫkkvalir dolgbrands ‘dark falcons of the strife-flame [SWORD > RAVENS/EAGLES]’ (so LP: dǫkkvalr), though raven-kennings rarely have a term for a weapon as the determinant (see Meissner 122). (c) Brands could alternatively form an inverted kenning dolgbrands dǫkkvalir ‘falcons of the pool of the strife-flame [(lit. ‘pool-falcons of the strife-flame’) SWORD > BLOOD > RAVENS/EAGLES]’ (so Finnur Jónsson, Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B). Dolgbrandr ‘strife-flame’ is a stereotypical sword-kenning (see Meissner 150), which in turn provides the determinant of a blood-kenning whose base-word is dǫkk, taken now not as the adj. ‘dark’ but the noun ‘pool’, cf. Kolli Ingdr 4/7, 8^II dǫkk vápna ‘pool of weapons [BLOOD]’ (ms. ‘doct’). (d) The Fsk variant ‘dog(g)’ would point to dǫgg ‘dew’, which would also be suitable in a blood-kenning.

valir ‘falcons’

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2. valr (noun m.; °-s): falcon < dǫkkvalr (noun m.)2. valr (noun m.; °-s): falcon2. valr (noun m.; °-s): falcon < dǫggvalr (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[5, 6] dǫkkvalir dolgbands ‘the dark falcons of the battle-god [= Óðinn > RAVENS]’: Valir ‘falcons’ is clearly the base-word to a raven-kenning, but the variants brands/bands and alternative interpretations of dǫkk- produce different routes by which the raven-kenning is arrived at. (a) The reading -bands ‘band’ has considerable ms. support, including that of the main ms., and is adopted here, as in ÍF 26, ÍF 29 and Hkr 1991. Band is taken in the sense ‘god’, forming the base-word of a kenning dolgband ‘battle-god [= Óðinn]’, whose valir ‘falcons’ are ravens. Dǫkk- ‘dark’ then describes the birds; so ÍF 26, ÍF 29. The drawback to this analysis is that the word band rarely or never occurs in the sg. in the sense ‘god’ (see LP: band 5), but -bands is nonetheless tentatively adopted here, as the lectio difficilior and the reading with strongest ms. support. (b) The variant -brands could form dǫkkvalir dolgbrands ‘dark falcons of the strife-flame [SWORD > RAVENS/EAGLES]’ (so LP: dǫkkvalr), though raven-kennings rarely have a term for a weapon as the determinant (see Meissner 122). (c) Brands could alternatively form an inverted kenning dolgbrands dǫkkvalir ‘falcons of the pool of the strife-flame [(lit. ‘pool-falcons of the strife-flame’) SWORD > BLOOD > RAVENS/EAGLES]’ (so Finnur Jónsson, Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B). Dolgbrandr ‘strife-flame’ is a stereotypical sword-kenning (see Meissner 150), which in turn provides the determinant of a blood-kenning whose base-word is dǫkk, taken now not as the adj. ‘dark’ but the noun ‘pool’, cf. Kolli Ingdr 4/7, 8^II dǫkk vápna ‘pool of weapons [BLOOD]’ (ms. ‘doct’). (d) The Fsk variant ‘dog(g)’ would point to dǫgg ‘dew’, which would also be suitable in a blood-kenning.

drekka ‘drink’

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2. drekka (verb; °drekkr; drakk, drukku; drukkinn/drykkinn): drink

brands ‘’

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brandr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): sword, prow; fire < dolg (noun n.): battle, enemy

dolg ‘of the battle’

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dolg (noun n.): battle, enemy < dolgband (noun n.)dolg (noun n.): battle, enemy < dolg (noun n.): battle, enemy

kennings

notes

[5, 6] dǫkkvalir dolgbands ‘the dark falcons of the battle-god [= Óðinn > RAVENS]’: Valir ‘falcons’ is clearly the base-word to a raven-kenning, but the variants brands/bands and alternative interpretations of dǫkk- produce different routes by which the raven-kenning is arrived at. (a) The reading -bands ‘band’ has considerable ms. support, including that of the main ms., and is adopted here, as in ÍF 26, ÍF 29 and Hkr 1991. Band is taken in the sense ‘god’, forming the base-word of a kenning dolgband ‘battle-god [= Óðinn]’, whose valir ‘falcons’ are ravens. Dǫkk- ‘dark’ then describes the birds; so ÍF 26, ÍF 29. The drawback to this analysis is that the word band rarely or never occurs in the sg. in the sense ‘god’ (see LP: band 5), but -bands is nonetheless tentatively adopted here, as the lectio difficilior and the reading with strongest ms. support. (b) The variant -brands could form dǫkkvalir dolgbrands ‘dark falcons of the strife-flame [SWORD > RAVENS/EAGLES]’ (so LP: dǫkkvalr), though raven-kennings rarely have a term for a weapon as the determinant (see Meissner 122). (c) Brands could alternatively form an inverted kenning dolgbrands dǫkkvalir ‘falcons of the pool of the strife-flame [(lit. ‘pool-falcons of the strife-flame’) SWORD > BLOOD > RAVENS/EAGLES]’ (so Finnur Jónsson, Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B). Dolgbrandr ‘strife-flame’ is a stereotypical sword-kenning (see Meissner 150), which in turn provides the determinant of a blood-kenning whose base-word is dǫkk, taken now not as the adj. ‘dark’ but the noun ‘pool’, cf. Kolli Ingdr 4/7, 8^II dǫkk vápna ‘pool of weapons [BLOOD]’ (ms. ‘doct’). (d) The Fsk variant ‘dog(g)’ would point to dǫgg ‘dew’, which would also be suitable in a blood-kenning.

dolg ‘of the battle’

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dolg (noun n.): battle, enemy < dolgband (noun n.)dolg (noun n.): battle, enemy < dolg (noun n.): battle, enemy

kennings

notes

[5, 6] dǫkkvalir dolgbands ‘the dark falcons of the battle-god [= Óðinn > RAVENS]’: Valir ‘falcons’ is clearly the base-word to a raven-kenning, but the variants brands/bands and alternative interpretations of dǫkk- produce different routes by which the raven-kenning is arrived at. (a) The reading -bands ‘band’ has considerable ms. support, including that of the main ms., and is adopted here, as in ÍF 26, ÍF 29 and Hkr 1991. Band is taken in the sense ‘god’, forming the base-word of a kenning dolgband ‘battle-god [= Óðinn]’, whose valir ‘falcons’ are ravens. Dǫkk- ‘dark’ then describes the birds; so ÍF 26, ÍF 29. The drawback to this analysis is that the word band rarely or never occurs in the sg. in the sense ‘god’ (see LP: band 5), but -bands is nonetheless tentatively adopted here, as the lectio difficilior and the reading with strongest ms. support. (b) The variant -brands could form dǫkkvalir dolgbrands ‘dark falcons of the strife-flame [SWORD > RAVENS/EAGLES]’ (so LP: dǫkkvalr), though raven-kennings rarely have a term for a weapon as the determinant (see Meissner 122). (c) Brands could alternatively form an inverted kenning dolgbrands dǫkkvalir ‘falcons of the pool of the strife-flame [(lit. ‘pool-falcons of the strife-flame’) SWORD > BLOOD > RAVENS/EAGLES]’ (so Finnur Jónsson, Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B). Dolgbrandr ‘strife-flame’ is a stereotypical sword-kenning (see Meissner 150), which in turn provides the determinant of a blood-kenning whose base-word is dǫkk, taken now not as the adj. ‘dark’ but the noun ‘pool’, cf. Kolli Ingdr 4/7, 8^II dǫkk vápna ‘pool of weapons [BLOOD]’ (ms. ‘doct’). (d) The Fsk variant ‘dog(g)’ would point to dǫgg ‘dew’, which would also be suitable in a blood-kenning.

bands ‘god’

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band (noun n.; °-s; *-): band, bond < dolgband (noun n.)

[6] ‑bands: ‑brands F, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, Bb

kennings

notes

[5, 6] dǫkkvalir dolgbands ‘the dark falcons of the battle-god [= Óðinn > RAVENS]’: Valir ‘falcons’ is clearly the base-word to a raven-kenning, but the variants brands/bands and alternative interpretations of dǫkk- produce different routes by which the raven-kenning is arrived at. (a) The reading -bands ‘band’ has considerable ms. support, including that of the main ms., and is adopted here, as in ÍF 26, ÍF 29 and Hkr 1991. Band is taken in the sense ‘god’, forming the base-word of a kenning dolgband ‘battle-god [= Óðinn]’, whose valir ‘falcons’ are ravens. Dǫkk- ‘dark’ then describes the birds; so ÍF 26, ÍF 29. The drawback to this analysis is that the word band rarely or never occurs in the sg. in the sense ‘god’ (see LP: band 5), but -bands is nonetheless tentatively adopted here, as the lectio difficilior and the reading with strongest ms. support. (b) The variant -brands could form dǫkkvalir dolgbrands ‘dark falcons of the strife-flame [SWORD > RAVENS/EAGLES]’ (so LP: dǫkkvalr), though raven-kennings rarely have a term for a weapon as the determinant (see Meissner 122). (c) Brands could alternatively form an inverted kenning dolgbrands dǫkkvalir ‘falcons of the pool of the strife-flame [(lit. ‘pool-falcons of the strife-flame’) SWORD > BLOOD > RAVENS/EAGLES]’ (so Finnur Jónsson, Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B). Dolgbrandr ‘strife-flame’ is a stereotypical sword-kenning (see Meissner 150), which in turn provides the determinant of a blood-kenning whose base-word is dǫkk, taken now not as the adj. ‘dark’ but the noun ‘pool’, cf. Kolli Ingdr 4/7, 8^II dǫkk vápna ‘pool of weapons [BLOOD]’ (ms. ‘doct’). (d) The Fsk variant ‘dog(g)’ would point to dǫgg ‘dew’, which would also be suitable in a blood-kenning.

bands ‘god’

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band (noun n.; °-s; *-): band, bond < dolgband (noun n.)

[6] ‑bands: ‑brands F, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, Bb

kennings

notes

[5, 6] dǫkkvalir dolgbands ‘the dark falcons of the battle-god [= Óðinn > RAVENS]’: Valir ‘falcons’ is clearly the base-word to a raven-kenning, but the variants brands/bands and alternative interpretations of dǫkk- produce different routes by which the raven-kenning is arrived at. (a) The reading -bands ‘band’ has considerable ms. support, including that of the main ms., and is adopted here, as in ÍF 26, ÍF 29 and Hkr 1991. Band is taken in the sense ‘god’, forming the base-word of a kenning dolgband ‘battle-god [= Óðinn]’, whose valir ‘falcons’ are ravens. Dǫkk- ‘dark’ then describes the birds; so ÍF 26, ÍF 29. The drawback to this analysis is that the word band rarely or never occurs in the sg. in the sense ‘god’ (see LP: band 5), but -bands is nonetheless tentatively adopted here, as the lectio difficilior and the reading with strongest ms. support. (b) The variant -brands could form dǫkkvalir dolgbrands ‘dark falcons of the strife-flame [SWORD > RAVENS/EAGLES]’ (so LP: dǫkkvalr), though raven-kennings rarely have a term for a weapon as the determinant (see Meissner 122). (c) Brands could alternatively form an inverted kenning dolgbrands dǫkkvalir ‘falcons of the pool of the strife-flame [(lit. ‘pool-falcons of the strife-flame’) SWORD > BLOOD > RAVENS/EAGLES]’ (so Finnur Jónsson, Hkr 1893-1901; Skj B). Dolgbrandr ‘strife-flame’ is a stereotypical sword-kenning (see Meissner 150), which in turn provides the determinant of a blood-kenning whose base-word is dǫkk, taken now not as the adj. ‘dark’ but the noun ‘pool’, cf. Kolli Ingdr 4/7, 8^II dǫkk vápna ‘pool of weapons [BLOOD]’ (ms. ‘doct’). (d) The Fsk variant ‘dog(g)’ would point to dǫgg ‘dew’, which would also be suitable in a blood-kenning.

fyr ‘across’

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fyr (prep.): for, over, because of, etc.

notes

[6] fyr handan ver ‘across the sea’: This adverbial phrase is taken with the intercalary clause in Skj B; Kock (NN §1063) justifiably objects. If the tradition represented in the prose Context is correct, the stanza was composed and delivered in Norway and refers to a battle in Norway, so the phrase presumably refers to the location of the battle on the island of Storð (Stord).

ver ‘sea’

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1. ver (noun n.; °-s; dat. -jum/-um): sea

notes

[6] fyr handan ver ‘across the sea’: This adverbial phrase is taken with the intercalary clause in Skj B; Kock (NN §1063) justifiably objects. If the tradition represented in the prose Context is correct, the stanza was composed and delivered in Norway and refers to a battle in Norway, so the phrase presumably refers to the location of the battle on the island of Storð (Stord).

roðinn ‘’

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rjóða (verb): to redden

handan ‘the’

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handan (adv.): across

notes

[6] fyr handan ver ‘across the sea’: This adverbial phrase is taken with the intercalary clause in Skj B; Kock (NN §1063) justifiably objects. If the tradition represented in the prose Context is correct, the stanza was composed and delivered in Norway and refers to a battle in Norway, so the phrase presumably refers to the location of the battle on the island of Storð (Stord).

sá ‘’

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2. sjá (verb): see

roðin ‘were reddened’

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rjóða (verb): to redden

[7] roðin: roðinn J2ˣ, FskAˣ

frák ‘I have heard’

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1. fregna (verb): hear of

[7] frák (‘fra ec’): sá ek FskBˣ, FskAˣ

notes

[7] frák ‘I have heard’: The Fsk variant sák ‘I saw’ would establish Glúmr as a participant and eye-witness at Fitjar, as is claimed in HaukrV Ísldr 11^IV.

beina ‘’

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bein (noun n.; °-s; -): bone

rauðra ‘of red’

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rauðr (adj.; °compar. -ari): red

kennings

notes

[7] rauðra benja ‘of red wounds’: Rauðra benja is the order in all mss, and it is retained here, as in ÍF 26 and ÍF 29, but it produces a metrical fault since rauð-, forming the skothending with roð-, should fall on the penultimate syllable. Skj B and Skald reverse the two words, but as well as being an emendation this goes against the expected placing of alliteration on the first element in the noun phrase. — [7-8] reyr rauðra benja ‘reeds of red wounds [SPEARS]’: Reyr(r) ‘reed’ can also occur as the base-word of sword-kennings (Meissner 152). Both reyr n. ‘reed’ and reyrr m. ‘reed’ exist. The word is qualified by the adjectival p. p. roðin(n) ‘reddened’, and the n. nom. pl. form roðin in most mss points to n. pl. reyr here, while m. nom. sg. roðinn in J2ˣ and FskAˣ would point to m. sg. reyrr.

rauðra ‘of red’

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rauðr (adj.; °compar. -ari): red

kennings

notes

[7] rauðra benja ‘of red wounds’: Rauðra benja is the order in all mss, and it is retained here, as in ÍF 26 and ÍF 29, but it produces a metrical fault since rauð-, forming the skothending with roð-, should fall on the penultimate syllable. Skj B and Skald reverse the two words, but as well as being an emendation this goes against the expected placing of alliteration on the first element in the noun phrase. — [7-8] reyr rauðra benja ‘reeds of red wounds [SPEARS]’: Reyr(r) ‘reed’ can also occur as the base-word of sword-kennings (Meissner 152). Both reyr n. ‘reed’ and reyrr m. ‘reed’ exist. The word is qualified by the adjectival p. p. roðin(n) ‘reddened’, and the n. nom. pl. form roðin in most mss points to n. pl. reyr here, while m. nom. sg. roðinn in J2ˣ and FskAˣ would point to m. sg. reyrr.

benja ‘wounds’

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1. ben (noun f.; °-jar, dat. -; -jar , gen. -a(var. EiðKrC 402¹³: AM 77 4°— “D”)): wound

[7] benja: beina Bb

kennings

notes

[7] rauðra benja ‘of red wounds’: Rauðra benja is the order in all mss, and it is retained here, as in ÍF 26 and ÍF 29, but it produces a metrical fault since rauð-, forming the skothending with roð-, should fall on the penultimate syllable. Skj B and Skald reverse the two words, but as well as being an emendation this goes against the expected placing of alliteration on the first element in the noun phrase. — [7-8] reyr rauðra benja ‘reeds of red wounds [SPEARS]’: Reyr(r) ‘reed’ can also occur as the base-word of sword-kennings (Meissner 152). Both reyr n. ‘reed’ and reyrr m. ‘reed’ exist. The word is qualified by the adjectival p. p. roðin(n) ‘reddened’, and the n. nom. pl. form roðin in most mss points to n. pl. reyr here, while m. nom. sg. roðinn in J2ˣ and FskAˣ would point to m. sg. reyrr.

benja ‘wounds’

(not checked:)
1. ben (noun f.; °-jar, dat. -; -jar , gen. -a(var. EiðKrC 402¹³: AM 77 4°— “D”)): wound

[7] benja: beina Bb

kennings

notes

[7] rauðra benja ‘of red wounds’: Rauðra benja is the order in all mss, and it is retained here, as in ÍF 26 and ÍF 29, but it produces a metrical fault since rauð-, forming the skothending with roð-, should fall on the penultimate syllable. Skj B and Skald reverse the two words, but as well as being an emendation this goes against the expected placing of alliteration on the first element in the noun phrase. — [7-8] reyr rauðra benja ‘reeds of red wounds [SPEARS]’: Reyr(r) ‘reed’ can also occur as the base-word of sword-kennings (Meissner 152). Both reyr n. ‘reed’ and reyrr m. ‘reed’ exist. The word is qualified by the adjectival p. p. roðin(n) ‘reddened’, and the n. nom. pl. form roðin in most mss points to n. pl. reyr here, while m. nom. sg. roðinn in J2ˣ and FskAˣ would point to m. sg. reyrr.

Hôkuni ‘’

(not checked:)
Hákon (noun m.): Hákon

reyr ‘reeds’

(not checked:)
2. reyr (noun n.): reed

kennings

notes

[7-8] reyr rauðra benja ‘reeds of red wounds [SPEARS]’: Reyr(r) ‘reed’ can also occur as the base-word of sword-kennings (Meissner 152). Both reyr n. ‘reed’ and reyrr m. ‘reed’ exist. The word is qualified by the adjectival p. p. roðin(n) ‘reddened’, and the n. nom. pl. form roðin in most mss points to n. pl. reyr here, while m. nom. sg. roðinn in J2ˣ and FskAˣ would point to m. sg. reyrr.

Hô ‘Há’

(not checked:)
3. hár (adj.; °-van; compar. hǽrri, superl. hǽstr): high < Hákon (noun m.): Hákon

[8] Hôkunar: ‘hak̄’ J1ˣ, Bb, Hôkuni FskBˣ

notes

[8] dreyra Hôkunar ‘Hákon’s blood’: This is taken here as acc. sg. object of drekka ‘drink’ (l. 5). Dreyra could alternatively be taken as dat. sg. with p. p. roðin (l. 7), hence ‘(the spears) reddened with Hákon’s blood’.

kunar ‘kon’s’

(not checked:)
1. kyn (noun n.; °-s; -): kin < Hákon (noun m.): Hákon

[8] Hôkunar: ‘hak̄’ J1ˣ, Bb, Hôkuni FskBˣ

notes

[8] dreyra Hôkunar ‘Hákon’s blood’: This is taken here as acc. sg. object of drekka ‘drink’ (l. 5). Dreyra could alternatively be taken as dat. sg. with p. p. roðin (l. 7), hence ‘(the spears) reddened with Hákon’s blood’.

dreyra ‘blood’

(not checked:)
dreyri (noun m.; °-a): blood

notes

[8] dreyra Hôkunar ‘Hákon’s blood’: This is taken here as acc. sg. object of drekka ‘drink’ (l. 5). Dreyra could alternatively be taken as dat. sg. with p. p. roðin (l. 7), hence ‘(the spears) reddened with Hákon’s blood’.