ÞKolb Eirdr 10^I

Alldr ‘’

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aldr (noun m.; °aldrs, dat. aldri; aldrar): life, age

allvaldr ‘’

All ‘the mighty’

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all- ((prefix)): very < allvaldr (noun m.): mighty rulerall- ((prefix)): very < allvaldr (noun m.): mighty ruler

[1] Allvalds: allvaldr J1ˣ, J2ˣ, ‘Alldr valldr’ Bb

notes

[1] allvalds ‘the mighty ruler’: Probably King Sveinn tjúguskegg ‘Fork-beard’ (d. 1014), who held part of Norway after the battle of Svǫlðr (c. 1000; so also ÍF 26). This is suggested by the statement in ll. 3-4 of a perceived duty to defend Norway, by the fact that the second helmingr is concerned with King Sveinn, and perhaps by the use of the word allvaldr itself. However, this remains uncertain, especially since the sources differ as to which helmingar constitute the stanza. Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) suggested a reference to Eiríkr jarl, on his departure from Norway.

valdr ‘’

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valdr (noun m.): ruler < allvaldr (noun m.): mighty ruler

valds ‘ruler’

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valdr (noun m.): ruler < allvaldr (noun m.): mighty ruler

[1] Allvalds: allvaldr J1ˣ, J2ˣ, ‘Alldr valldr’ Bb

notes

[1] allvalds ‘the mighty ruler’: Probably King Sveinn tjúguskegg ‘Fork-beard’ (d. 1014), who held part of Norway after the battle of Svǫlðr (c. 1000; so also ÍF 26). This is suggested by the statement in ll. 3-4 of a perceived duty to defend Norway, by the fact that the second helmingr is concerned with King Sveinn, and perhaps by the use of the word allvaldr itself. However, this remains uncertain, especially since the sources differ as to which helmingar constitute the stanza. Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) suggested a reference to Eiríkr jarl, on his departure from Norway.

lútu ‘’

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1. lúta (verb): (strong)

nutu ‘benefited’

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njóta (verb): enjoy, use

[1] nutu: lutu Flat

allir ‘’

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allr (adj.): all

aldri ‘’

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aldri (adv.): never

aldir ‘Men’

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ǫld (noun f.; °; aldir): people, age

[1] aldir: allir 325XI 2 i, aldri 54, 325VIII 2 g, Bb

una ‘to be content’

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una (verb): be content, love

mér ‘’

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ek (pron.; °mín, dat. mér, acc. mik): I, me

líkar ‘pleasing’

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4. líka (verb): please

[2] líkar: líkar mér 53

vel ‘most’

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vel (adv.): well, very

slíku ‘with such a situation’

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2. slíkr (adj.): such

skyldr ‘obliged’

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2. skyldr (adj.): obliged

lézk ‘declared himself’

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láta (verb): let, have sth done

hendi ‘a hand’

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hǫnd (noun f.; °handar, dat. hendi; hendr (hendir StatPáll³ 752¹²)): hand

at ‘to’

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5. at (nota): to (with infinitive)

halda ‘hold’

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halda (verb): hold, keep

hann ‘he’

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hann (pron.; °gen. hans, dat. honum; f. hon, gen. hennar, acc. hana): he, she, it, they, them...

af ‘’

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af (prep.): from

yfir ‘’

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yfir (prep.): over

ok ‘’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

of ‘over’

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3. of (prep.): around, from; too

[4] of: so F, 53, 54, 325VIII 2 g, Bb, yfir Kˣ, af J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 325XI 2 i, 61, ok Flat

Nóregs ‘of Norway’

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Noregr (noun m.): Norway

manna ‘’

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maðr (noun m.): man, person

mǫnnum ‘the people’

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maðr (noun m.): man, person

[4] mǫnnum: manna Flat

En ‘But’

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2. en (conj.): but, and

Sveinn ‘Sveinn’

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2. Sveinn (noun m.): Sveinn

kóngr ‘’

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kóngr (noun m.): king

konungr ‘King’

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konungr (noun m.; °dat. -i, -s; -ar): king

[5] konungr: kóngr 54

sunnan ‘from the south’

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sunnan (adv.): (from the) south

sagðr ‘reported’

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segja (verb): say, tell

var ‘’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

es ‘is’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

[6] es (‘er’): var 325XI 2 i

dauðr ‘to be dead’

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2. dauðr (adj.): dead

með ‘’

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með (prep.): with

enn ‘’

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2. enn (adv.): still, yet, again

er ‘’

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2. er (conj.): who, which, when

hinn ‘’

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2. hinn (pron.): he, she, it; the one

hinn ‘’

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2. hinn (pron.): he, she, it; the one

en ‘and’

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2. en (conj.): but, and

[6] en: so J1ˣ, 61, 53, Bb, hinn Kˣ, F, Flat, FskBˣ, enn J2ˣ, 54, 325VIII 2 g, með 325XI 2 i, hinn er FskAˣ

notes

[6] en … auðir ‘and … desolate’: Auðir ‘desolate’, the reading of F, is required as the complement of býir vôru ‘dwellings to be’ and is generally adopted by eds. The report that settlements are auðir ‘desolate’ is presumably meant figuratively, though a more literal sense is possible, given the traditional connection between good rule and prosperity in the land, or bad rule and desolation (e.g. Eyv Lv 12-14, Eskál Vell 17). As noted in Hkr 1893-1901, IV, the statement here recalls Hfr ErfÓl 28/1-2, where the skald laments that lǫnd eru orðin auð ‘lands have been desolated’ by the death of Óláfr Tryggvason (cf. also Eyv Hák 20/5). Ms. Kˣ, and other mss across the stemmata, read hinn/enn auði ‘the wealthy’, which can be regarded as a lectio facilior. — [6, 8] en býir hans vôru auðir ‘and his dwellings to have been desolate’: Vôru appears to be the past inf. of vesa ‘to be’, forming an acc. with past inf. construction following a verb of reporting which is extrapolated from es sagðr ‘is reported’ (rather than depending directly on it). Vôru is less likely to be 3rd pers. pl. pret. indic. ‘were’, since this would entail a change of tense from pres. es sagðr to pret., and a switch from report to direct assertion.

en ‘and’

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2. en (conj.): but, and

[6] en: so J1ˣ, 61, 53, Bb, hinn Kˣ, F, Flat, FskBˣ, enn J2ˣ, 54, 325VIII 2 g, með 325XI 2 i, hinn er FskAˣ

notes

[6] en … auðir ‘and … desolate’: Auðir ‘desolate’, the reading of F, is required as the complement of býir vôru ‘dwellings to be’ and is generally adopted by eds. The report that settlements are auðir ‘desolate’ is presumably meant figuratively, though a more literal sense is possible, given the traditional connection between good rule and prosperity in the land, or bad rule and desolation (e.g. Eyv Lv 12-14, Eskál Vell 17). As noted in Hkr 1893-1901, IV, the statement here recalls Hfr ErfÓl 28/1-2, where the skald laments that lǫnd eru orðin auð ‘lands have been desolated’ by the death of Óláfr Tryggvason (cf. also Eyv Hák 20/5). Ms. Kˣ, and other mss across the stemmata, read hinn/enn auði ‘the wealthy’, which can be regarded as a lectio facilior. — [6, 8] en býir hans vôru auðir ‘and his dwellings to have been desolate’: Vôru appears to be the past inf. of vesa ‘to be’, forming an acc. with past inf. construction following a verb of reporting which is extrapolated from es sagðr ‘is reported’ (rather than depending directly on it). Vôru is less likely to be 3rd pers. pl. pret. indic. ‘were’, since this would entail a change of tense from pres. es sagðr to pret., and a switch from report to direct assertion.

auðgi ‘’

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auðigr (adj.; °auðgan/auðigan; compar. auðgari/auðigri, superl. auðgastr/auðigastr): wealthy

æði ‘’

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1. œði (noun f.): fury

auði ‘’

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1. auðr (noun m.; °-s/-ar, dat. -i/-): wealth

auðir ‘desolate’

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3. auðr (adj.): empty, barren

[6] auðir: so F, auði Kˣ, J2ˣ, 325XI 2 i, 61, 53, 54, 325VIII 2 g, Bb, Flat, FskAˣ, æði J1ˣ, auðgi FskBˣ

notes

[6] en … auðir ‘and … desolate’: Auðir ‘desolate’, the reading of F, is required as the complement of býir vôru ‘dwellings to be’ and is generally adopted by eds. The report that settlements are auðir ‘desolate’ is presumably meant figuratively, though a more literal sense is possible, given the traditional connection between good rule and prosperity in the land, or bad rule and desolation (e.g. Eyv Lv 12-14, Eskál Vell 17). As noted in Hkr 1893-1901, IV, the statement here recalls Hfr ErfÓl 28/1-2, where the skald laments that lǫnd eru orðin auð ‘lands have been desolated’ by the death of Óláfr Tryggvason (cf. also Eyv Hák 20/5). Ms. Kˣ, and other mss across the stemmata, read hinn/enn auði ‘the wealthy’, which can be regarded as a lectio facilior. — [6, 8] en býir hans vôru auðir ‘and his dwellings to have been desolate’: Vôru appears to be the past inf. of vesa ‘to be’, forming an acc. with past inf. construction following a verb of reporting which is extrapolated from es sagðr ‘is reported’ (rather than depending directly on it). Vôru is less likely to be 3rd pers. pl. pret. indic. ‘were’, since this would entail a change of tense from pres. es sagðr to pret., and a switch from report to direct assertion.

auðir ‘desolate’

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3. auðr (adj.): empty, barren

[6] auðir: so F, auði Kˣ, J2ˣ, 325XI 2 i, 61, 53, 54, 325VIII 2 g, Bb, Flat, FskAˣ, æði J1ˣ, auðgi FskBˣ

notes

[6] en … auðir ‘and … desolate’: Auðir ‘desolate’, the reading of F, is required as the complement of býir vôru ‘dwellings to be’ and is generally adopted by eds. The report that settlements are auðir ‘desolate’ is presumably meant figuratively, though a more literal sense is possible, given the traditional connection between good rule and prosperity in the land, or bad rule and desolation (e.g. Eyv Lv 12-14, Eskál Vell 17). As noted in Hkr 1893-1901, IV, the statement here recalls Hfr ErfÓl 28/1-2, where the skald laments that lǫnd eru orðin auð ‘lands have been desolated’ by the death of Óláfr Tryggvason (cf. also Eyv Hák 20/5). Ms. Kˣ, and other mss across the stemmata, read hinn/enn auði ‘the wealthy’, which can be regarded as a lectio facilior. — [6, 8] en býir hans vôru auðir ‘and his dwellings to have been desolate’: Vôru appears to be the past inf. of vesa ‘to be’, forming an acc. with past inf. construction following a verb of reporting which is extrapolated from es sagðr ‘is reported’ (rather than depending directly on it). Vôru is less likely to be 3rd pers. pl. pret. indic. ‘were’, since this would entail a change of tense from pres. es sagðr to pret., and a switch from report to direct assertion.

fátt ‘scarcely’

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3. fár (adj.; °compar. fǽrri/fárri(Mág² 11ˆ), superl. fǽstr): few

[7] fátt: ‘[…]’ FskBˣ

notes

[7-8] fár flestra ýta bilar fátt ‘misfortune scarcely spares most men’: I.e. human sorrow is all but unavoidable. Bila ‘to fail, fail to appear’, is applied here to fár ‘misfortune, harm’ and hence in this context means ‘to spare’. Fátt ‘few’ may be taken as adverbial, ‘little, scarcely’, hence ‘the misfortune of most men scarcely fails’ (as in Translation above), or as an adj. qualifying fár, hence ‘little misfortune of most men fails’.

bilar ‘spares’

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bila (verb; °-að-): fail

notes

[7-8] fár flestra ýta bilar fátt ‘misfortune scarcely spares most men’: I.e. human sorrow is all but unavoidable. Bila ‘to fail, fail to appear’, is applied here to fár ‘misfortune, harm’ and hence in this context means ‘to spare’. Fátt ‘few’ may be taken as adverbial, ‘little, scarcely’, hence ‘the misfortune of most men scarcely fails’ (as in Translation above), or as an adj. qualifying fár, hence ‘little misfortune of most men fails’.

flesta ‘’

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fleiri (adj. comp.; °superl. flestr): more, most

flestra ‘most’

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fleiri (adj. comp.; °superl. flestr): more, most

[7] flestra: flesta 54, 325VIII 2 g, Bb

notes

[7-8] fár flestra ýta bilar fátt ‘misfortune scarcely spares most men’: I.e. human sorrow is all but unavoidable. Bila ‘to fail, fail to appear’, is applied here to fár ‘misfortune, harm’ and hence in this context means ‘to spare’. Fátt ‘few’ may be taken as adverbial, ‘little, scarcely’, hence ‘the misfortune of most men scarcely fails’ (as in Translation above), or as an adj. qualifying fár, hence ‘little misfortune of most men fails’.

ýta ‘men’

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ýtr (noun m.): man; launcher

notes

[7-8] fár flestra ýta bilar fátt ‘misfortune scarcely spares most men’: I.e. human sorrow is all but unavoidable. Bila ‘to fail, fail to appear’, is applied here to fár ‘misfortune, harm’ and hence in this context means ‘to spare’. Fátt ‘few’ may be taken as adverbial, ‘little, scarcely’, hence ‘the misfortune of most men scarcely fails’ (as in Translation above), or as an adj. qualifying fár, hence ‘little misfortune of most men fails’.

fáir ‘’

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3. fár (adj.; °compar. fǽrri/fárri(Mág² 11ˆ), superl. fǽstr): few

fár ‘misfortune’

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2. fár (noun n.; °-s): harm, danger

[8] fár: fáir 325XI 2 i, Flat, FskBˣ

notes

[7-8] fár flestra ýta bilar fátt ‘misfortune scarcely spares most men’: I.e. human sorrow is all but unavoidable. Bila ‘to fail, fail to appear’, is applied here to fár ‘misfortune, harm’ and hence in this context means ‘to spare’. Fátt ‘few’ may be taken as adverbial, ‘little, scarcely’, hence ‘the misfortune of most men scarcely fails’ (as in Translation above), or as an adj. qualifying fár, hence ‘little misfortune of most men fails’.

hans ‘his’

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hann (pron.; °gen. hans, dat. honum; f. hon, gen. hennar, acc. hana): he, she, it, they, them...

notes

[6, 8] en býir hans vôru auðir ‘and his dwellings to have been desolate’: Vôru appears to be the past inf. of vesa ‘to be’, forming an acc. with past inf. construction following a verb of reporting which is extrapolated from es sagðr ‘is reported’ (rather than depending directly on it). Vôru is less likely to be 3rd pers. pl. pret. indic. ‘were’, since this would entail a change of tense from pres. es sagðr to pret., and a switch from report to direct assertion.

bœjar ‘’

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bœr (noun m.; °-jar/-ar, dat. -; -ir, gen. -ja/-a, dat. -jum/-um/bjóm/-am/-m, acc. -i/-ja/-a/bǿ): farm, homestead

bœr ‘’

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bœr (noun m.; °-jar/-ar, dat. -; -ir, gen. -ja/-a, dat. -jum/-um/bjóm/-am/-m, acc. -i/-ja/-a/bǿ): farm, homestead

bœir ‘’

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bœr (noun m.; °-jar/-ar, dat. -; -ir, gen. -ja/-a, dat. -jum/-um/bjóm/-am/-m, acc. -i/-ja/-a/bǿ): farm, homestead

býir ‘dwellings’

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býr (noun m.; °býjar/bjár/bjór/bjárs, dat. -; gen. býa/bjá, dat. bjóm/bjám, acc. býi/býa/bjá): dwelling, down

[8] býir: bœir J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 61, 53, 54, 325VIII 2 g, Bb, Flat, ‘bœ[…]’ 325XI 2 i, bœjar FskBˣ, bœr FskAˣ

notes

[6, 8] en býir hans vôru auðir ‘and his dwellings to have been desolate’: Vôru appears to be the past inf. of vesa ‘to be’, forming an acc. with past inf. construction following a verb of reporting which is extrapolated from es sagðr ‘is reported’ (rather than depending directly on it). Vôru is less likely to be 3rd pers. pl. pret. indic. ‘were’, since this would entail a change of tense from pres. es sagðr to pret., and a switch from report to direct assertion.

vôru ‘to have been’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

[8] vôru: ‘[…]’ 325XI 2 i

notes

[6, 8] en býir hans vôru auðir ‘and his dwellings to have been desolate’: Vôru appears to be the past inf. of vesa ‘to be’, forming an acc. with past inf. construction following a verb of reporting which is extrapolated from es sagðr ‘is reported’ (rather than depending directly on it). Vôru is less likely to be 3rd pers. pl. pret. indic. ‘were’, since this would entail a change of tense from pres. es sagðr to pret., and a switch from report to direct assertion.