Sigv Nesv 10^I

sjalf ‘’

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sjalfr (adj.): self

Sjalfr ‘himself’

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sjalfr (adj.): self

[1] Sjalfr: sjalf J1ˣ

bauð ‘’

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bjóða (verb; °býðr; bauð, buðu; boðinn (buð- Thom¹ 5²n.)): offer, order, invite

bað ‘commanded’

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biðja (verb; °biðr; bað, báðu; beðinn (beiþ- Martin¹ 573‡, bỏþ- HákEirsp 661‰, cf. ed. intr. xl)): ask for, order, pray

[1] bað: bauð J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 325VI, 75a, 78aˣ, Tóm

svarta ‘’

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svartr (adj.): black

svartar ‘the black’

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svartr (adj.): black

[1] svartar: ‘svarta ta’ 325V, svarta 325VII, Flat, Tóm

kylfr ‘’

kylfu ‘’

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1. kylfa (noun f.; °-u; -ur): club

kylfur ‘stem-fittings’

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1. kylfa (noun f.; °-u; -ur): club

[1] kylfur: ‘kylfr’ 972ˣ, 78aˣ, FskAˣ, kylfu 325V, 325VII, Flat, Tóm

notes

[1] kylfur ‘stem-fittings’: This is the sole skaldic attestation of kylfa, which normally means ‘club’, as a nautical term. Jesch (2001a, 150) explains it as the highest and narrowest part of the ship’s stem, where ‘stem’ means both prow and stern (ibid., 144; but see Note on ll. 7, 8 of this stanza). The highest part of the stem stood in the way of would-be boarders but, being made of relatively slender pieces of timber, could readily be cut down so as to gain easier access (ibid., 150; cf. Christensen 1985, 158-60, 232). Most boarding and fighting seems to have taken place at either end of the ship, not amidships (Jesch 2001a, 213). The sg. variant svarta kylfu ‘black stem-fitting’ in 325V, 325VII, Flat and Tóm has been explained as an attempt to bring the stanza into closer agreement with the prose narrative (ÍF 27).

sein ‘’

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seinn (adj.; °seinan; compar. seinni, superl. seinstr/seinastr): slow, late

Sveinn ‘Sveinn’

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2. Sveinn (noun m.): Sveinn

[2] Sveinn: sein R686ˣ

harðliga ‘ruthlessly’

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harðliga (adv.): powerfully

skeina ‘be cut off’

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2. skeina (verb): scratch

né ‘’

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né (conj.): nor

nær ‘close’

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nær (adv.): near, almost; when

[3] nær: né FskAˣ

notes

[3-4] vas róit nær hônum í auðvôn óra ‘the rowing was close to him in our expectation of riches’: Vas róit, lit. ‘was rowed’, is impersonal, but óra ‘our’ points to the skald and Óláfr’s men as the logical subject. Seemingly their manoeuvres are influenced by high hopes of plunder. 

vas ‘was’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

notes

[3-4] vas róit nær hônum í auðvôn óra ‘the rowing was close to him in our expectation of riches’: Vas róit, lit. ‘was rowed’, is impersonal, but óra ‘our’ points to the skald and Óláfr’s men as the logical subject. Seemingly their manoeuvres are influenced by high hopes of plunder. 

áðr ‘previously’

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áðr (adv.; °//): before

í ‘in’

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í (prep.): in, into

notes

[3-4] vas róit nær hônum í auðvôn óra ‘the rowing was close to him in our expectation of riches’: Vas róit, lit. ‘was rowed’, is impersonal, but óra ‘our’ points to the skald and Óláfr’s men as the logical subject. Seemingly their manoeuvres are influenced by high hopes of plunder. 

óru ‘’

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várr (pron.; °f. ór/vár; pl. órir/várir): our

ærna ‘’

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œrinn (adj.): ample, sufficient

orna ‘’

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orna (verb): [warm]

óra ‘our’

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várr (pron.; °f. ór/vár; pl. órir/várir): our

[3] óra: ‘ærna’ 325VII, óru FskBˣ, orna FskAˣ

notes

[3-4] vas róit nær hônum í auðvôn óra ‘the rowing was close to him in our expectation of riches’: Vas róit, lit. ‘was rowed’, is impersonal, but óra ‘our’ points to the skald and Óláfr’s men as the logical subject. Seemingly their manoeuvres are influenced by high hopes of plunder. 

all ‘’

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all- ((prefix)): very < allván (noun f.)

aur ‘’

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aurr (noun m.): sand or gravel bank, ford

ǫll ‘’

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allr (adj.): all

auð ‘of riches’

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1. auðr (noun m.; °-s/-ar, dat. -i/-): wealth < auðván (noun f.): expectation of wealth1. auðr (noun m.; °-s/-ar, dat. -i/-): wealth

[4] auð‑: all 972ˣ, ǫll 73aˣ, 68, 61, ‘avr’ Bb

notes

[3-4] vas róit nær hônum í auðvôn óra ‘the rowing was close to him in our expectation of riches’: Vas róit, lit. ‘was rowed’, is impersonal, but óra ‘our’ points to the skald and Óláfr’s men as the logical subject. Seemingly their manoeuvres are influenced by high hopes of plunder. 

vann ‘’

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2. vinna (verb): perform, work

nonn ‘’

vôn ‘expectation’

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ván (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -/-u; -ir): hope, expectation < auðván (noun f.): expectation of wealthván (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -/-u; -ir): hope, expectation < allván (noun f.)

[4] ‑vôn: ‑vann Bb, ‘‑nonn’ FskAˣ

notes

[3-4] vas róit nær hônum í auðvôn óra ‘the rowing was close to him in our expectation of riches’: Vas róit, lit. ‘was rowed’, is impersonal, but óra ‘our’ points to the skald and Óláfr’s men as the logical subject. Seemingly their manoeuvres are influenced by high hopes of plunder. 

rórt ‘’

réð ‘’

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ráða (verb): advise, rule, interpret, decide

róit ‘the rowing’

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2. róa (verb): row

[4] róit: ‘rórt’ papp18ˣ, réð FskAˣ

notes

[3-4] vas róit nær hônum í auðvôn óra ‘the rowing was close to him in our expectation of riches’: Vas róit, lit. ‘was rowed’, is impersonal, but óra ‘our’ points to the skald and Óláfr’s men as the logical subject. Seemingly their manoeuvres are influenced by high hopes of plunder. 

hônum ‘to him’

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hann (pron.; °gen. hans, dat. honum; f. hon, gen. hennar, acc. hana): he, she, it, they, them...

notes

[3-4] vas róit nær hônum í auðvôn óra ‘the rowing was close to him in our expectation of riches’: Vas róit, lit. ‘was rowed’, is impersonal, but óra ‘our’ points to the skald and Óláfr’s men as the logical subject. Seemingly their manoeuvres are influenced by high hopes of plunder. 

var ‘’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

þat ‘’

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1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

þás ‘when’

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þás (conj.): when

[5] þás (‘þa er’): þat var 972ˣ

til ‘to’

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til (prep.): to

[5] til: om. FskAˣ

notes

[5, 8] til góðs hrafni ‘to the benefit of the raven’: Gratifying to the carrion-birds because boarding opens the way for numerous casualties during hand-to-hand fighting calculated to hrjóða ‘clear’ the ship of her complement (Jesch 2001a, 211-13).

gjóðs ‘’

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gjóðr (noun m.; °-s; -ar): osprey

góðs ‘the benefit’

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góðr (adj.): good

[5] góðs: gjóðs Flat, Tóm

notes

[5, 8] til góðs hrafni ‘to the benefit of the raven’: Gratifying to the carrion-birds because boarding opens the way for numerous casualties during hand-to-hand fighting calculated to hrjóða ‘clear’ the ship of her complement (Jesch 2001a, 211-13).

við ‘’

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2. við (prep.): with, against

eng ‘’

viðr ‘’

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víðr (adj.): far

en ‘and’

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2. en (conj.): but, and

[5] en gjóði: ‘enggiodi’ R686ˣ;    en: við FskBˣ, viðr FskAˣ

góði ‘’

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góðr (adj.): good

gjóð ‘’

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gjóðr (noun m.; °-s; -ar): osprey

gięði ‘’

gjóða ‘’

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gjóðr (noun m.; °-s; -ar): osprey

gioðo ‘’

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gjóðr (noun m.; °-s; -ar): osprey

giodi ‘’

gjóði ‘osprey’

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gjóðr (noun m.; °-s; -ar): osprey

[5] en gjóði: ‘enggiodi’ R686ˣ;    gjóði: so Holm2, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 325VI, 75a, 78aˣ, Holm4, 325VII, Bb, Flat, ‘gioðo’ Kˣ, papp18ˣ, gjóða 972ˣ, 68, 61, FskBˣ, FskAˣ, ‘gięði’ 73aˣ, gjóð 325V, góði Tóm

kennings

gíor ‘’

gǫrt ‘amply’

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1. gǫrr (adj.): ample, perfect

[6] gǫrt: ‘gæ(re)’(?) 325VII, ‘gíor’ Tóm

notes

[6] hræ fengusk gǫrt ‘corpses were provided amply’: The word gǫrt ‘amply, completely’ is used adverbially, modifying the m. v. form fengusk ‘were provided’ with hræ (pl.) ‘corpses’ as the subject and gjóði (dat.) ‘osprey’ as the object (cf. NN §621). More in line with the copyists’ expectations, to judge from the ms. variants, would have been a construction using the active form fengum ‘we gave’.

fengu ‘’

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2. fá (verb; °fǽr; fekk, fengu; fenginn): get, receive

fengum ‘’

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2. fá (verb; °fǽr; fekk, fengu; fenginn): get, receive

fengusk ‘were provided’

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2. fá (verb; °fǽr; fekk, fengu; fenginn): get, receive

[6] fengusk: fengum Holm2, R686ˣ, 972ˣ, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 325VI, 75a, 73aˣ, 78aˣ, 68, 61, Holm4, 325V, 325VII, Bb, Flat, Tóm, fennum J1ˣ, fengu FskAˣ

notes

[6] hræ fengusk gǫrt ‘corpses were provided amply’: The word gǫrt ‘amply, completely’ is used adverbially, modifying the m. v. form fengusk ‘were provided’ with hræ (pl.) ‘corpses’ as the subject and gjóði (dat.) ‘osprey’ as the object (cf. NN §621). More in line with the copyists’ expectations, to judge from the ms. variants, would have been a construction using the active form fengum ‘we gave’.

vér ‘’

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vér (pron.; °gen. vár, dat./acc. oss): we, us, our

her ‘’

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herr (noun m.; °-s/-jar, dat. -; -jar, gen. -ja/herra): army, host

hræ ‘corpses’

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hræ (noun n.; °; -): corpse, carrion

[6] hræ: vér R686ˣ, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, her Bb

notes

[6] hræ fengusk gǫrt ‘corpses were provided amply’: The word gǫrt ‘amply, completely’ is used adverbially, modifying the m. v. form fengusk ‘were provided’ with hræ (pl.) ‘corpses’ as the subject and gjóði (dat.) ‘osprey’ as the object (cf. NN §621). More in line with the copyists’ expectations, to judge from the ms. variants, would have been a construction using the active form fengum ‘we gave’.

sveitum ‘’

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sveit (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): host, company

snertu ‘’

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1. snerta (noun f.; °-u): onslaught

svǫrtu ‘’

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svartr (adj.): black

svǫrtum ‘for the black’

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svartr (adj.): black

[6] svǫrtum: sveitum Holm4, snertu Bb, svǫrtu FskAˣ

kennings

uggs ‘’

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uggr (noun m.; °dat. -): fear

jggs ‘’

viggs ‘’

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viggr (noun m.): horse

Yggs ‘of Yggr’

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1. Yggr (noun m.): Yggr

[7] Yggs: ‘jggs’ papp18ˣ, ‘vggs’ 325V, viggs FskBˣ

kennings

lék ‘’

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3. leika (verb): play

lét ‘had’

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láta (verb): let, have sth done

[7] lét: lék papp18ˣ

notes

[7, 8] herr lét stafna skeiðar of hǫggvit ‘[his] army had the stems of the ship hewn off’: Either this is a restatement of the cutting down of the kylfur in ll. 1-2 or, if kylfa is only the upper part of the ship’s stems, a further development; cf. Note to l. 1 above. The construal adopted by Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) is not credible because it takes of ‘over’ as a prep. with skeiðar ‘ships’, but in this position it must be the expletive particle.

hrr ‘’

hann ‘’

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hann (pron.; °gen. hans, dat. honum; f. hon, gen. hennar, acc. hana): he, she, it, they, them...

herr ‘army’

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herr (noun m.; °-s/-jar, dat. -; -jar, gen. -ja/herra): army, host

[7] herr: ‘hrr’ R686ˣ, hann Bb

notes

[7] herr ‘[his] army’: This word is used, as in st. 4/6, to refer to Sveinn’s following. — [7, 8] herr lét stafna skeiðar of hǫggvit ‘[his] army had the stems of the ship hewn off’: Either this is a restatement of the cutting down of the kylfur in ll. 1-2 or, if kylfa is only the upper part of the ship’s stems, a further development; cf. Note to l. 1 above. The construal adopted by Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) is not credible because it takes of ‘over’ as a prep. with skeiðar ‘ships’, but in this position it must be the expletive particle.

herr ‘army’

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herr (noun m.; °-s/-jar, dat. -; -jar, gen. -ja/herra): army, host

[7] herr: ‘hrr’ R686ˣ, hann Bb

notes

[7] herr ‘[his] army’: This word is used, as in st. 4/6, to refer to Sveinn’s following. — [7, 8] herr lét stafna skeiðar of hǫggvit ‘[his] army had the stems of the ship hewn off’: Either this is a restatement of the cutting down of the kylfur in ll. 1-2 or, if kylfa is only the upper part of the ship’s stems, a further development; cf. Note to l. 1 above. The construal adopted by Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) is not credible because it takes of ‘over’ as a prep. with skeiðar ‘ships’, but in this position it must be the expletive particle.

of ‘’

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4. of (particle): (before verb)

notes

[7, 8] herr lét stafna skeiðar of hǫggvit ‘[his] army had the stems of the ship hewn off’: Either this is a restatement of the cutting down of the kylfur in ll. 1-2 or, if kylfa is only the upper part of the ship’s stems, a further development; cf. Note to l. 1 above. The construal adopted by Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) is not credible because it takes of ‘over’ as a prep. with skeiðar ‘ships’, but in this position it must be the expletive particle.

hǫggvinn ‘’

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hǫggva (verb): to strike, put to death, cut, hew

hǫggvit ‘hewn off’

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hǫggva (verb): to strike, put to death, cut, hew

[7] hǫggvit: hǫggvinn 325VI

notes

[7, 8] herr lét stafna skeiðar of hǫggvit ‘[his] army had the stems of the ship hewn off’: Either this is a restatement of the cutting down of the kylfur in ll. 1-2 or, if kylfa is only the upper part of the ship’s stems, a further development; cf. Note to l. 1 above. The construal adopted by Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) is not credible because it takes of ‘over’ as a prep. with skeiðar ‘ships’, but in this position it must be the expletive particle.

hrafni ‘of the raven’

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hrafn (noun m.; °hrafns; dat. hrafni; hrafnar): raven

notes

[5, 8] til góðs hrafni ‘to the benefit of the raven’: Gratifying to the carrion-birds because boarding opens the way for numerous casualties during hand-to-hand fighting calculated to hrjóða ‘clear’ the ship of her complement (Jesch 2001a, 211-13).

steiþar ‘’

skeiðar ‘of the ship’

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1. skeið (noun f.; °-ar; -r/-ar/-ir): ship

[8] skeiðar: ‘steiþar’ R686ˣ

notes

[7, 8] herr lét stafna skeiðar of hǫggvit ‘[his] army had the stems of the ship hewn off’: Either this is a restatement of the cutting down of the kylfur in ll. 1-2 or, if kylfa is only the upper part of the ship’s stems, a further development; cf. Note to l. 1 above. The construal adopted by Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) is not credible because it takes of ‘over’ as a prep. with skeiðar ‘ships’, but in this position it must be the expletive particle.

stafna ‘stems’

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stafn (noun m.; °dat. -i/-; -ar): prow

notes

[7, 8] herr lét stafna skeiðar of hǫggvit ‘[his] army had the stems of the ship hewn off’: Either this is a restatement of the cutting down of the kylfur in ll. 1-2 or, if kylfa is only the upper part of the ship’s stems, a further development; cf. Note to l. 1 above. The construal adopted by Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) is not credible because it takes of ‘over’ as a prep. with skeiðar ‘ships’, but in this position it must be the expletive particle.