Gamlkan Has 43VII
Katrina Attwood (ed.) 2007, ‘Gamli kanóki, Harmsól 43’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 111-12.
Ræfrs ‘of the roof’
(not checked:)
2. ræfr (noun n.): roof
kennings
gram ræfrs landa;‘the prince of the roof of lands; ’
= God
the roof of lands; → SKY/HEAVEN
the prince of the SKY/HEAVEN → God
notes
[1-4] gram ræfrs landa ‘prince of the roof of lands [SKY/HEAVEN = God]’: Cf. Leið 10/1-2, where God is characterised as vǫrðr vallræfrs ‘guardian of the plain-roof’.
Ræfrs ‘of the roof’
(not checked:)
2. ræfr (noun n.): roof
kennings
gram ræfrs landa;‘the prince of the roof of lands; ’
= God
the roof of lands; → SKY/HEAVEN
the prince of the SKY/HEAVEN → God
notes
[1-4] gram ræfrs landa ‘prince of the roof of lands [SKY/HEAVEN = God]’: Cf. Leið 10/1-2, where God is characterised as vǫrðr vallræfrs ‘guardian of the plain-roof’.
esat ‘are not’
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
lǫngu ‘long’
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langr (adj.; °compar. lengri, superl. lengstr): long
lífi ‘life’
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líf (noun n.; °-s; -): life
lung ‘Ship’
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lung (noun n.): longship < lungbeitandi (noun m.)
[2] lungbeitǫndum: ‘lunndbeitundum’ B
kennings
Lungbeitǫndum‘Ship-steerers ’
= MEN
Ship-steerers → MEN
beitǫndum ‘steerers’
(not checked:)
2. beita (verb; °-tt-): beat, tack < lungbeitandi (noun m.)
[2] lungbeitǫndum: ‘lunndbeitundum’ B
kennings
Lungbeitǫndum‘Ship-steerers ’
= MEN
Ship-steerers → MEN
heitit ‘promised’
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2. heita (verb): be called, promise
raun ‘experience’
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raun (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): ordeal, proof, experience
[3] raun: ‘rum’ B
finna ‘gain’
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2. finna (verb): find, meet
þess ‘of that’
[3] þess: þat B, 399a‑bˣ
runnar ‘bushes’
(not checked:)
runnr (noun m.; °dat. -i/-; -ar): bush, tree
kennings
runnar randéls‘bushes of the shield-storm ’
= WARRIORS
the shield-storm → BATTLE
bushes of the BATTLE → WARRIORS
rand ‘of the shield’
(not checked:)
rǫnd (noun f.; °dat. -/-u; rendr/randir): shield, shield-rim < randél (noun n.)
kennings
runnar randéls‘bushes of the shield-storm ’
= WARRIORS
the shield-storm → BATTLE
bushes of the BATTLE → WARRIORS
rand ‘of the shield’
(not checked:)
rǫnd (noun f.; °dat. -/-u; rendr/randir): shield, shield-rim < randél (noun n.)
kennings
runnar randéls‘bushes of the shield-storm ’
= WARRIORS
the shield-storm → BATTLE
bushes of the BATTLE → WARRIORS
éls ‘storm’
(not checked:)
él (noun n.; °; dat. -um): storm < randél (noun n.)
kennings
runnar randéls‘bushes of the shield-storm ’
= WARRIORS
the shield-storm → BATTLE
bushes of the BATTLE → WARRIORS
éls ‘storm’
(not checked:)
él (noun n.; °; dat. -um): storm < randél (noun n.)
kennings
runnar randéls‘bushes of the shield-storm ’
= WARRIORS
the shield-storm → BATTLE
bushes of the BATTLE → WARRIORS
af ‘by’
(not checked:)
af (prep.): from
gram ‘the prince’
(not checked:)
1. gramr (noun m.): ruler
kennings
gram ræfrs landa;‘the prince of the roof of lands; ’
= God
the roof of lands; → SKY/HEAVEN
the prince of the SKY/HEAVEN → God
notes
[1-4] gram ræfrs landa ‘prince of the roof of lands [SKY/HEAVEN = God]’: Cf. Leið 10/1-2, where God is characterised as vǫrðr vallræfrs ‘guardian of the plain-roof’.
landa ‘of lands’
(not checked:)
land (noun n.; °-s; *-): land
kennings
gram ræfrs landa;‘the prince of the roof of lands; ’
= God
the roof of lands; → SKY/HEAVEN
the prince of the SKY/HEAVEN → God
notes
[1-4] gram ræfrs landa ‘prince of the roof of lands [SKY/HEAVEN = God]’: Cf. Leið 10/1-2, where God is characterised as vǫrðr vallræfrs ‘guardian of the plain-roof’.
landa ‘of lands’
(not checked:)
land (noun n.; °-s; *-): land
kennings
gram ræfrs landa;‘the prince of the roof of lands; ’
= God
the roof of lands; → SKY/HEAVEN
the prince of the SKY/HEAVEN → God
notes
[1-4] gram ræfrs landa ‘prince of the roof of lands [SKY/HEAVEN = God]’: Cf. Leið 10/1-2, where God is characterised as vǫrðr vallræfrs ‘guardian of the plain-roof’.
Því ‘Therefore’
(not checked:)
því (adv.): therefore, because
s ‘is’
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
hring ‘of the sword’
(not checked:)
1. hringr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ar): ring; sword < hringstyrr (noun m.)
[5] hringstyrjar: ‘hringstyr[...] a’ B, ‘hringstyri a’ 399a‑bˣ
kennings
hverjum þoll hringstyrjar,‘to each fir-tree of the sword-din, ’
= WARRIOR
the sword-din, → BATTLE
to each fir-tree of the BATTLE → WARRIOR
hring ‘of the sword’
(not checked:)
1. hringr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ar): ring; sword < hringstyrr (noun m.)
[5] hringstyrjar: ‘hringstyr[...] a’ B, ‘hringstyri a’ 399a‑bˣ
kennings
hverjum þoll hringstyrjar,‘to each fir-tree of the sword-din, ’
= WARRIOR
the sword-din, → BATTLE
to each fir-tree of the BATTLE → WARRIOR
styrjar ‘din’
(not checked:)
styrr (noun m.; °dat. -): battle < hringstyrr (noun m.)
[5] hringstyrjar: ‘hringstyr[...] a’ B, ‘hringstyri a’ 399a‑bˣ
kennings
hverjum þoll hringstyrjar,‘to each fir-tree of the sword-din, ’
= WARRIOR
the sword-din, → BATTLE
to each fir-tree of the BATTLE → WARRIOR
styrjar ‘din’
(not checked:)
styrr (noun m.; °dat. -): battle < hringstyrr (noun m.)
[5] hringstyrjar: ‘hringstyr[...] a’ B, ‘hringstyri a’ 399a‑bˣ
kennings
hverjum þoll hringstyrjar,‘to each fir-tree of the sword-din, ’
= WARRIOR
the sword-din, → BATTLE
to each fir-tree of the BATTLE → WARRIOR
hverjum ‘to each’
(not checked:)
2. hverr (pron.): who, whom, each, every
kennings
hverjum þoll hringstyrjar,‘to each fir-tree of the sword-din, ’
= WARRIOR
the sword-din, → BATTLE
to each fir-tree of the BATTLE → WARRIOR
hag ‘state’
(not checked:)
1. hagr (noun m.; °-s; -ir): situation, condition
notes
[5] hag ‘state’: This word, which is difficult to translate adequately, occurs several times in Has, always with reference to the effects of sin on a man’s spiritual condition. Its resonances appear to be at once specific (as in 49/2) and general (12/6-8), and it seems to refer to situations palpable (49/2) and psychological (23/7, 43/6). In his confession of sin in thought, word and deed (st. 12), Gamli admits that margir hagir mínir sýnask mér meginljótir ‘many of my actions seem to me extremely ugly’ (12/6-8). The penitent thief fears that, unless Christ listens to his pleas for mercy, ek á til hættan hag ‘I am in a rather too perilous situation’ (23/7). Similarly, in st. 49, King David is said to have decided to ask God for mercy eftir þungan hag ‘after his grevious (lit. ‘heavy’) sinfulness’ (49/2), hagr presumably being used to allude to David’s adultery with Bathsheba and the death of her husband, Uriah the Hittite (see Note to st. 48).
sinn ‘his’
(not checked:)
3. sinn (pron.; °f. sín, n. sitt): (refl. poss. pron.)
með ‘with’
(not checked:)
með (prep.): with
trú ‘faith’
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trú (noun f.; °-ar): faith, belief
fagri ‘beautiful’
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fagr (adj.; °fagran; compar. fegri, superl. fegrstr): fair, beautiful
yngra ‘to young’
(not checked:)
ungr (adj.): young
þoll ‘fir-tree’
(not checked:)
þollr (noun m.): fir-tree
kennings
hverjum þoll hringstyrjar,‘to each fir-tree of the sword-din, ’
= WARRIOR
the sword-din, → BATTLE
to each fir-tree of the BATTLE → WARRIOR
ok ‘and’
(not checked:)
3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
ellra ‘old’
(not checked:)
ellri (adj. comp.; °superl. ellztr; pos. gamall adj.): older, elder
ein ‘’
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2. einn (pron.; °decl. cf. einn num.): one, alone < einsær (adj.)
sætt ‘evident’
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sættr (adj.): apparent, evident < einsær (adj.)
at ‘that’
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4. at (conj.): that
vel ‘thoroughly’
(not checked:)
vel (adv.): well, very
hreinsi ‘purify’
(not checked:)
2. hreinsa (verb): cleanse, purify
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Ræfrs esat lǫngu lífi |
Ship-steerers [MEN] are not promised long life by the prince of the roof of lands [SKY/HEAVEN > = God]; bushes of the shield-storm [BATTLE > WARRIORS] gain experience of that. Therefore it is evident to each fir-tree of the sword-din [BATTLE > WARRIOR], to young and old, that he should thoroughly purify his state with beautiful faith.
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