Gamlkan Has 42^VII

Ungr ‘A young’

(not checked:)
ungr (adj.): young

kennings

skyldi ‘should’

(not checked:)
skulu (verb): shall, should, must

þat ‘what’

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þat (conj.): that

ǫldu ‘of the wave’

(not checked:)
alda (noun f.; °; *-ur): wave

kennings

notes

[1-2] eyktemjandi ǫldu ‘tamer of the horse of the wave [SHIP > SEAFARER]’: A similar conceit informs the ship-kenning loptbyggvir eykja unnar ‘raised deck-dweller of the horses of the wave’ in a helmingr preserved in ÓH, attributed there to Sigvatr Þórðarson and believed to be from an otherwise lost Óláfsdrápa (Sigv Óldr^I; cf. Hkr ÍF 27, 73 and 74n).

ǫldu ‘of the wave’

(not checked:)
alda (noun f.; °; *-ur): wave

kennings

notes

[1-2] eyktemjandi ǫldu ‘tamer of the horse of the wave [SHIP > SEAFARER]’: A similar conceit informs the ship-kenning loptbyggvir eykja unnar ‘raised deck-dweller of the horses of the wave’ in a helmingr preserved in ÓH, attributed there to Sigvatr Þórðarson and believed to be from an otherwise lost Óláfsdrápa (Sigv Óldr^I; cf. Hkr ÍF 27, 73 and 74n).

eyk ‘of the horse’

(not checked:)
eykr (noun m.; °-s/-jar, dat. -; -ir, dat. -jum): draught animal < eyktemjandi (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[1-2] eyktemjandi ǫldu ‘tamer of the horse of the wave [SHIP > SEAFARER]’: A similar conceit informs the ship-kenning loptbyggvir eykja unnar ‘raised deck-dweller of the horses of the wave’ in a helmingr preserved in ÓH, attributed there to Sigvatr Þórðarson and believed to be from an otherwise lost Óláfsdrápa (Sigv Óldr^I; cf. Hkr ÍF 27, 73 and 74n).

eyk ‘of the horse’

(not checked:)
eykr (noun m.; °-s/-jar, dat. -; -ir, dat. -jum): draught animal < eyktemjandi (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[1-2] eyktemjandi ǫldu ‘tamer of the horse of the wave [SHIP > SEAFARER]’: A similar conceit informs the ship-kenning loptbyggvir eykja unnar ‘raised deck-dweller of the horses of the wave’ in a helmingr preserved in ÓH, attributed there to Sigvatr Þórðarson and believed to be from an otherwise lost Óláfsdrápa (Sigv Óldr^I; cf. Hkr ÍF 27, 73 and 74n).

temjandi ‘tamer’

(not checked:)
temjandi (noun m.): [tamer] < eyktemjandi (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[1-2] eyktemjandi ǫldu ‘tamer of the horse of the wave [SHIP > SEAFARER]’: A similar conceit informs the ship-kenning loptbyggvir eykja unnar ‘raised deck-dweller of the horses of the wave’ in a helmingr preserved in ÓH, attributed there to Sigvatr Þórðarson and believed to be from an otherwise lost Óláfsdrápa (Sigv Óldr^I; cf. Hkr ÍF 27, 73 and 74n).

fremja ‘do’

(not checked:)
fremja (verb): advance, perform

gífrs ‘of the troll-wife’

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1. gífr (noun n.): troll-woman

kennings

notes

[3] gífr ‘hag, troll-woman’: Commonly used as a heiti for a troll or, more often, a trollwife (see Vsp 52/6). By extension, gífr is often used, as here, to convey the notion of ‘enemy’, ‘danger’ or ‘bane’ and is frequently the base-word of kennings for the battle-axe (see LP: gífr).

gífrs ‘of the troll-wife’

(not checked:)
1. gífr (noun n.): troll-woman

kennings

notes

[3] gífr ‘hag, troll-woman’: Commonly used as a heiti for a troll or, more often, a trollwife (see Vsp 52/6). By extension, gífr is often used, as here, to convey the notion of ‘enemy’, ‘danger’ or ‘bane’ and is frequently the base-word of kennings for the battle-axe (see LP: gífr).

es ‘it’

(not checked:)
2. er (conj.): who, which, when

gǫmlum ‘an old’

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gamall (adj.; °gamlan; compar. & superl. „ ellri adj.): old

kennings

hœfir ‘befits’

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2. hœfa (verb): hit, suit, befit

gunn ‘of the battle’

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gunnr (noun f.): battle < gunntjald (noun n.): battle-tent

kennings

gunn ‘of the battle’

(not checked:)
gunnr (noun f.): battle < gunntjald (noun n.): battle-tent

kennings

gunn ‘of the battle’

(not checked:)
gunnr (noun f.): battle < gunntjald (noun n.): battle-tent

kennings

tjalds ‘tent’

(not checked:)
tjald (noun n.; °-s; *-): tent, awning < gunntjald (noun n.): battle-tent

kennings

tjalds ‘tent’

(not checked:)
tjald (noun n.; °-s; *-): tent, awning < gunntjald (noun n.): battle-tent

kennings

tjalds ‘tent’

(not checked:)
tjald (noun n.; °-s; *-): tent, awning < gunntjald (noun n.): battle-tent

kennings

boða ‘messenger’

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boði (noun m.; °-a; -ar): messenger, breaker

kennings

at ‘to’

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3. at (prep.): at, to

halda ‘keep doing’

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halda (verb): hold, keep

Trauð ‘unwilling’

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trauð (noun f.): [unwilling]

verðr ‘becomes’

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1. verða (verb): become, be

hǫnd ‘The hand’

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hǫnd (noun f.; °handar, dat. hendi; hendr (hendir StatPáll³ 752¹²)): hand

en ‘but’

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2. en (conj.): but, and

hlýða ‘be saved’

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2. hlýða (verb): hear, listen; be able

hryn ‘of the ringing’

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hrynja (verb): fall, flow < hrynvengi (noun n.): [resounding meadow]

[6] hrynvengis: ‘hrǫn[...]engiss’ B, ‘hro᷎nvengiss’ 399a‑bˣ

kennings

hryn ‘of the ringing’

(not checked:)
hrynja (verb): fall, flow < hrynvengi (noun n.): [resounding meadow]

[6] hrynvengis: ‘hrǫn[...]engiss’ B, ‘hro᷎nvengiss’ 399a‑bˣ

kennings

vengis ‘land’

(not checked:)
vengi (noun n.): land, field < hrynvengi (noun n.): [resounding meadow]

[6] hrynvengis: ‘hrǫn[...]engiss’ B, ‘hro᷎nvengiss’ 399a‑bˣ

kennings

vengis ‘land’

(not checked:)
vengi (noun n.): land, field < hrynvengi (noun n.): [resounding meadow]

[6] hrynvengis: ‘hrǫn[...]engiss’ B, ‘hro᷎nvengiss’ 399a‑bˣ

kennings

má ‘may’

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mega (verb): may, might

engum ‘no’

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2. engi (pron.): no, none

kennings

Gaut ‘Gautr’

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2. Gautr (noun m.): Gautr, Óðinn

kennings

nema ‘unless’

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2. nema (conj.): unless

gǫr ‘done’

(not checked:)
1. gera (verb): do, make

notes

[7-8] gǫr af venju ‘done out of habit’: Here this phrase is taken with the cl. nema bœti verk ‘unless he makes reparation’. Other eds (Skj B, Skald) take it with hǫnd verðr trauð ‘the hand becomes unwilling out of habit’ (l. 5), and this interpretation is also possible. It suggests that, because it is difficult to break a habit, one should begin to perform good deeds while young.

verk ‘for deeds’

(not checked:)
verk (noun n.; °-s; -): deed

bœti ‘he makes reparation’

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bœta (verb; °-tt-): better, emend, compensate

grundar ‘of the earth’

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grund (noun f.): earth, land

kennings

notes

[8] mens grundar ‘of the necklace of the earth [= Miðgarðsormr]’: Finnur Jónsson offers two possible interpretations in LP. In the entry on grund, this phrase is listed among the kennings for ‘sea’, presumably based on the assumption of ON myth that the round earth was encircled by the sea. In this case it is difficult to understand what might be meant by the sea’s hrynvengi ‘ringing land’. In the entry on hrynvengi, the translation slangens klingende land ‘the serpent’s ringing-land’ is suggested. This is close to the kenning from RvHbreiðm Hl^III cited above. In this case, men grundar may either be a kenning for a snake or, more likely in terms of the ON myth that placed the World Serpent in the ocean surrounding the earth, a specific allusion to Miðgarðsormr. It has been interpreted in the latter sense here.

grundar ‘of the earth’

(not checked:)
grund (noun f.): earth, land

kennings

notes

[8] mens grundar ‘of the necklace of the earth [= Miðgarðsormr]’: Finnur Jónsson offers two possible interpretations in LP. In the entry on grund, this phrase is listed among the kennings for ‘sea’, presumably based on the assumption of ON myth that the round earth was encircled by the sea. In this case it is difficult to understand what might be meant by the sea’s hrynvengi ‘ringing land’. In the entry on hrynvengi, the translation slangens klingende land ‘the serpent’s ringing-land’ is suggested. This is close to the kenning from RvHbreiðm Hl^III cited above. In this case, men grundar may either be a kenning for a snake or, more likely in terms of the ON myth that placed the World Serpent in the ocean surrounding the earth, a specific allusion to Miðgarðsormr. It has been interpreted in the latter sense here.

grundar ‘of the earth’

(not checked:)
grund (noun f.): earth, land

kennings

notes

[8] mens grundar ‘of the necklace of the earth [= Miðgarðsormr]’: Finnur Jónsson offers two possible interpretations in LP. In the entry on grund, this phrase is listed among the kennings for ‘sea’, presumably based on the assumption of ON myth that the round earth was encircled by the sea. In this case it is difficult to understand what might be meant by the sea’s hrynvengi ‘ringing land’. In the entry on hrynvengi, the translation slangens klingende land ‘the serpent’s ringing-land’ is suggested. This is close to the kenning from RvHbreiðm Hl^III cited above. In this case, men grundar may either be a kenning for a snake or, more likely in terms of the ON myth that placed the World Serpent in the ocean surrounding the earth, a specific allusion to Miðgarðsormr. It has been interpreted in the latter sense here.

mens ‘of the necklace’

(not checked:)
2. men (noun n.; °; dat. menjum): neck-ring

kennings

notes

[8] mens grundar ‘of the necklace of the earth [= Miðgarðsormr]’: Finnur Jónsson offers two possible interpretations in LP. In the entry on grund, this phrase is listed among the kennings for ‘sea’, presumably based on the assumption of ON myth that the round earth was encircled by the sea. In this case it is difficult to understand what might be meant by the sea’s hrynvengi ‘ringing land’. In the entry on hrynvengi, the translation slangens klingende land ‘the serpent’s ringing-land’ is suggested. This is close to the kenning from RvHbreiðm Hl^III cited above. In this case, men grundar may either be a kenning for a snake or, more likely in terms of the ON myth that placed the World Serpent in the ocean surrounding the earth, a specific allusion to Miðgarðsormr. It has been interpreted in the latter sense here.

mens ‘of the necklace’

(not checked:)
2. men (noun n.; °; dat. menjum): neck-ring

kennings

notes

[8] mens grundar ‘of the necklace of the earth [= Miðgarðsormr]’: Finnur Jónsson offers two possible interpretations in LP. In the entry on grund, this phrase is listed among the kennings for ‘sea’, presumably based on the assumption of ON myth that the round earth was encircled by the sea. In this case it is difficult to understand what might be meant by the sea’s hrynvengi ‘ringing land’. In the entry on hrynvengi, the translation slangens klingende land ‘the serpent’s ringing-land’ is suggested. This is close to the kenning from RvHbreiðm Hl^III cited above. In this case, men grundar may either be a kenning for a snake or, more likely in terms of the ON myth that placed the World Serpent in the ocean surrounding the earth, a specific allusion to Miðgarðsormr. It has been interpreted in the latter sense here.

mens ‘of the necklace’

(not checked:)
2. men (noun n.; °; dat. menjum): neck-ring

kennings

notes

[8] mens grundar ‘of the necklace of the earth [= Miðgarðsormr]’: Finnur Jónsson offers two possible interpretations in LP. In the entry on grund, this phrase is listed among the kennings for ‘sea’, presumably based on the assumption of ON myth that the round earth was encircled by the sea. In this case it is difficult to understand what might be meant by the sea’s hrynvengi ‘ringing land’. In the entry on hrynvengi, the translation slangens klingende land ‘the serpent’s ringing-land’ is suggested. This is close to the kenning from RvHbreiðm Hl^III cited above. In this case, men grundar may either be a kenning for a snake or, more likely in terms of the ON myth that placed the World Serpent in the ocean surrounding the earth, a specific allusion to Miðgarðsormr. It has been interpreted in the latter sense here.

á ‘’

(not checked:)
3. á (prep.): on, at

af ‘out of’

(not checked:)
af (prep.): from

[8] af: á B

notes

[7-8] gǫr af venju ‘done out of habit’: Here this phrase is taken with the cl. nema bœti verk ‘unless he makes reparation’. Other eds (Skj B, Skald) take it with hǫnd verðr trauð ‘the hand becomes unwilling out of habit’ (l. 5), and this interpretation is also possible. It suggests that, because it is difficult to break a habit, one should begin to perform good deeds while young. — [8] af: B is undamaged here, and ‘a’ is clear. Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1844, 27 n. 52) suggests af, which has been adopted by all subsequent eds.

af ‘out of’

(not checked:)
af (prep.): from

[8] af: á B

notes

[7-8] gǫr af venju ‘done out of habit’: Here this phrase is taken with the cl. nema bœti verk ‘unless he makes reparation’. Other eds (Skj B, Skald) take it with hǫnd verðr trauð ‘the hand becomes unwilling out of habit’ (l. 5), and this interpretation is also possible. It suggests that, because it is difficult to break a habit, one should begin to perform good deeds while young. — [8] af: B is undamaged here, and ‘a’ is clear. Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1844, 27 n. 52) suggests af, which has been adopted by all subsequent eds.

venju ‘habit’

(not checked:)
1. venja (noun f.; °-u; -ur): custom, habit

notes

[7-8] gǫr af venju ‘done out of habit’: Here this phrase is taken with the cl. nema bœti verk ‘unless he makes reparation’. Other eds (Skj B, Skald) take it with hǫnd verðr trauð ‘the hand becomes unwilling out of habit’ (l. 5), and this interpretation is also possible. It suggests that, because it is difficult to break a habit, one should begin to perform good deeds while young.