ÞjóðA Magnfl 14^II

Rǫmm ‘A mighty’

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rammr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): mighty

[1] Rǫmm: ‘Rꜹm’ E

vas ‘was’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

[1] vas (‘var’): varð H

hildr ‘battle’

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1. hildr (noun f.): battle

sús ‘which’

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1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

Hramma ‘of Hrammi’

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Hrammi (noun m.)

[1] Hramma: hrammar J2ˣ, hrama Hr

kennings

notes

[1-2] viðir harðéls Hramma ‘trees of the harsh storm of Hrammi <= Óðinn> [BATTLE > WARRIORS]’: (a) Éls ‘(of) the storm’, as the reading of all mss except Kˣ (and papp18ˣ), and as the lectio difficilior, may well be the more authentic reading. The interpretation above follows ÍF 28 (and Hkr 1991) in taking éls Hramma together as ‘Óðinn’s storm [BATTLE]’, and indeed such an Óðinn-heiti appears in Þul Óðins 4/5^III, where ms. A reads ‘hrami’ and B ‘hramme’, though Finnur Jónsson in LP maintains that the metre favours hrami (the l. reads Hram(m)i, Hjarrandi). The cpd harðél occurs in a similar battle-kenning in Hskv Hardr 2/1, 2: harðél Haddings ‘strong storms of Haddingr <legendary hero>’. (b) Alternatively, éls could conceivably form a kenning with hramma in the sense ‘of hands’: ‘blizzard of the hands [ARROWS]’, though parallels are hard to find other than the partial one of hlaupsildr gaupna Egils ‘leaping herrings of Egill’s <legendary bowman’s> palms’ (Eyv Lv 14/8^I; cf. Meissner 146-7 on arrow-kennings). The viðir of arrows would then be warriors, cf., e.g., viðir nadda ‘trees of points/shafts’, HaukrV Ísldr 23/8^IV, viðr fleina ‘tree of spears’ Útsteinn Útkv 7/8^VIII. (c) The K reading -elds preserved in Kˣ and papp18ˣ gives viðir harðelds hramma ‘trees of the hard fire of hands [GOLD > MEN]’. This reading is adopted in Skj B and Skald, but it is a minority reading, and may be an early emendation.

Hramma ‘of Hrammi’

(not checked:)
Hrammi (noun m.)

[1] Hramma: hrammar J2ˣ, hrama Hr

kennings

notes

[1-2] viðir harðéls Hramma ‘trees of the harsh storm of Hrammi <= Óðinn> [BATTLE > WARRIORS]’: (a) Éls ‘(of) the storm’, as the reading of all mss except Kˣ (and papp18ˣ), and as the lectio difficilior, may well be the more authentic reading. The interpretation above follows ÍF 28 (and Hkr 1991) in taking éls Hramma together as ‘Óðinn’s storm [BATTLE]’, and indeed such an Óðinn-heiti appears in Þul Óðins 4/5^III, where ms. A reads ‘hrami’ and B ‘hramme’, though Finnur Jónsson in LP maintains that the metre favours hrami (the l. reads Hram(m)i, Hjarrandi). The cpd harðél occurs in a similar battle-kenning in Hskv Hardr 2/1, 2: harðél Haddings ‘strong storms of Haddingr <legendary hero>’. (b) Alternatively, éls could conceivably form a kenning with hramma in the sense ‘of hands’: ‘blizzard of the hands [ARROWS]’, though parallels are hard to find other than the partial one of hlaupsildr gaupna Egils ‘leaping herrings of Egill’s <legendary bowman’s> palms’ (Eyv Lv 14/8^I; cf. Meissner 146-7 on arrow-kennings). The viðir of arrows would then be warriors, cf., e.g., viðir nadda ‘trees of points/shafts’, HaukrV Ísldr 23/8^IV, viðr fleina ‘tree of spears’ Útsteinn Útkv 7/8^VIII. (c) The K reading -elds preserved in Kˣ and papp18ˣ gives viðir harðelds hramma ‘trees of the hard fire of hands [GOLD > MEN]’. This reading is adopted in Skj B and Skald, but it is a minority reading, and may be an early emendation.

harð ‘of the harsh’

(not checked:)
harðr (adj.; °comp. -ari; superl. -astr): hard, harsh < harðél (noun n.): [strong storms]

kennings

notes

[1-2] viðir harðéls Hramma ‘trees of the harsh storm of Hrammi <= Óðinn> [BATTLE > WARRIORS]’: (a) Éls ‘(of) the storm’, as the reading of all mss except Kˣ (and papp18ˣ), and as the lectio difficilior, may well be the more authentic reading. The interpretation above follows ÍF 28 (and Hkr 1991) in taking éls Hramma together as ‘Óðinn’s storm [BATTLE]’, and indeed such an Óðinn-heiti appears in Þul Óðins 4/5^III, where ms. A reads ‘hrami’ and B ‘hramme’, though Finnur Jónsson in LP maintains that the metre favours hrami (the l. reads Hram(m)i, Hjarrandi). The cpd harðél occurs in a similar battle-kenning in Hskv Hardr 2/1, 2: harðél Haddings ‘strong storms of Haddingr <legendary hero>’. (b) Alternatively, éls could conceivably form a kenning with hramma in the sense ‘of hands’: ‘blizzard of the hands [ARROWS]’, though parallels are hard to find other than the partial one of hlaupsildr gaupna Egils ‘leaping herrings of Egill’s <legendary bowman’s> palms’ (Eyv Lv 14/8^I; cf. Meissner 146-7 on arrow-kennings). The viðir of arrows would then be warriors, cf., e.g., viðir nadda ‘trees of points/shafts’, HaukrV Ísldr 23/8^IV, viðr fleina ‘tree of spears’ Útsteinn Útkv 7/8^VIII. (c) The K reading -elds preserved in Kˣ and papp18ˣ gives viðir harðelds hramma ‘trees of the hard fire of hands [GOLD > MEN]’. This reading is adopted in Skj B and Skald, but it is a minority reading, and may be an early emendation.

harð ‘of the harsh’

(not checked:)
harðr (adj.; °comp. -ari; superl. -astr): hard, harsh < harðél (noun n.): [strong storms]

kennings

notes

[1-2] viðir harðéls Hramma ‘trees of the harsh storm of Hrammi <= Óðinn> [BATTLE > WARRIORS]’: (a) Éls ‘(of) the storm’, as the reading of all mss except Kˣ (and papp18ˣ), and as the lectio difficilior, may well be the more authentic reading. The interpretation above follows ÍF 28 (and Hkr 1991) in taking éls Hramma together as ‘Óðinn’s storm [BATTLE]’, and indeed such an Óðinn-heiti appears in Þul Óðins 4/5^III, where ms. A reads ‘hrami’ and B ‘hramme’, though Finnur Jónsson in LP maintains that the metre favours hrami (the l. reads Hram(m)i, Hjarrandi). The cpd harðél occurs in a similar battle-kenning in Hskv Hardr 2/1, 2: harðél Haddings ‘strong storms of Haddingr <legendary hero>’. (b) Alternatively, éls could conceivably form a kenning with hramma in the sense ‘of hands’: ‘blizzard of the hands [ARROWS]’, though parallels are hard to find other than the partial one of hlaupsildr gaupna Egils ‘leaping herrings of Egill’s <legendary bowman’s> palms’ (Eyv Lv 14/8^I; cf. Meissner 146-7 on arrow-kennings). The viðir of arrows would then be warriors, cf., e.g., viðir nadda ‘trees of points/shafts’, HaukrV Ísldr 23/8^IV, viðr fleina ‘tree of spears’ Útsteinn Útkv 7/8^VIII. (c) The K reading -elds preserved in Kˣ and papp18ˣ gives viðir harðelds hramma ‘trees of the hard fire of hands [GOLD > MEN]’. This reading is adopted in Skj B and Skald, but it is a minority reading, and may be an early emendation.

éls ‘ storm’

(not checked:)
él (noun n.; °; dat. -um): storm < harðél (noun n.): [strong storms]

[2] ‑éls: so all others, ‑elds Kˣ

kennings

notes

[1-2] viðir harðéls Hramma ‘trees of the harsh storm of Hrammi <= Óðinn> [BATTLE > WARRIORS]’: (a) Éls ‘(of) the storm’, as the reading of all mss except Kˣ (and papp18ˣ), and as the lectio difficilior, may well be the more authentic reading. The interpretation above follows ÍF 28 (and Hkr 1991) in taking éls Hramma together as ‘Óðinn’s storm [BATTLE]’, and indeed such an Óðinn-heiti appears in Þul Óðins 4/5^III, where ms. A reads ‘hrami’ and B ‘hramme’, though Finnur Jónsson in LP maintains that the metre favours hrami (the l. reads Hram(m)i, Hjarrandi). The cpd harðél occurs in a similar battle-kenning in Hskv Hardr 2/1, 2: harðél Haddings ‘strong storms of Haddingr <legendary hero>’. (b) Alternatively, éls could conceivably form a kenning with hramma in the sense ‘of hands’: ‘blizzard of the hands [ARROWS]’, though parallels are hard to find other than the partial one of hlaupsildr gaupna Egils ‘leaping herrings of Egill’s <legendary bowman’s> palms’ (Eyv Lv 14/8^I; cf. Meissner 146-7 on arrow-kennings). The viðir of arrows would then be warriors, cf., e.g., viðir nadda ‘trees of points/shafts’, HaukrV Ísldr 23/8^IV, viðr fleina ‘tree of spears’ Útsteinn Útkv 7/8^VIII. (c) The K reading -elds preserved in Kˣ and papp18ˣ gives viðir harðelds hramma ‘trees of the hard fire of hands [GOLD > MEN]’. This reading is adopted in Skj B and Skald, but it is a minority reading, and may be an early emendation.

éls ‘ storm’

(not checked:)
él (noun n.; °; dat. -um): storm < harðél (noun n.): [strong storms]

[2] ‑éls: so all others, ‑elds Kˣ

kennings

notes

[1-2] viðir harðéls Hramma ‘trees of the harsh storm of Hrammi <= Óðinn> [BATTLE > WARRIORS]’: (a) Éls ‘(of) the storm’, as the reading of all mss except Kˣ (and papp18ˣ), and as the lectio difficilior, may well be the more authentic reading. The interpretation above follows ÍF 28 (and Hkr 1991) in taking éls Hramma together as ‘Óðinn’s storm [BATTLE]’, and indeed such an Óðinn-heiti appears in Þul Óðins 4/5^III, where ms. A reads ‘hrami’ and B ‘hramme’, though Finnur Jónsson in LP maintains that the metre favours hrami (the l. reads Hram(m)i, Hjarrandi). The cpd harðél occurs in a similar battle-kenning in Hskv Hardr 2/1, 2: harðél Haddings ‘strong storms of Haddingr <legendary hero>’. (b) Alternatively, éls could conceivably form a kenning with hramma in the sense ‘of hands’: ‘blizzard of the hands [ARROWS]’, though parallels are hard to find other than the partial one of hlaupsildr gaupna Egils ‘leaping herrings of Egill’s <legendary bowman’s> palms’ (Eyv Lv 14/8^I; cf. Meissner 146-7 on arrow-kennings). The viðir of arrows would then be warriors, cf., e.g., viðir nadda ‘trees of points/shafts’, HaukrV Ísldr 23/8^IV, viðr fleina ‘tree of spears’ Útsteinn Útkv 7/8^VIII. (c) The K reading -elds preserved in Kˣ and papp18ˣ gives viðir harðelds hramma ‘trees of the hard fire of hands [GOLD > MEN]’. This reading is adopted in Skj B and Skald, but it is a minority reading, and may be an early emendation.

viðir ‘trees’

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1. viðr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. -i/-; -ir, acc. -u/-i): wood, tree

kennings

notes

[1-2] viðir harðéls Hramma ‘trees of the harsh storm of Hrammi <= Óðinn> [BATTLE > WARRIORS]’: (a) Éls ‘(of) the storm’, as the reading of all mss except Kˣ (and papp18ˣ), and as the lectio difficilior, may well be the more authentic reading. The interpretation above follows ÍF 28 (and Hkr 1991) in taking éls Hramma together as ‘Óðinn’s storm [BATTLE]’, and indeed such an Óðinn-heiti appears in Þul Óðins 4/5^III, where ms. A reads ‘hrami’ and B ‘hramme’, though Finnur Jónsson in LP maintains that the metre favours hrami (the l. reads Hram(m)i, Hjarrandi). The cpd harðél occurs in a similar battle-kenning in Hskv Hardr 2/1, 2: harðél Haddings ‘strong storms of Haddingr <legendary hero>’. (b) Alternatively, éls could conceivably form a kenning with hramma in the sense ‘of hands’: ‘blizzard of the hands [ARROWS]’, though parallels are hard to find other than the partial one of hlaupsildr gaupna Egils ‘leaping herrings of Egill’s <legendary bowman’s> palms’ (Eyv Lv 14/8^I; cf. Meissner 146-7 on arrow-kennings). The viðir of arrows would then be warriors, cf., e.g., viðir nadda ‘trees of points/shafts’, HaukrV Ísldr 23/8^IV, viðr fleina ‘tree of spears’ Útsteinn Útkv 7/8^VIII. (c) The K reading -elds preserved in Kˣ and papp18ˣ gives viðir harðelds hramma ‘trees of the hard fire of hands [GOLD > MEN]’. This reading is adopted in Skj B and Skald, but it is a minority reading, and may be an early emendation.

bǫrðusk ‘waged’

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2. berja (verb; °barði; barðr/bariðr/barinn): fight

herr ‘the army’

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herr (noun m.; °-s/-jar, dat. -; -jar, gen. -ja/herra): army, host

gekk ‘advanced’

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2. ganga (verb; geng, gekk, gengu, genginn): walk, go

snart ‘keenly’

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snarr (adj.): gallant, bold

at ‘to’

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3. at (prep.): at, to

[3] at: so 39, E, J2ˣ, H, Hr, á Kˣ, af F

snerru ‘the onslaught’

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1. snerra (noun f.; °-u): onslaught

[3] snerru: snertu E, J2ˣ, snæru Hr

sunnu ‘on a Sun’

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sunna (noun f.): sun < sunnudagr (noun m.): Sunday

notes

[4] sunnudags ‘on a Sunday’: The readings dags and dagr are likely to go back to dags, an adverbial gen., but the variant acc. sunnudag would also fit here. Either could modify any or all of the three clauses in the helmingr. The arrangement adopted is also favoured in the eds listed above, except that Fms appears to take it with snerru ‘onslaught’ in l. 3.

dags ‘day’

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dagr (noun m.; °-s, dat. degi/dag/dagi(Thom¹ 332¹‡n.); -ar): day < sunnudagr (noun m.): Sunday

[4] ‑dags: so F, H, Hr, dag Kˣ, ‘.d.’ 39, dagr E, J2ˣ

notes

[4] sunnudags ‘on a Sunday’: The readings dags and dagr are likely to go back to dags, an adverbial gen., but the variant acc. sunnudag would also fit here. Either could modify any or all of the three clauses in the helmingr. The arrangement adopted is also favoured in the eds listed above, except that Fms appears to take it with snerru ‘onslaught’ in l. 3.

of ‘’

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3. of (prep.): around, from; too

[4] of (‘um’): af E, J2ˣ

unnin ‘fought’

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2. vinna (verb): perform, work

[4] unnin: so H, Hr, unninn Kˣ, F, unni 39, E, J2ˣ

Flaut ‘floated’

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fljóta (verb): flow, float

þás ‘as’

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þás (conj.): when

feigir ‘the doomed’

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feigr (adj.; °compar. -ari/ri): fated to die, fey, dead

kennings

létu ‘gave up’

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láta (verb): let, have sth done

fjǫr ‘life’

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fjǫr (noun n.): life

gný ‘of the din’

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gnýr (noun m.): din, tumult < gnýstafr (noun m.)

[6] gný‑: gunn 39, F, ‘(g)n(ys)’(?) H, gnýs Hr

kennings

gný ‘of the din’

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gnýr (noun m.): din, tumult < gnýstafr (noun m.)

[6] gný‑: gunn 39, F, ‘(g)n(ys)’(?) H, gnýs Hr

kennings

stafir ‘staves’

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stafr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ir): staff, post, stave, stick < gnýstafr (noun m.)

kennings

hjǫrva ‘of swords’

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hjǫrr (noun m.): sword

kennings

hjǫrva ‘of swords’

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hjǫrr (noun m.): sword

kennings

þjóð ‘people’

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þjóð (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -/-u; -ir): people

sǫkk ‘sank’

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1. søkkva (verb): sink, strong intrans.

[7] sǫkk niðr: skaut E, J2ˣ

niðr ‘down’

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3. niðr (adv.): down

[7] sǫkk niðr: skaut E, J2ˣ

at ‘under’

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3. at (prep.): at, to

[7] at: af H, Hr

notes

[7] at nauðum ‘under duress’: This adverbial too could qualify any or all of the three clauses describing the enemy slain. In the arrangement adopted above it is taken with the intercalated þjóð sǫkk niðr ‘people sank down’ (as also by Kock in Skald and in NN §806, in a long list of disagreements with Skj B, and in ÍF 28 and Hkr 1991). Finnur Jónsson in Skj B takes it with létu fjǫr ‘gave up life’ (ll. 5-6).

nauðum ‘duress’

(not checked:)
neyð (noun f.; °dat. -): need, distress

[7] nauðum: ‘nauðr[…]’ H

notes

[7] at nauðum ‘under duress’: This adverbial too could qualify any or all of the three clauses describing the enemy slain. In the arrangement adopted above it is taken with the intercalated þjóð sǫkk niðr ‘people sank down’ (as also by Kock in Skald and in NN §806, in a long list of disagreements with Skj B, and in ÍF 28 and Hkr 1991). Finnur Jónsson in Skj B takes it with létu fjǫr ‘gave up life’ (ll. 5-6).

nár ‘A corpse’

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nár (noun m.; °-s; -ir): corpse

á ‘on’

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3. á (prep.): on, at

hverri ‘every’

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2. hverr (pron.): who, whom, each, every

bôru ‘wave’

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1. bára (noun f.; °-u; -ur): wave