Kennings — Markús Skeggjason

Mark Eirdr 1^II

hauklundaðan harri grund dana
‘the hawk-minded lord of the land of the danes’ = Nikulás Sveinsson
the hawk-minded lord of the land of the Danes → Nikulás Sveinsson

Nikulás Sveinsson (r. 1104-34)
. lord of Denmark

Mark Eirdr 3^II

fœðir fremðarráða
‘the nourisher of outstanding actions’ = RULER
The nourisher of outstanding actions → RULER

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler

Mark Eirdr 3^II

vǫrðr foldar
‘the guardians of the earth’ = RULERS
the guardians of the earth → RULERS

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
5.1. guardian of the land

Mark Eirdr 4^II

rýrir Vinða
‘the vanquisher of the Wends’ = Eiríkr
the vanquisher of the Wends → Eiríkr

Eiríkr I inn góði Sveinsson (r. 1095-1103)
2. defeater of the Wends

Mark Eirdr 4^II

oddr helmings
‘the leader of the unit’ = WARRIOR
the leader of the unit → WARRIOR

warrior

Mark Eirdr 4^II

bróðir Knúts
‘the brother of Knútr’ = Eiríkr
The brother of Knútr → Eiríkr

Eiríkr I inn góði Sveinsson (r. 1095-1103)
1.1. brother of Knútr Sveinsson

Mark Eirdr 4^II

eyðir svikfolks
‘the destroyer of treacherous people’ = JUST RULER
the destroyer of treacherous people, → JUST RULER

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
4.1. destroyer of evildoers

Mark Eirdr 5^II

rǫf armleggjar
‘the amber of the arm’ = GOLD
the amber of the arm. → GOLD

gold
2.1.2. amber of the arm/hand (A1)

Mark Eirdr 5^II

hildarramr sløngvir harra
‘the battle-mighty disperser of lords’ = RULER
The battle-mighty disperser of lords → RULER

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler

Mark Eirdr 5^II

stillir stóls Fróða
‘the controller of Fróði’s seat’ = Eiríkr
Fróði’s seat → Denmark
the controller of DENMARK → Eiríkr

Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.2. ruler of Denmark

Mark Eirdr 5^II

stóll Fróða
‘of Fróði’s seat’ = Denmark
Fróði’s seat → Denmark

Denmark
2. seat of Fróði

Mark Eirdr 6^II

fergir Vinða
‘the vanquisher of the Wends’ = Eiríkr
The vanquisher of the Wends → Eiríkr

Eiríkr I inn góði Sveinsson (r. 1095-1103)
2. defeater of the Wends

Mark Eirdr 6^II

valdari sigrs
‘the wielder of victory’ = WARRIOR
the wielder of victory → WARRIOR

warrior
5.3. controller of victory

Mark Eirdr 7^II

hróðigr beiðir brynþings
‘the famed convenor of the byrnie-meeting’ = WARRIOR
the byrnie-meeting → BATTLE
The famed convenor of the BATTLE → WARRIOR

warrior
2.5.5. demander of battle

Mark Eirdr 7^II

brynþing
‘of the byrnie-meeting’ = BATTLE
the byrnie-meeting → BATTLE

battle
3.2.1. meeting of mail-coats

Mark Eirdr 9^II

bróðir fimm hǫfuðskjǫldunga
‘the brother of five principal kings’ = Eiríkr
The brother of five principal kings → Eiríkr

Eiríkr I inn góði Sveinsson (r. 1095-1103)
1.4. brother of five kings

Mark Eirdr 10^II

hlýri Haralds
‘Haraldr’s brother’ = Eiríkr
Haraldr’s brother → Eiríkr

Eiríkr I inn góði Sveinsson (r. 1095-1103)
1.2. brother of Haraldr hein Sveinsson

Mark Eirdr 10^II

áttkonr yngva
‘the descendant of a king’ = KING
the descendant of a king → KING

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.1. descendant of a ruler

Mark Eirdr 12^II

unnandi Krists
‘the devotee of Christ’ = Eiríkr
the devotee of Christ → Eiríkr

Eiríkr I inn góði Sveinsson (r. 1095-1103)
3. friend of Christ

Mark Eirdr 17^II

herr hǫrga
‘the host of heathen temples’ = HEATHENS = Wends
The host of heathen temples → HEATHENS = Wends

heathens
. host of the temples

Mark Eirdr 17^II

skúr odda
‘showers of arrow-points’ = BATTLE
showers of arrow-points; → BATTLE

battle
1.2.1. shower of weapons

Mark Eirdr 18^II

hegnir rógs
‘the punisher of discord’ = JUST RULER
the punisher of discord → JUST RULER

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
. destroyer of strife

Mark Eirdr 19^II

hamla vígs
‘of the staff of battle’ = SPEAR
the staff of battle → SPEAR

spear
2.2. rod of battle

Mark Eirdr 20^II

grand elris
‘the harmer of the alder-tree’ = FIRE
the harmer of the alder-tree → FIRE

fire, flame
1.1. harm of wood

Mark Eirdr 21^II

ástvinr aldar
‘the beloved friend of people’ = RULER
the beloved friend of people → RULER

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people

Mark Eirdr 22^II

treystir folka
‘the trier of men’ = RULER
The trier of men → RULER

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.5. trier of people

Mark Eirdr 22^II

harða nýtr reifir hersa
‘the very bountiful gladdener of hersar’ = RULER
The very bountiful gladdener of hersar → RULER

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.6. promoter of people

Mark Eirdr 23^II

grœðir vísdóms
‘the nourisher of wisdom’ = JUST RULER
The nourisher of wisdom → JUST RULER

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
. increaser of wisdom

Mark Eirdr 23^II

hollvinr herjar
‘the loyal friend of the people’ = JUST RULER
the loyal friend of the people → JUST RULER

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
3.8. friend of the army

Mark Eirdr 23^II

þau flaust tíða
‘those ships of services’ = CHURCHES
Those ships of services, → CHURCHES

church
2. ship of mass

Mark Eirdr 24^II

stýrir Frakklands
‘the ruler of France’ = Philip I
The ruler of France → Philip I

Philip I (r. 1052-1108)
1. ruler of France

Mark Eirdr 24^II

blíðan hlýri Bjarnar
‘the pleasant brother of Bjǫrn’ = Eiríkr
the pleasant brother of Bjǫrn → Eiríkr

Eiríkr I inn góði Sveinsson (r. 1095-1103)
1.3. brother of Bjǫrn Sveinsson

Mark Eirdr 24^II

rýrir randgarðs
‘the diminisher of the shield-wall’ = WARRIOR
the diminisher of the shield-wall → WARRIOR

warrior
. destroyer of the shield-wall

Mark Eirdr 24^II

ríks keisara
‘of the powerful emperor’ = Henry IV
the powerful emperor. → Henry IV

questionable kennings

Mark Eirdr 24^II

spjalli harra
‘the companion of lords’ = RULER = Henry IV
The companion of lords → RULER = Henry IV

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.2. friend of people

Mark Eirdr 24^II

ǫðlingr grundar Jóta
‘the noble leader of the land of the Jótar’ = Eiríkr
the land of the Jótar → Denmark
the noble leader of DENMARK → Eiríkr

Mark Eirdr 24^II

grund Jóta
‘of the land of the Jótar’ = Denmark
the land of the Jótar → Denmark

Denmark
1. land of the Danish

Mark Eirdr 25^II

reynir haulda
‘the trier of freeholders’ = God
the trier of freeholders → God

God
. tester of men

Mark Eirdr 26^II

mœðir hersa
‘the troubler of hersar’ = RULER = Eiríkr
the troubler of hersar → RULER = Eiríkr

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.4. defeater of people

Mark Eirdr 27^II

ríkir jǫfra
‘a ruler of princes’ = KING
A ruler of princes → KING

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.2. lord of princes

Mark Eirdr 27^II

þengill dana
‘the prince of the danes’ = Eiríkr
the prince of the Danes. → Eiríkr

Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes

Mark Eirdr 28^II

reynir máttar hersa
‘the trier of the might of hersar’ = RULER = Byzantine emperor
the trier of the might of hersar → RULER = Byzantine emperor

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.5. trier of people

Mark Eirdr 29^II

stýrandi alls
‘the commander of all’ = God
The commander of all → God

God
1.6. lord of all

Mark Eirdr 29^II

dyggvan steypir dolga
‘the virtuous destroyer of enemies’ = JUST RULER
the virtuous destroyer of enemies; → JUST RULER

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.4. defeater of people

Mark Eirdr 30^II

hristimeiðr borgar hjǫrva
‘the brandishing-trees of the stronghold of swords’ = WARRIORS
the stronghold of swords → SHIELD
The brandishing-trees of the SHIELD → WARRIORS

warrior
1.7.01.1. shaker of the weapon

Mark Eirdr 30^II

borg hjǫrva
‘of the stronghold of swords’ = SHIELD
the stronghold of swords → SHIELD

shield
. fortification of the sword

Mark Eirdr 30^II

hegnir jarla
‘the punisher of jarls’ = KING
the punisher of jarls; → KING

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.5. destroyer of princes

Mark Eirdr 30^II

harri dana
‘the lord of the danes’ = Eiríkr
the lord of the Danes; → Eiríkr

Danish king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Danes

Mark Eirdr 31^II

sól Rínar
‘the sun of the Rhine’ = GOLD
the sun of the Rhine → GOLD

gold
1.3. heavenly body of waters (A1)

Mark Eirdr 31^II

marfjall
‘the sea-mountains’ = WAVES
the sea-mountains. → WAVES

wave
1.2. mountain of the sea

Mark Eirdr 32^II

dýrri vǫrðr flotna
‘a more precious guardian of sea-warriors’ = RULER
a more precious guardian of sea-warriors → RULER

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.3. guardian of people

Mark Eirdr 32^II

gjalfri kringðum botn élkers
‘the surge-encircled bottom of the storm-vessel’ = EARTH
the storm-vessel; → SKY/HEAVEN
the surge-encircled bottom of the SKY/HEAVEN → EARTH

earth, land
2.1. bottom of the sky

Mark Eirdr 32^II

élker
‘of the storm-vessel’ = SKY/HEAVEN
the storm-vessel; → SKY/HEAVEN

sky/heaven
. vessel of storm/wind

Mark Eirdr 32^II

hringvarpaðr
‘of the ring-thrower’ = GENEROUS RULER
the ring-thrower. → GENEROUS RULER

generous man
2.3.2. flinger of rings

Mark Frag 1^III

gramr glyggranns
‘the ruler of the storm-house’ = God
the storm-house → SKY/HEAVEN
The ruler of the SKY/HEAVEN → God

God
1.1. lord of heaven

Mark Frag 1^III

glyggrann
‘of the storm-house’ = SKY/HEAVEN
the storm-house → SKY/HEAVEN

sky/heaven
1.1.1. house of storm/wind

Mark Frag 1^III

einn stillir aldar
‘the one controller of people’ = God
the one controller of people, → God

Jesus Christ
1.02. lord of people

Mark Frag 2^III

harri hjartfœrra hreinvazta
‘the lord of deer-traversed reindeer-seas’ = RULER
deer-traversed reindeer-seas → EARTH
The lord of the EARTH → RULER

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
5.2. lord of the land

Mark Frag 2^III

hjartfœrra hreinvǫzt
‘of deer-traversed reindeer-seas’ = EARTH
deer-traversed reindeer-seas → EARTH

earth, land
1.1. sea of the deer

Mark Knútr 1^III

hneykir harra
‘the confounder of lords’ = RULER
The confounder of lords → RULER

chieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.7. defeater of rulers

Mark Knútr 1^III

bróðir Sveins
‘Sveinn’s brother’ = Knútr Sveinsson
Sveinn’s brother. → Knútr Sveinsson

Knútr Sveinsson (S. Knútr, r. 1080-6)
. brother of Sveinn

Mark Lv 1^III

vetrliði rastar
‘the winter-survivor of the maelstrom’ = SHIP
The winter-survivor of the maelstrom → SHIP

ship, boat
1.1.2. wild animal of the sea

Mark Lv 1^III

fǫnn fjarðlinna
‘through the snowdrifts of fjord-snakes’ = WAVES
fjord-snakes; → FISH
through the snowdrifts of the FISH → WAVES

wave
2.2. snow-drift of the fish

Mark Lv 1^III

fjarðlinnr
‘of fjord-snakes’ = FISH
fjord-snakes; → FISH

fish
1. snake of the sea (A1)

Mark Lv 1^III

íugtanni hvalranns
‘the greedy-toothed one of the whale-house’ = SHIP
the whale-house → SEA
the greedy-toothed one of the SEA → SHIP

ship, boat
1.1.2. wild animal of the sea

Mark Lv 1^III

hvalrann
‘of the whale-house’ = SEA
the whale-house → SEA

sea
3.3. dwelling of the aquatic animal

Mark Lv 1^III

gnípa húna
‘crags of mastheads’ = WAVES
crags of mastheads. → WAVES

wave
1.3. mountain of the ship

Mark Lv 1^III

bjǫrn flóðs
‘the bear of the flood’ = SHIP
The bear of the flood → SHIP

ship, boat
1.1.2. wild animal of the sea

Mark Lv 1^III

fornar slóð hafskíða
‘the old tracks of ocean-skis’ = WAVES
ocean-skis; → SHIPS
the old tracks of SHIPS → WAVES

wave
4. path of the ship

Mark Lv 1^III

hafskíð
‘of ocean-skis’ = SHIPS
ocean-skis; → SHIPS

ship, boat
2.1. ski of the sea

Mark Lv 1^III

skúrǫrðigr bersi skorðu
‘the storm-battling little bear of the prop’ = SHIP
the storm-battling little bear of the prop → SHIP

ship, boat
1.2.2. wild animal of the ship

Mark Lv 1^III

glymfjǫturr skers
‘the resounding fetter of the skerry’ = SEA
the resounding fetter of the skerry. → SEA

sea
1.2. band/fetter of the land

Mark Lv 2^III

málan sverrir sólar sœgs
‘the prattling flinger of the sun of the sea’ = GENEROUS MAN
the sun of the sea, → GOLD
the prattling flinger of the GOLD → GENEROUS MAN

generous man
2.3.1. flinger of gold

Mark Lv 2^III

sól sœgs
‘of the sun of the sea’ = GOLD
the sun of the sea, → GOLD

gold
1.3. heavenly body of waters (A1)

Mark Lv 2^III

regin slíðráls
‘gods of the scabbard-eel’ = WARRIORS
the scabbard-eel; → SWORD
gods of the SWORD → WARRIORS

warrior
1.4.1. god of the weapon

Mark Lv 2^III

slíðráll
‘of the scabbard-eel’ = SWORD
the scabbard-eel; → SWORD

sword
5.5. fish of the sword