Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Rǫgnvaldr jarl and Hallr Þórarinsson, Háttalykill 39’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1047.
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Haraldr (noun m.): Haraldr
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1. fregna (verb): hear of
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gunnr (noun f.): battle
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1. gera (verb): do, make
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Geri (noun m.): Geri
[2] Geri ‘Geri <wolf>’: See Note to st. 31/7.
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1. verða (verb): become, be
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þars (conj.): where
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lið (noun n.; °-s; -): retinue, troop
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2. berja (verb; °barði; barðr/bariðr/barinn): fight
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már (noun m.): gull
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koma (verb; kem, kom/kvam, kominn): come
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sigr (noun m.; °sigrs/sigrar, dat. sigri; sigrar): victory
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til (prep.): to
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2. sár (noun n.; °-s; -): wound
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2. svangr (adj.): hungry
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2. fullr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): full, complete
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þars (conj.): where
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spjǫr (noun n.): spear
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gjalla (verb): to scream, shriek; to repay, return, pay for
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þvít (conj.): because, since
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grástóð (noun n.): grey stud-horse
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gríða (noun f.): [troll-women]
[5] gríða (f. gen. pl.) ‘of troll-women’: With Sveinbjörn Egilsson (SnE 1848, 242), Skj B and Skald read gríðar (f. gen. sg.) ‘of the troll-woman’, but the emendation is unnecessary (see Hl 1941). Gríðr is the name of a giantess and a heiti for ‘troll-woman’ (Þul Trollkvenna 1/3) and it could be used in the pl. as well as in the sg.
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gnesta (verb): emit crashing sound
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hlífð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): shield
[6] hlífð (f. nom. sg.) ‘shield’: The form is peculiar, and Holtsmark (Hl 1941, 135) suggests that hlífð (rather than the expected hlíf) might be a Norwegian variant. The word also occurs in sts 42/6, 69/2, 74/2 and 76/5.
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2. en (conj.): but, and
[6] en ‘and’: Kock (NN §1160) takes this as the adv. enn ‘again,’ but an adv. cannot occupy that position preceding a verb in Type D4-lines. Holtsmark (Hl 1941) regards en as a weakened form of hann ‘he’ as the subject of brá ‘ended’ (inf. bregða). However, bregða often occurs in impersonal constructions, and no subject is needed in this clause.
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bregða (verb; °bregðr/brigðr; brá, brugðu; brugðinn/brogðinn): pull, jerk, break; change
[6] brá fǫstu ‘the fast ended’: Bregða ‘end’ (brá 3rd pers. sg. pret. indic.) is used impersonally with fǫstu ‘fast’ as the dat. object. This construction usually requires a gen. (‘of someone’) and Jón Helgason (Hl 1941) tentatively suggests an emendation of grástóði (n. dat. sg.) ‘for the grey stud-horses’ to grástóða (n. gen. pl.) ‘of grey stud-horses’. In the present edn grástóði is taken as an ethical dat. (collective, sg.).
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fastr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): firm, fast
[6] brá fǫstu ‘the fast ended’: Bregða ‘end’ (brá 3rd pers. sg. pret. indic.) is used impersonally with fǫstu ‘fast’ as the dat. object. This construction usually requires a gen. (‘of someone’) and Jón Helgason (Hl 1941) tentatively suggests an emendation of grástóði (n. dat. sg.) ‘for the grey stud-horses’ to grástóða (n. gen. pl.) ‘of grey stud-horses’. In the present edn grástóði is taken as an ethical dat. (collective, sg.).
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1. hjaldr (noun m.): battle < hjaldrgagl (noun n.): [battle-goslings]
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gagl (noun n.): gosling < hjaldrgagl (noun n.): [battle-goslings]
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njóta (verb): enjoy, use
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1. hildr (noun f.): battle
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hvítr (adj.; °-an; -ari, -astr): white
[8] hvít*: hvítt papp25ˣ, R683ˣ
[8] hvít* (f. nom. sg.) ‘white’: The emendation from hvítt (n. nom. sg.) is necessary because the adj. qualifies hlífð (f. nom. sg.) ‘shield’ (l. 6). It could also be that this is an instance where <tt> stands for <t> (see Note to st. 38/5 and Hl 1941, 106), but in this case, in word-final position, that cannot be ascertained.
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svartr (adj.): black
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í (prep.): in, into
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dynr (noun m.; °dat. -; -ir): din
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rít (noun f.): shield
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
I heard that Haraldr waged war; Geri <wolf> became sated where the troop fought; the hungry seagull of battle [RAVEN/EAGLE] came to wounds where spears resounded, because the white shield cracked, and the fast ended for the grey stud-horses of troll-women [WOLVES] in the din of the shield [BATTLE]; black battle-goslings [RAVENS] benefited from the fight.
The heading is refrún in minni (‘Redrun hin minnj’) ‘the lesser fox-secret’ and the metre corresponds to that of SnSt Ht 22 (in minnstu refhvǫrf ‘the least fox-turns’). It is a variant of dróttkvætt which is characterised by antithesis, that is, by the juxtaposition at the beginning of ll. 4 and 8 of two words, usually of the same grammatical form, with opposite meanings (cf. Ht 17-23 and sts 55-6, 69-70 below).
In this stanza, the antithesis consists of the words svangr ‘hungry’ : fullr ‘full’ (l. 4) and hvít ‘white’ : svǫrt ‘black’ (l. 8). Aside from the stanzas in Hl and Ht which exemplify such antitheses (Hl 39-40, 55-6, 69-70; Ht 17-23), this particular verse-form is not otherwise attested in Old Norse poetry. Holtsmark (Hl 1941, 124-5) argues that it may have been modelled on Latin school exercises (antithetum, contrapositio; for examples, see Holtsmark loc. cit.). See also de Vries (1938, 717-18, 733). For a discussion of the term refrún, see Note to st. 55 [All]. — Haraldr must be the Danish legendary king Haraldr hilditǫnn ‘War-tooth’ Hrœreksson (Saxo: Hálfdanarson), the nephew of Helgi Hálfdanarson (sts 37-8) and the uncle of Hringr Randvésson (sts 41-2). He was killed at the epic battle of Brávellir, which he fought against his nephew Hringr (see ÍF 35, 49-70 and Saxo 2005, I, 7, 10, 1-11, 1, pp. 492-9, 7, 11, 13-12, 2, pp. 506-9, 8, 1, 1-5, 1, pp. 510-23).
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