Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Rǫgnvaldr jarl and Hallr Þórarinsson, Háttalykill 58’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1067.
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hilmir (noun m.): prince, protector
[1] hilmir ‘the ruler’: Hilmir is a heiti for ‘ruler’ (see SnE 1998, I, 101 and Þul Konunga 2/3), which originally may have meant ‘helmet-provider’ (see SnE 1998, II, 309).
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rjóða (verb): to redden
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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
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1. hjalmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): helmet
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1. hjalmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): helmet < hjalmskóð (noun n.)
[2] hjalmskóð ‘helmet-harmers [SWORDS]’: The kenning hjalmskúr ‘helmet-shower’ (so both mss) means ‘battle’ and makes no sense in the context. All earlier eds emend to hjalmskóð (n. acc. sg./pl.) ‘helmet-harmer(s)’, i.e. ‘sword(s)’.
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2. skóð (noun n.): harmer, scathe < hjalmskóð (noun n.)
[2] ‑skóð: ‑skúr papp25ˣ, R683ˣ
[2] hjalmskóð ‘helmet-harmers [SWORDS]’: The kenning hjalmskúr ‘helmet-shower’ (so both mss) means ‘battle’ and makes no sense in the context. All earlier eds emend to hjalmskóð (n. acc. sg./pl.) ‘helmet-harmer(s)’, i.e. ‘sword(s)’.
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í (prep.): in, into
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dynr (noun m.; °dat. -; -ir): din
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malmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): metal
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skjǫldungr (noun m.): king
[3] skjǫldungr ‘lord’: Another heiti for ‘ruler’. Explained by Snorri as a descendant of Skjǫldr (SnE 1998, I, 103). It may originally have had the meaning ‘shield-bearer’ (see Faulkes, SnE 1998, II, 393 and Note to Þul Konunga 3/3).
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koma (verb; kem, kom/kvam, kominn): come
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skjǫldr (noun m.; °skjaldar/skildar, dat. skildi; skildir, acc. skjǫldu): shield
[3] skildi (m. dat. sg.) ‘of the shield’: Skj B and Skald emend to skjaldi (m. dat. sg.) ‘shield’ to preserve the identical rhyming syllable (for the earlier form skjaldi, see ANG §396 Anm. 1 and Note to Þhorn Harkv 10/4I). However, as Jón Helgason (Hl 1941) points out, similar infelicities occur in other lines of sts 57-8 as well (see sts 57/3, 58/1).
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skjǫldr (noun m.; °skjaldar/skildar, dat. skildi; skildir, acc. skjǫldu): shield < skjaldfimr (adj.)
[4] skjald‑: ‘sciell’ papp25ˣ, R683ˣ
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fimr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): agile, deft < skjaldfimr (adj.)
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í (prep.): in, into
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bugr (noun m.; °dat. -/-i): hollow, bend
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sjaldan (adv.): seldom
[4] sjaldan: ‘skialldan’ papp25ˣ, ‘skialdan’ R683ˣ
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bǫrr (noun m.): tree
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láta (verb): let, have sth done
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víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle
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3. at (prep.): at, to
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víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle
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víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígreyr (noun n.)
[6] vígreyr ‘slaughter-reeds [WEAPONS]’: In R683ˣ ‘vig-fręir’ (i.e. víg-Freyr ‘battle-Freyr [WARRIOR]’) has been altered to ‘vig-ręijr’.
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2. reyr (noun n.): reed < vígreyr (noun n.)
[6] ‑reyr: so R683ˣ, ‑Freyr papp25ˣ
[6] vígreyr ‘slaughter-reeds [WEAPONS]’: In R683ˣ ‘vig-fręir’ (i.e. víg-Freyr ‘battle-Freyr [WARRIOR]’) has been altered to ‘vig-ręijr’.
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1. lita (verb): colour, stain
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dreyri (noun m.; °-a): blood
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þvít (conj.): because, since
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gunnþorinn (adj.): battle-brave
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gunnr (noun f.): battle
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gunnr (noun f.): battle < gunnfreyr (noun m.)
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Freyr (noun m.): (a god) < gunnfreyr (noun m.)
[8] Freyr: ‑Frey corrected from ‑Freyr R683ˣ
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hvata (verb): incite, hasten
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kunna (verb): know, can, be able
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
Hilmir rauð ok hjalma |
The ruler reddened helmet-harmers [SWORDS] and helmets in the din of swords [BATTLE]; the shield-deft lord did not seldom advance in the hollow of the shield. The tree of slaughter [WARRIOR] let slaughter-reeds [WEAPONS] be coloured with blood at the slaughter, because the battle-daring battle-Freyr <god> [WARRIOR] knew how to hasten battle.
As st. 57 above.
[3, 4]: The form ‘sciell’ for skjald- ‘shield-’ (l. 4) is likely to have resulted from progressive i-umlaut and assimilation in Norwegian (Hl 1941, 109), and ‘skialldan’ (papp25ˣ; ‘skialdan’ R638ˣ) for sjaldan ‘seldom’ (l. 4) must be Rugman’s own, late Icelandic form of this word (Hl 1941, 80). Koma í bug skjaldar lit. ‘creep into the hollow of the shield’ is usually a sign of cowardice (see Hharð Lv 14/1-4II). In this laudatory context, it appears to mean ‘advance behind the shield’ (so Skj B), or ‘attack sby from the side on which he is not protected by the shield’, i.e. ‘take sby by surprise, blind-side sby’ (see Hl 1941).
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