RvHbreiðm Hl 58III
Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Rǫgnvaldr jarl and Hallr Þórarinsson, Háttalykill 58’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1067.
Hilmir ‘The ruler’
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hilmir (noun m.): prince, protector
notes
[1] hilmir ‘the ruler’: Hilmir is a heiti for ‘ruler’ (see SnE 1998, I, 101 and Þul Konunga 2/3), which originally may have meant ‘helmet-provider’ (see SnE 1998, II, 309).
rauð ‘reddened’
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rjóða (verb): to redden
ok ‘and’
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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
hjalma ‘helmets’
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1. hjalmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): helmet
hjalm ‘helmet’
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1. hjalmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): helmet < hjalmskóð (noun n.)
kennings
hjalmskóð‘helmet-harmers ’
= SWORDS
helmet-harmers → SWORDS
notes
[2] hjalmskóð ‘helmet-harmers [SWORDS]’: The kenning hjalmskúr ‘helmet-shower’ (so both mss) means ‘battle’ and makes no sense in the context. All earlier eds emend to hjalmskóð (n. acc. sg./pl.) ‘helmet-harmer(s)’, i.e. ‘sword(s)’.
skóð ‘harmers’
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2. skóð (noun n.): harmer, scathe < hjalmskóð (noun n.)
[2] ‑skóð: ‑skúr papp25ˣ, R683ˣ
kennings
hjalmskóð‘helmet-harmers ’
= SWORDS
helmet-harmers → SWORDS
notes
[2] hjalmskóð ‘helmet-harmers [SWORDS]’: The kenning hjalmskúr ‘helmet-shower’ (so both mss) means ‘battle’ and makes no sense in the context. All earlier eds emend to hjalmskóð (n. acc. sg./pl.) ‘helmet-harmer(s)’, i.e. ‘sword(s)’.
í ‘in’
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í (prep.): in, into
dyn ‘the din’
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dynr (noun m.; °dat. -; -ir): din
kennings
dyn malma;‘the din of swords; ’
= BATTLE
the din of swords; → BATTLE
malma ‘of swords’
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malmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): metal
kennings
dyn malma;‘the din of swords; ’
= BATTLE
the din of swords; → BATTLE
skjǫldungr ‘lord’
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skjǫldungr (noun m.): king
notes
[3] skjǫldungr ‘lord’: Another heiti for ‘ruler’. Explained by Snorri as a descendant of Skjǫldr (SnE 1998, I, 103). It may originally have had the meaning ‘shield-bearer’ (see Faulkes, SnE 1998, II, 393 and Note to Þul Konunga 3/3).
komat ‘advance’
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koma (verb; kem, kom/kvam, kominn): come
skildi ‘of the shield’
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skjǫldr (noun m.; °skjaldar/skildar, dat. skildi; skildir, acc. skjǫldu): shield
notes
[3] skildi (m. dat. sg.) ‘of the shield’: Skj B and Skald emend to skjaldi (m. dat. sg.) ‘shield’ to preserve the identical rhyming syllable (for the earlier form skjaldi, see ANG §396 Anm. 1 and Note to Þhorn Harkv 10/4I). However, as Jón Helgason (Hl 1941) points out, similar infelicities occur in other lines of sts 57-8 as well (see sts 57/3, 58/1).
skjald ‘the shield’
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skjǫldr (noun m.; °skjaldar/skildar, dat. skildi; skildir, acc. skjǫldu): shield < skjaldfimr (adj.)
[4] skjald‑: ‘sciell’ papp25ˣ, R683ˣ
fimr ‘deft’
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fimr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): agile, deft < skjaldfimr (adj.)
í ‘in’
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í (prep.): in, into
bug ‘the hollow’
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bugr (noun m.; °dat. -/-i): hollow, bend
sjaldan ‘seldom’
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sjaldan (adv.): seldom
[4] sjaldan: ‘skialldan’ papp25ˣ, ‘skialdan’ R683ˣ
Bǫrr ‘The tree’
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bǫrr (noun m.): tree
kennings
Bǫrr vígs‘The tree of slaughter ’
= WARRIOR
The tree of slaughter → WARRIOR
lét ‘let’
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láta (verb): let, have sth done
vígs ‘of slaughter’
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víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle
kennings
Bǫrr vígs‘The tree of slaughter ’
= WARRIOR
The tree of slaughter → WARRIOR
at ‘at’
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3. at (prep.): at, to
vígi ‘the slaughter’
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víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle
víg ‘slaughter’
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víg (noun n.; °-s; -): battle < vígreyr (noun n.)
kennings
vígreyr‘slaughter-reeds ’
= WEAPONS
slaughter-reeds → WEAPONS
notes
[6] vígreyr ‘slaughter-reeds [WEAPONS]’: In R683ˣ ‘vig-fręir’ (i.e. víg-Freyr ‘battle-Freyr [WARRIOR]’) has been altered to ‘vig-ręijr’.
reyr ‘reeds’
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2. reyr (noun n.): reed < vígreyr (noun n.)
[6] ‑reyr: so R683ˣ, ‑Freyr papp25ˣ
kennings
vígreyr‘slaughter-reeds ’
= WEAPONS
slaughter-reeds → WEAPONS
notes
[6] vígreyr ‘slaughter-reeds [WEAPONS]’: In R683ˣ ‘vig-fręir’ (i.e. víg-Freyr ‘battle-Freyr [WARRIOR]’) has been altered to ‘vig-ręijr’.
lituð ‘be coloured’
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1. lita (verb): colour, stain
dreyra ‘with blood’
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dreyri (noun m.; °-a): blood
þvít ‘because’
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þvít (conj.): because, since
gunnþorinn ‘the battle-daring’
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gunnþorinn (adj.): battle-brave
kennings
gunnþorinn gunn-Freyr‘the battle-daring battle-Freyr ’
= WARRIOR
the battle-daring battle-Freyr → WARRIOR
gunni ‘battle’
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gunnr (noun f.): battle
gunn ‘battle’
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gunnr (noun f.): battle < gunnfreyr (noun m.)
kennings
gunnþorinn gunn-Freyr‘the battle-daring battle-Freyr ’
= WARRIOR
the battle-daring battle-Freyr → WARRIOR
Freyr ‘Freyr’
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Freyr (noun m.): (a god) < gunnfreyr (noun m.)
[8] Freyr: ‑Frey corrected from ‑Freyr R683ˣ
kennings
gunnþorinn gunn-Freyr‘the battle-daring battle-Freyr ’
= WARRIOR
the battle-daring battle-Freyr → WARRIOR
hvata ‘to hasten’
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hvata (verb): incite, hasten
kunni ‘knew how’
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kunna (verb): know, can, be able
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Hilmir rauð ok hjalma |
The ruler reddened helmet-harmers [SWORDS] and helmets in the din of swords [BATTLE]; the shield-deft lord did not seldom advance in the hollow of the shield. The tree of slaughter [WARRIOR] let slaughter-reeds [WEAPONS] be coloured with blood at the slaughter, because the battle-daring battle-Freyr <god> [WARRIOR] knew how to hasten battle.
As st. 57 above.
[3, 4]: The form ‘sciell’ for skjald- ‘shield-’ (l. 4) is likely to have resulted from progressive i-umlaut and assimilation in Norwegian (Hl 1941, 109), and ‘skialldan’ (papp25ˣ; ‘skialdan’ R638ˣ) for sjaldan ‘seldom’ (l. 4) must be Rugman’s own, late Icelandic form of this word (Hl 1941, 80). Koma í bug skjaldar lit. ‘creep into the hollow of the shield’ is usually a sign of cowardice (see Hharð Lv 14/1-4II). In this laudatory context, it appears to mean ‘advance behind the shield’ (so Skj B), or ‘attack sby from the side on which he is not protected by the shield’, i.e. ‘take sby by surprise, blind-side sby’ (see Hl 1941).
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