4.3. Skaldic metres

The skaldic metres that developed from fornyrðislag can be roughly divided into the following three groups: 1) metres that correspond to regularised fornyrðislag (or málaháttr) with the addition of internal rhyme (tøglag ‘journey metre’, hagmælt ‘skilfully spoken’, Haðarlag ‘Hǫðr’s metre’) or end-rhyme (runhent ‘end-rhymed’); 2) a catalectic variant of fornyrðislag without internal rhyme (kviðuháttr ‘poem’s form’); 3) extended variants of fornyrðislag with internal rhyme (dróttkvætt ‘court metre’, hrynhent ‘flowing-rhymed’). In addition, there is also the metre hálfhneppt ‘half-curtailed’, which contains internal rhyme and alliteration but is extremely difficult to fit into any metrical patterns. In the following, these skaldic metres will be discussed in more detail.

The use of internal rhymes, or hendingar, is a skaldic innovation that is otherwise unattested in Germanic poetry. Such rhymes involve the vocalic onset and the postvocalic environment of a syllable (see Kuhn 1977a; Kuhn 1981; Kuhn 1983, 75-89; Gade 1995a, 5-7). In odd lines, the rhymes most often consist of skothendingar ‘inserted rhymes, half-rhymes’, in which the vocalic onsets of two syllables can differ but the postvocalic environment must be identical (e.g. ‑eil- will rhyme with ‑íl-, Steinn Óldr 7/3^II þars heilagr gramr hvílir ‘where the holy ruler rests’; here and elsewhere the internal rhymes are italicised). The even lines usually have aðalhendingar ‘noble rhymes, full rhymes’, with identical vowels and identical postvocalic environment (e.g. ‑und- : ‑und-, Steinn Nizv 2/8^II þrimr hundruðum sunda ‘three hundred of the sea’).

The metres tøglag and hagmælt correspond formally to fornyrðislag except that internal rhyme has been added in the even lines (tøglag) or in the odd and even lines (hagmælt; see §4.1.4 below). The names of the metres (with sample stanzas and accompanying prose descriptions) are found in Snorri’s Háttatal (SnSt Ht 68-70^III; SnE 2007, 30-1). The term ‘Teg dropo hottʀ’ (tøgdrápu háttr ‘journey-poem form’) is also given in Háttalykill (Hl 1941, 35) but hagmælt is not, and it is unclear whether we are dealing with two different variants or whether hagmælt is a Snorronean innovation (for tøglag, see Sievers 1893, 112-13; von See 1967, 48-9). The first attested occurrence of irregular tøglag is found in Bragi inn gamli Boddason’s lausavísa recited to a troll-woman (Bragi Troll^III, see §1.1), but the metre itself appears to have taken its name from Þórarinn loftunga’s encomium to Knútr inn ríki Sveinsson, Tøgdrápa ‘Journey-drápa’ (Þloft Tøgdr^I) from c. 1028 (Þórarinn calls the poem Tøgdrápa in st. 8/4). It is not unlikely that this metre originated at Knútr Sveinsson’s court in England (so von See 1967, 49; Kuhn 1983, 300 and see Introduction to Þloft Tøgdr^I), which does cast some doubt on the authenticity of Bragi’s stanza. Both hagmælt and tøglag are used in encomia, such as Sigvatr’s Knútsdrápa (Sigv Knútdr^I, c. 1038 or earlier), Þórarinn stuttfeldr’s Stuttfeldardrápa (Þstf Stuttdr^II, c. 1120) and Einarr Skúlason’s Haraldsdrápa II (Hardr II^II, after 1135). The main topic of all these poems seems to have been army campaigns. Sigvatr’s Knútsdrápa (sts 10-11) also commemorates Knútr Sveinsson’s pilgrimage to Rome, and Þórarinn’s poem recalls Sigurðr Jórsalafari’s journey to Byzantium and Palestine. Thus it is likely that the metre was, as the name suggests, associated with journeys from its inception. Aside from the poetry mentioned, the only other attestations of tøglag are two thirteenth-century stanzas in Sturlunga saga (ÁmÁrn Lv 5^IV and Anon (Stu) 31^IV), which have nothing to do with travels.

Like tøglag, the earliest attested runhent is a rhymed variant of fornyrðislag (see §4. 1. 4. below and Sievers 1893, 114-16; Kuhn 1983, 334-5). The term runhent ‘end-rhymed’ is transmitted in the prose of Háttalykill (Hl 1941, 27) and Snorri’s Háttatal (SnE 2007, 32-7). In the earliest runhent, the placement of alliteration and the metrical patterns correspond to those of fornyrðislag, tøglag and hagmælt, but instead of internal rhyme, this variant has end-rhyme, falling on the last stressed (or the last stressed and unstressed) word in a line. Consider the following examples (Egill Hfl 7/1-2^V (Eg 40); ESk Run 4/1-2^II; the end-rhymes are italicised):

Fremr munk segja,   ef firar þegja.	‘More I will say   if men keep quiet’.
Funi kyndisk fljótt,   en flýði skjótt.	‘Fire was kindled quickly,   and fled fast’.

The first poem composed in runhent was Egill Skallagrímsson’s Hǫfuðlausn (Eg Hfl^V), which he recited in York (c. 936) to honour Eiríkr blóðøx Haraldsson and to redeem his head, and scholars believe that Egill was the poet who invented that metre (possibly influenced by end-rhymed Latin hymns that he had heard in England; see Lie 1952, 64; Heusler 1956, 291; Einar Ól. Sveinsson 1962, 136). Runhent did not gain immediate popularity, and during the subsequent centuries only sporadic attempts were made to use the metre in encomiastic poetry (GunnlI Sigdr^V and ÞjóðA Run^II, both tenth century; ESk Run^II, c. 1155). The end-rhymed variant of fornyrðislag is also found in lausavísur (such as Skall Lv 1^V (Eg 2), HólmgB Lv 12/3-8^V (Korm 48), GunnlI Lv 2^V (Gunnl 2), ÞSær Lv 3^III, Sigv Frag 2^III, SnH Lv 11^II, Kolb Lv 8-10^IV) and poems of a more mundane nature (Bhít Grám^V; Snjólfr V^IV). End-rhyme could also replace internal rhyme in dróttkvætt (see, e.g. GSúrs Lv 18^V (Gísl 21), Ólbjarn Lv^V (Háv 1), ÞorgHǫll Lv^V (Laxd 3), Rv Lv 31^II, Hbreiðm Lv^II, BjKálfs Lv^II, GGalt Lv 2^IV, SturlB Lv 2^IV, GÁsb Lv^IV, Anon Run^VI) as well as in hrynhent (e.g. Anon Mhkv^III, Anon (Stu) 15^IV and Anon Law^VII) and Haðarlag (ÞGísl Búdr^I, Anon (GnóðÁsm)^III). In his Háttatal, Snorri Sturluson invented new variants of runhent by attaching end-rhyme to other metres attested only there (see SnSt Ht 80-94^III).

Just as fornyrðislag could be turned into a skaldic metre by the addition of internal rhyme (tøglag, hagmælt), málaháttr also has a skaldic variant with hendingar (Haðarlag ‘Hǫðr’s metre’, see §4.4 below and Sievers 1893, 113-14; von See 1967, 49). An irregular variant of that metre first occurs in Þormóðr Trefilsson’s early eleventh-century poem Hrafnsmál (ÞTref Hrafn^V), where internal rhyme has been added to odd and even lines of Type D*. Þormóðr also uses other metrical types derived from málaháttr without internal rhyme, so it is clear that, at this point, we are dealing with an early hybrid form of Haðarlag. The first ‘pure’ attestations of that metre, as well as its name, are found in Háttalykill (c. 1145; RvHbreið Hl 53-4^III, Hl 1941, 27-8) and in Snorri’s Háttatal (c. 1222; SnSt Ht 79^III, SnE 2007, 33). In these stanzas, all odd and even lines are Type D*, and the alliterative staves and internal rhymes are as in dróttkvætt (see below). The only time Haðarlag is used in a longer poem is in Sturla Þórðarson’s Hrafnsmál (Sturl Hrafn^III), an encomium to King Hákon Hákonarson composed c. 1264. The metre must have been very unwieldy because of the metrical constraints it imposed on the diction, and it never became popular. Haðarlag is otherwise found only in Sǫrlastikki (Anon Sǫrl^VIII) and in two anonymous stanzas in Sturlunga saga (Anon (Stu) 58-9^IV).

Kviðuháttr is a metrical variant of fornyrðislag in which the odd lines are catalectic, that is, they consist of three rather than four metrical positions (fornyrðislag Types A, C and D minus the last, unstressed syllable; see §5.1.4 and Sievers 1893, 117-18; von See 1967, 47-8; Kuhn 1983, 336; Gade 2005). Because lines of the metrical types B, E and D4 ended in stressed syllables (or syllables with secondary stress), there are no catalectic kviðuháttr lines of these types. The even lines in kviðuháttr are regular fornyrðislag. Kviðuháttr is an old metre, and its earliest attestation, the stanza on the Swedish Rök stone (Ög136^VI, c. 850), contains a word in which syncope has not yet taken place (garuʀ ‘ready’, later gǫrr, l. 5). The term kviðuháttr ‘poem’s metre’ is found in Háttalykill (Hl 1941, 34). Kviðuháttr is a metre associated with longer genealogical and memorial compositions, the earliest being Þjóðólfr ór Hvini’s Ynglingatal (Þjóð Yt^I), Egill Skallagrímsson’s Sonatorrek and Arinbjarnarkviða (Egill St^V and Arkv^V) and Eyvindr skáldaspillir Finnsson’s Háleygjatal (Eyv Hál^I), all from the ninth and the tenth century. In subsequent centuries, we find Grettir Ásmundarson’s Ævikviða (Grett Ævkv I^V and Ævkv II^V) and Þórarinn loftunga’s Glælognskviða (Þloft Glækv^I) (both from the eleventh century, if the attribution to Grettir is credible), the anonymous Nóregs konungatal (Anon Nkt^II, c. 1190), Sturla Þórðarson’s Hákonarkviða (Sturl Hákkv^II, c. 1263), Stjǫrnu-Oddr’s Geirviðarflokkr (StjOdd Geirfl^V (StjǫrnODr), thirteenth century) and Hallmundarkviða (HallmGr Hallkv^V, fourteenth century (?)). Parts of Gunnleifr Leifsson’s Merlínusspá (GunnLeif Merl I^VII 62-8, early thirteenth century) are also in kviðuháttr. Very few lausavísur are composed in kviðuháttr (e.g. Egill Lv 27^V (Eg 56), GSúrs Lv 10-11^V (Gísl 13-14), Vém Lv^IV, Oddi Lv 4-5^II, HallmGr Lv 1-3^V (Gr 43-5)), and the metre must have lent itself better to longer, sequential compositions rather than to single, eight-line stanzas (see Gade 2005).

The most commonly found skaldic metre is dróttkvætt ‘court metre’ (see SnE 2007, 4), and the bulk of poetry edited in SkP is composed in that metre. Dróttkvætt, in its earliest form, first occurs in Bragi inn gamli Boddason’s Ragnarsdrápa (Bragi Rdr^III) and Þjóðólfr ór Hvini’s Haustlǫng (Þjóð Haustl^III), both dated to the ninth century, and the metre is well represented in both lausavísur and encomiastic poetry from the ninth to the fourteenth centuries (for this metre, see Kuhn 1983; Gade 1995a). Formally, dróttkvætt is an extended variant of fornyrðislag with internal rhyme (the odd lines have skothendingar and the even aðalhendingar). Each dróttkvætt line consists of six syllables and six metrical positions, and the metre is strictly syllable counting. The last two syllables, the cadence, always consist of a long-stemmed stressed syllable carrying internal rhyme plus a short, enclitic unstressed syllable ( ×). If the cadence is removed, the dróttkvætt lines conform to the metrical patterns of fornyrðislag (see §4.1). In the even lines, the first alliterative stave falls in metrical position 1, which excludes lines of Types B and C (although lines of these types are found in the earliest poetry and in dróttkvætt variants where the metrical restrictions have been relaxed). Consider the following couplet (Bkrepp Magndr 4/1^II):

Víkinga lætr vengis   vallbaugs hati falla.

‘The vikings makes of the meadow of the field-ring the hater fall’.

The tight structural frame of dróttkvætt remained intact from the ninth to the fourteenth century, when metrical restrictions were relaxed owing to phonological changes that began to affect the Icelandic language (see Liljulag below). Although many longer poems in dróttkvætt were still composed in the fourteenth century (e.g. ÞormÓl Ár^IV, Arngr Guðkv^IV, EGils Guðkv^IV, EGils Selv^IV, Anon Mdr^VII, Anon Vitn^VII, Anon Mv I^VII, Anon Pét^VII, Anon Andr^VII, Anon Alpost^VII), the increasing number of metrical violations found in these poems shows that the phonological and morphological structure of the Icelandic language could no longer sustain dróttkvætt. Dróttkvætt is not only the metre that is best represented in the corpus of skaldic poetry throughout the centuries, but it is also the metre that has been most extensively researched. Scholars have shown how and when metrical innovations took place (Kuhn 1969a), how certain metrical types came to be associated with particular groups of skalds (Kuhn 1983, 68) and how metre can help establish criteria for the dating of the poetry (Gade 2000).

Just as dróttkvætt developed as an extended, rhymed variant of fornyrðislag, hrynhent developed as an extended variant of dróttkvætt, with two additional syllables added before the cadence (see §4.4.2 below and Sievers 1893, 111-12; von See 1967, 51-2; Kuhn 1983, 337-41; Fidjestøl 1984a, 106-16; Whaley 1998, 80-94). These two syllables could consist of the sequence long + short/long or short + short/long. Because metrical positions 6 and 8 always carry full stress, resolution is suspended in position 6 if that position is filled by a short syllable (this is rare in odd lines); cf. Ólhv Hryn 7/4^II þungr magnaðisk agi bragna ‘heavy increased the turmoil of the people’. Hence the rhythm at the end of each line is always trochaic (positions 5-8:  ×  × or  ×  ×). Indeed, Type A predominates in hrynhent odd and even lines and could have given the metre its name (hrynhent ‘flowing-rhymed’), transmitted in the prose of Hl (Hl 1941, 24) and Ht (SnE 2007, 27-8). Other metrical types attested in hrynhent from the very beginning are Types D and D4, but Types B and C are not represented at all. Consider the following couplet (Ólhv Hryn 10/1-2^II):

Hallgeislat rauð hvatt í Ósló   hildar tungl með skata mildum.

‘The brilliant-coloured reddened bravely in Oslo   moons of battle with the generous lord’.

Aside from a fragment and one stanza of a drápa of dubious authenticity (so Fidjestøl 1984a, 115-16) composed by a man from the Hebrides (Anon Hafg^IV), Arnórr Þórðarson’s Hrynhenda (Arn Hryn^II), a panegyric honouring King Magnús inn góði Óláfsson (1046), is the first poem in hrynhent metre. Fidjestøl (1984a, 115-16) believes that Arnórr indeed created this metre (possibly influenced by the trochaic rhythm of Latin Christian poetry of the early Middle Ages), and that may well have been the case. From the very beginning, hrynhent is associated with longer encomia. Following in Arnórr’s footsteps, Markús Skeggjason (c. 1104) composed a memorial poem (Mark Eirdr^II) about King Eiríkr inn góði Sveinsson of Denmark, and Gamli kanóki used that metre to eulogise John the Apostle (Gamlkan Jóndr^VII). In the thirteenth century, the brothers Óláfr hvítaskáld and Sturla Þórðarsynir both commemorated King Hákon Hákonarson of Norway with hrynhent poems (Ólhv Hryn^II; Sturl Hryn^II), and three stanzas of a memorial poem to Hákon’s son, Magnús lagabœtir, also survive from the very end of that century (Anon Mlag^II). It was in the fourteenth century, however, that hrynhent became increasingly popular and ousted dróttkvætt from its place of eminence among the Old Norse metres. During that century, a large number of extended, mostly religious poems were composed in hrynhent (ÞormÓl Árhryn^IV; Arngr Gd^IV; Anon Lil^VII; EGils Guðv^IV; Árni Gd^IV; Anon Mgr^VII; Anon Heil^VII; Anon Katr^VII; Anon Mey^VII). The most prominent of these poems, Lilja (Anon Lil^VII), introduced a variant of hrynhent, the so-called Liljulag ‘Lilja-metre’, in which many of the earlier metrical constraints were relaxed, allowing for resolution and neutralisation in hitherto prohibited metrical positions. Although each line still contained eight metrical positions, the metre was no longer syllable counting. Furthermore, lexical stress became subordinate to what must have been a very strong metrical stress, and, although alliteration was still present as in earlier hrynhent, the alliterative staves no longer functioned as a structuring device; rather, alliteration had become an adornment. Consider the following helmingr from Lilja (Anon Lil 7/1-4^VII):

Mektarfullr, er af bar öllum   í náttúruskærleik sínum, skapaður góðr og skein í prýði skapara næstr í vegsemd hæstri.

‘The one full of might, who surpassed all   in the natural brightness of his, created good and shone in glory next to the Creator in the highest honour’.

In this helmingr all lines are Type A, but in line 2, the main stave falls on the proclitic, normally unstressed preposition í ‘in’, promoting this syllable to full stress and demoting the first, normally stressed element in the compound náttúruskærleik, literally ‘nature-brightness’, to an unstressed position. Moreover, both lines 3 and 4 allow resolution on words with three short syllables (skapaður ‘created’ and skapara ‘Creator’), which was prohibited in earlier Old Norse alliterative metres (see Kuhn 1939, 187-8, 190). Clearly, poets composing in Liljulag were able to accommodate new word forms resulting from phonological changes that took place in fourteenth-century Icelandic, such as desyllabification of r (see skapaður ‘created’ (l. 3) as opposed to earlier skapaðr) (see Gade 1995d). The metre most likely originated in response to the increasing need to accommodate new lexical forms that did not fit into the tightly structured dróttkvætt and hrynhent.

The last alliterative metre to be discussed in this section is hálfhnept ‘half-curtailed’ (the term is transmitted in the prose of Hl, Hl 1941, 27 and Ht, SnE 2007, 32; see also Sievers 1893, 113). In Snorri’s model stanza (SnSt Ht 77^III), the internal rhyme scheme and the placement of alliterative staves follow that of dróttkvætt, but in later poetry composed in this metre, the main stave in the even lines is not necessarily placed in metrical position 1, although it always falls on the first stressed syllable. Characteristic of the metre is that the last syllable of all lines is hnept ‘curtailed’ and carries internal rhyme, and that it is preceded either by a monosyllable or by a disyllabic word with a short stem that resolves. The metre cannot easily be accommodated to any regular metrical patterns. Consider Snorri’s sample stanza (SnSt Ht 77^III):

Snyðja lætr í sólroð   snekkjur á Manar hlekk (árla sér ungr jarl) allvaldr (breka fall).

Lypta kná lýðr opt   lauki of kjalar raukn; greiða náir glygg váð; greipum mœta dragreip.

Allvaldr lætr snekkjur snyðja á hlekk Manar í sólroð; árla sér ungr jarl fall breka. Lýðr kná opt lypta lauki of raukn kjalar; glygg náir greiðir váð; dragreip mœta greipum.   The mighty ruler makes warships hasten on the chain-link of Man <island> [SEA] at dawn; early the young jarl sees the falling of the breakers. People often lift the mast on the draught-animals of the keel [SHIPS]; the storm unfolds the sail; halyards meet hands.

Hálfhnept is used occasionally from the ninth to the thirteenth century (e.g. Hhárf Snædr^I, Bbreiðv Lv 6^V (Eb 30), Ormr Woman^III, Anon (LaufE) 2^III, EilSn Lv 1^IV, Gunnarr Lv^IV, Árni Lv 2^III), but the only poet to employ the metre in an encomiastic poem during those centuries is Óttarr svarti in his panegyric for King Óláfr sœnski of Sweden (c. 1018; Ótt Óldr^III). In the fourteenth century, hálfhnept enjoyed a revival, most likely owing to its loose metrical form, and that metre was chosen for three extant longer religious poems (Anon Mv II-III^VII; Anon Brúðv^VII).

Rǫgnvaldr Kali Kolsson and Hallr Þórarinsson’s Háttalykill (RvHbreiðm Hl^III) and Snorri Sturluson’s Háttatal (SnSt Ht^III) both contain examples of a number of other, variant alliterative metres, and in Ht 100^III (cited above), Snorri prides himself on having composed that poem using a hundred different verse-forms. Because many of these forms are either unattested outside of the two metrical treatises or represent stylised versions of features found sporadically in other skaldic compositions, they will not be included here (see the detailed discussions in the editions of Hl and Ht in SkP III). Section 4.4 below presents a brief overview of the relations between the skaldic metres discussed above (except hálfhnept) and the eddic metres fornyrðislag and málaháttr. Only odd lines are included in this overview.

References

1. Bibliography
2. Kuhn, Hans (1899). 1977a. ‘Hendingstudien’. In Einar Gunnar Pétursson et al. 1977, 2, 517-32.
3. Gade, Kari Ellen. 1995a. The Structure of Old Norse dróttkvætt Poetry. Islandica 49. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
4. Gade, Kari Ellen. 1995d. ‘Quantitätsverschiebungen in der Dróttkvætt-Dichtung des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts’. Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik, 31-40.
5. Gade, Kari Ellen. 2000. ‘Poetry and its Changing Importance in Medieval Icelandic Culture’. In Clunies Ross 2000a, 61-95.
6. Sievers, Eduard. 1893. Altgermanische Metrik. Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte. Ergänzungsreihe 2, ed. Wilhelm Braune. Halle: Niemeyer.
7. Whaley, Diana, ed. and trans. 1998. The Poetry of Arnórr jarlaskáld: An Edition and Study. Westfield Publications in Medieval Studies 8. Turnhout: Brepols.
8. Kuhn, Hans (1899). 1983. Das Dróttkvætt. Heidelberg: Winter.
9. Lie, Hallvard. 1952. ‘Skaldestil-studier’. MM, 1-92. Rpt. in Lie 1982, 109-200.
10. Kuhn, Hans (1899). 1969a. ‘Die Dróttkvættverse des Typs “brestr erfiði Austra”’. In Jakob Benediktsson 1969, 403-17. Rpt. in Kuhn (1899) 1969-78, IV, 105-16.
11. Gade, Kari Ellen. 2005. ‘The Syntax of Old Norse kviðuháttr Meter’. Journal of Germanic Linguistics 17, 155-81.
12. Kuhn, Hans (1899). 1939. ‘Westgermanisches in der altnordischen Verskunst’. BGDSL 63, 178-236. Rpt. in Kuhn (1899) 1969-78, I, 485-527.
13. Hl 1941 = Jón Helgason and Anne Holtsmark, eds. 1941. Háttalykill enn forni. BA 1. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
14. SkP = Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. Turnhout: Brepols.
15. SkP III = Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Ed. Kari Ellen Gade in collaboration with Edith Marold. 2017.
16. Einar Ólafur Sveinsson. 1962. Íslenzkar bókmenntir í fornöld. Reykjavík: Almenna bókafélagið.
17. Fidjestøl, Bjarne. 1984a. ‘Arnórr Þórðarson: Skald of the Orkney Jarls’. In Fenton et al. 1984, 239-57. Rpt. in Fidjestøl 1997a, 93-116. [Page references given are to this rpt.].
18. Heusler, Andreas. 1956. Deutsche Versgeschichte mit Einschluß des altenglischen und altnordischen Stabreimverses. Grundriß der germanischen Philologie 8, no. 1, ed. Hermann Paul. 2nd edn. Berlin: de Gruyter.
19. Kuhn, Hans (1899). 1981. ‘Vor tausend Jahren: Zur Geschichte des skaldischen Innenreims’. In Dronke et al. 1981, 293-309.
20. See, Klaus von. 1967. Germanische Verskunst. Sammlung Metzler 67. Stuttgart: Metzler.
21. SnE 2007 = Snorri Sturluson. 2007. Edda: Háttatal. Ed. Anthony Faulkes. 2nd edn. University College London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
22. Internal references
23. (forthcoming), ‘ Anonymous, Stjǫrnu-Odda draumr’ in Tarrin Wills, Kari Ellen Gade and Margaret Clunies Ross (eds), Poetry in Sagas of Icelanders. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 5. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1> (accessed 27 April 2024)
24. Not published: do not cite (ÁmÁrn Lv 5^IV)
25. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘(Biography of) Bragi inn gamli Boddason’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 26.
26. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘(Biography of) Einarr Skúlason’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 140.
27. Not published: do not cite (Egill^V)
28. Russell Poole 2012, ‘(Biography of) Eyvindr skáldaspillir Finnsson’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 170.
29. Not published: do not cite (Gamlkan^VII)
30. Not published: do not cite (Grett^V)
31. (forthcoming), ‘ Unattributed, Sturlunga saga’ in Guðrún Nordal (ed.), Poetry on Icelandic History. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 4. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=88> (accessed 27 April 2024)
32. Jayne Carroll 2017, ‘(Biography of) Markús Skeggjason’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 292.
33. Kari Ellen Gade 2009, ‘(Biography of) Magnús inn góði Óláfsson’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 5-7.
34. Matthew Townend 2017, ‘(Biography of) Óttarr svarti’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 335.
35. (forthcoming), ‘ Unattributed, Háttatal’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=165> (accessed 27 April 2024)
37. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘(Biography of) Sturla Þórðarson’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 392.
38. Not published: do not cite (ÞTref^V)
39. Edith Marold 2017, ‘(Biography of) Þjóðólfr ór Hvini’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 431.
40. Matthew Townend 2012, ‘(Biography of) Þórarinn loftunga’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 848.
41. Kari Ellen Gade 2009, ‘(Biography of) Þórarinn stuttfeldr’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 473-81.
42. Not published: do not cite (Run^VI)
43. Ian McDougall 2007, ‘ Anonymous, Allra postula minnisvísur’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 852-71. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1003> (accessed 27 April 2024)
44. Ian McDougall 2007, ‘ Anonymous, Andréasdrápa’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 845-51. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1004> (accessed 27 April 2024)
45. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Gnóðar-Ásmundar drápa’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 626. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1011> (accessed 27 April 2024)
46. Richard Perkins (forthcoming), ‘ Anonymous, Hafgerðingadrápa’ in Guðrún Nordal (ed.), Poetry on Icelandic History. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 4. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1013> (accessed 27 April 2024)
47. Kirsten Wolf 2007, ‘ Anonymous, Heilagra manna drápa’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 872-90. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1016> (accessed 27 April 2024)
48. Katrina Attwood 2007, ‘ Anonymous, Máríudrápa’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 476-514. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1025> (accessed 27 April 2024)
49. Kirsten Wolf 2007, ‘ Anonymous, Heilagra meyja drápa’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 891-930. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1026> (accessed 27 April 2024)
50. Kari Ellen Gade 2007, ‘ Anonymous, Drápa af Máríugrát’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 758-95. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1028> (accessed 27 April 2024)
51. Roberta Frank 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Málsháttakvæði’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1213. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1029> (accessed 27 April 2024)
52. Kari Ellen Gade 2007, ‘ Anonymous, Máríuvísur I’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 678-700. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1031> (accessed 27 April 2024)
53. Kari Ellen Gade 2009, ‘ Anonymous, Nóregs konungatal’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 761-806. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1035> (accessed 27 April 2024)
54. David McDougall 2007, ‘ Anonymous, Pétrsdrápa’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 796-844. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1038> (accessed 27 April 2024)
55. Ann-Dörte Kyas and Edith Marold (forthcoming), ‘ Anonymous, Norwegian Rune Poem’ in Edith Marold, Vivian Busch and Jana Krüger (eds), Runic Poetry. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 6. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1040> (accessed 27 April 2024)
56. Kari Ellen Gade 2007, ‘ Anonymous, Vitnisvísur af Máríu’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 739-57. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1047> (accessed 27 April 2024)
57. Kari Ellen Gade 2009, ‘ Anonymous, Poem about Magnús lagabœtir’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 809-11. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1093> (accessed 27 April 2024)
58. Diana Whaley 2009, ‘ Arnórr jarlaskáld Þórðarson, Hrynhenda, Magnússdrápa’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 181-206. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1101> (accessed 27 April 2024)
59. Not published: do not cite (Arngr Guðkv^IV)
60. Not published: do not cite (Arngr Gd^IV)
61. Not published: do not cite (Árni Gd^IV)
62. Kari Ellen Gade 2009, ‘ Bjarni Kálfsson, Lausavísa’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 639-40. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1120> (accessed 27 April 2024)
63. Not published: do not cite (Bjhít Grám^V (BjH))
64. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘ Bragi inn gamli Boddason, Ragnarsdrápa’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 27. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1130> (accessed 27 April 2024)
65. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘ Bragi inn gamli Boddason, An exchange of verses between Bragi and a troll-woman’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 63. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1131> (accessed 27 April 2024)
66. Not published: do not cite (EGils Guðkv^IV)
67. Not published: do not cite (EGils Guðv^IV)
68. Not published: do not cite (EGils Selv^IV)
69. Kari Ellen Gade 2009, ‘ Einarr Skúlason, Haraldsdrápa II’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 544-8. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1146> (accessed 27 April 2024)
70. Kari Ellen Gade 2009, ‘ Einarr Skúlason, Runhenda’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 551-9. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1150> (accessed 27 April 2024)
71. Not published: do not cite (Egill Arkv^V (Eg))
72. Not published: do not cite (Egill Hfl^V (Eg))
73. Not published: do not cite (Egill St^V (Eg))
74. Martin Chase 2007, ‘ Anonymous, Lilja’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 544-677. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1185> (accessed 27 April 2024)
75. Russell Poole 2012, ‘ Eyvindr skáldaspillir Finnsson, Háleygjatal’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 195. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1186> (accessed 27 April 2024)
76. Not published: do not cite (GÁsb Lv^IV)
77. Beatrice La Farge 2007, ‘ Gamli kanóki, Jónsdrápa’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 133-6. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1197> (accessed 27 April 2024)
78. Russell Poole 2017, ‘ Gunnlaugr Leifsson, Merlínusspá I’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry in fornaldarsögur. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 8. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 38. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1223> (accessed 27 April 2024)
79. Not published: do not cite (Gunnarr Lv^IV)
80. Not published: do not cite (GunnlI Sigdr^V (Gunnl))
81. Judith Jesch 2009, ‘ Hallr Þórarinsson breiðmaga, Lausavísa’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 610-11. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1251> (accessed 27 April 2024)
82. Russell Poole 2012, ‘ Haraldr hárfagri Hálfdanarson, Snæfríðardrápa’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 67. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1262> (accessed 27 April 2024)
83. Jayne Carroll 2009, ‘ Markús Skeggjason, Eiríksdrápa’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 432-60. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1301> (accessed 27 April 2024)
84. Not published: do not cite (Ólbjarn Lv^V (Háv))
85. Not published: do not cite (Anon (Gunnl) 2^V (Gunnl 24))
86. Lauren Goetting 2009, ‘ Óláfr hvítaskáld Þórðarson, Hrynhenda’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 658-70. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1326> (accessed 27 April 2024)
87. Russell Poole 2017, ‘ Ormr Steinþórsson, Poem about a woman’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 323. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1336> (accessed 27 April 2024)
88. Matthew Townend 2017, ‘ Óttarr svarti, Óláfsdrápa sœnska’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 335. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1342> (accessed 27 April 2024)
89. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘ Rǫgnvaldr jarl and Hallr Þórarinsson, Háttalykill’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1001. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1347> (accessed 27 April 2024)
90. Matthew Townend 2012, ‘ Sigvatr Þórðarson, Knútsdrápa’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 649. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1356> (accessed 27 April 2024)
91. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘ Snorri Sturluson, Háttatal’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1094. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1376> (accessed 27 April 2024)
92. Kari Ellen Gade 2009, ‘ Sturla Þórðarson, Hákonarkviða’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 699-727. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1395> (accessed 27 April 2024)
93. Kari Ellen Gade 2009, ‘ Sturla Þórðarson, Hrafnsmál’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 727-45. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1397> (accessed 27 April 2024)
94. Valgerður Erna Þorvaldsdóttir 2009, ‘ Sturla Þórðarson, Hrynhenda’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 676-98. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1398> (accessed 27 April 2024)
95. Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Lausavísur, Stanzas from Laufás Edda 2’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 638.
96. Emily Lethbridge and Diana Whaley 2012, ‘ Þorkell Gíslason, Búadrápa’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 941. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1412> (accessed 27 April 2024)
97. Not published: do not cite (ÞTref Hrafn^V (Eb))
98. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘ Þjóðólfr ór Hvini, Haustlǫng’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 431. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1438> (accessed 27 April 2024)
99. Edith Marold with the assistance of Vivian Busch, Jana Krüger, Ann-Dörte Kyas and Katharina Seidel, translated from German by John Foulks 2012, ‘ Þjóðólfr ór Hvini, Ynglingatal’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 3. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1440> (accessed 27 April 2024)
100. Diana Whaley 2009, ‘ Þjóðólfr Arnórsson, Runhent poem about Haraldr’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 103-7. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1442> (accessed 27 April 2024)
101. Matthew Townend 2012, ‘ Þórarinn loftunga, Glælognskviða’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 863. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1452> (accessed 27 April 2024)
102. Matthew Townend 2012, ‘ Þórarinn loftunga, Tøgdrápa’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 851. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1454> (accessed 27 April 2024)
103. Not published: do not cite (ÞormÓl Ár^IV)
104. Not published: do not cite (Anon (Stu) 31^IV)
105. Not published: do not cite (ÞormÓl Árhryn^IV)
106. Kari Ellen Gade 2009, ‘ Þórarinn stuttfeldr, Stuttfeldardrápa’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 473-9. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1477> (accessed 27 April 2024)
107. Not published: do not cite (Anon (Stu) 58^IV)
108. Not published: do not cite (Vém Lv^IV)
109. Not published: do not cite (Anon (Stu) 15^IV)
110. Not published: do not cite (Bbreiðv Lv 6^V (Eb 30))
111. Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Bjǫrn krepphendi, Magnússdrápa 4’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 399.
112. Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Einarr Skúlason, Runhenda 4’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 553-4.
113. Not published: do not cite (Egill Hfl 7^V (Eg 40))
114. Not published: do not cite (Egill Lv 27^V (Eg 56))
115. Not published: do not cite (EilSn Lv 1^IV)
116. Martin Chase (ed.) 2007, ‘Anonymous Poems, Lilja 7’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 569-70.
117. Not published: do not cite (GGalt Lv 2^IV)
118. Not published: do not cite (GSúrs Lv 10^V (Gísl 13))
119. Not published: do not cite (GSúrs Lv 18^V (Gísl 21))
120. Not published: do not cite (StjOdd Geirfl^V (StjǫrnODr))
121. Not published: do not cite (GunnlI Lv 2^V (Gunnl 2))
122. Jonathan Grove 2007, ‘ Anonymous, Lausavísa on Lawgiving’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 965-6. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=2969> (accessed 27 April 2024)
123. Not published: do not cite (HallmGr Hallkv^V (Gr))
124. Valgerður Erna Þorvaldsdóttir 2007, ‘ Anonymous, Brúðkaupsvísur’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 527-53. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=3104> (accessed 27 April 2024)
125. Rory McTurk (forthcoming), ‘ Anonymous, Sǫrlastikki’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry in fornaldarsögur. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 8. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=3124> (accessed 27 April 2024)
126. Peter Jorgensen (forthcoming), ‘ Ásbjǫrn, Ævikviða’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry in fornaldarsögur. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 8. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=3166> (accessed 27 April 2024)
127. Not published: do not cite (HólmgB Lv 12^V (Korm 48))
128. Not published: do not cite (Kolb Lv 8^IV)
129. Not published: do not cite (Grett Ævkv II^V (Gr))
130. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2009, ‘Oddi inn litli Glúmsson, Lausavísur 4’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 618.
131. Not published: do not cite (Ólbjarn Lv 1^V (Háv 1))
132. Lauren Goetting (ed.) 2009, ‘Óláfr hvítaskáld Þórðarson, Hrynhenda 10’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 667.
133. Lauren Goetting (ed.) 2009, ‘Óláfr hvítaskáld Þórðarson, Hrynhenda 7’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 664.
134. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2009, ‘Rǫgnvaldr jarl Kali Kolsson, Lausavísur 31’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 607-8.
135. Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Rǫgnvaldr jarl and Hallr Þórarinsson, Háttalykill 53’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1060.
136. Diana Whaley (ed.) 2017, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Fragments 2’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 349.
137. Not published: do not cite (Skall Lv 1^V (Eg 2))
138. Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Sneglu-Halli, Lausavísur 11’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 331-2.
139. Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Snorri Sturluson, Háttatal 100’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1208.
140. Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Snorri Sturluson, Háttatal 68’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1180.
141. Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Snorri Sturluson, Háttatal 77’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1188.
142. Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Snorri Sturluson, Háttatal 79’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1190.
143. Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Snorri Sturluson, Háttatal 80’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1191.
144. Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Steinn Herdísarson, Nizarvísur 2’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 361.
145. Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Steinn Herdísarson, Óláfsdrápa 7’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 373-4.
146. Not published: do not cite (SturlB Lv 2^IV)
147. Not published: do not cite (ÞorgHǫll Lv 1^V (Laxd 3))
148. Not published: do not cite (HallmGr Lv 1^V (Gr 43))
149. Not published: do not cite (Árni Lv 2^IV)