Anon Gyð 1VII
Katrina Attwood (ed.) 2007, ‘Anonymous Poems, Gyðingsvísur 1’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 516-17.
Al ‘altogether’
(not checked:)
al- ((prefix)): very < aldýrr (adj.): very precious
[1] Aldýran: ‘[...]ldy[...]an’ B, ‘[...]ldyran’ 399a‑bˣ, BRydberg, BFJ
notes
[1] Aldýran ‘altogether precious’: The scribe of B has left a space for a capital A, which has not been inserted. God is also described as aldýrr in Gamlkan Has 17/8 and 29/6 and in Anon Leið 29/1. The epithet is sometimes used for secular kings, but only once in poetry from before C12th (LP: aldýrr).
dýran ‘precious’
(not checked:)
dýrr (adj.; °compar. -ri/-ari, superl. -str/-astr): precious < aldýrr (adj.): very precious
[1] Aldýran: ‘[...]ldy[...]an’ B, ‘[...]ldyran’ 399a‑bˣ, BRydberg, BFJ
notes
[1] Aldýran ‘altogether precious’: The scribe of B has left a space for a capital A, which has not been inserted. God is also described as aldýrr in Gamlkan Has 17/8 and 29/6 and in Anon Leið 29/1. The epithet is sometimes used for secular kings, but only once in poetry from before C12th (LP: aldýrr).
óra ‘our [my]’
(not checked:)
várr (pron.; °f. ór/vár; pl. órir/várir): our
orð ‘eloquence’
(not checked:)
orð (noun n.; °-s; -): word < 1. orðfœri (noun f.)
færi ‘’
(not checked:)
fœri (noun n.): opportunity; tool, gear < 1. orðfœri (noun f.)
guð ‘God’
(not checked:)
1. guð (noun m.; °***guðrs, guðis, gus): (Christian) God
stæra ‘to strengthen’
(not checked:)
stœra (verb): increase, strengthen
en ‘and that’
(not checked:)
4. en (conj.): than
hyr ‘of the fire’
(not checked:)
hyrr (noun m.): fire < hyrmeiðr (noun m.)
[3] hyrmeiðar: so 399a‑bˣ, BRydberg, BFJ, ‘[...]yrmeidar’ B
kennings
haukstiettar hyrmeiðar‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path’
= MEN
the hawk’s path → ARM
the fire of the ARM → GOLD
the trees of the GOLD → MEN
notes
[3, 4] haukstiettar hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path [ARM > GOLD > MEN]’: B is torn at this point, and only ‘h…stettar’ is certain. The 399a-bˣ copyist was able to read ‘hagstettar’ with certainty, although this is likely to be corrupt. Finnur Jónsson, followed by Kock, reconstructs to hafstéttar, which they take as gen. sg. of hafstétt, f., ‘sea-path’. Finnur construes this with hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees’ to give the man-kenning hyrmeiðar hafstéttar ‘the trees of the fire of the path of the sea [SEA > GOLD > MEN]’. As a sea-kenning, however, hafstétt is tautologous and, indeed, no parallel or similar expressions are listed in LP. This edn follows Rydberg in adopting Sveinbjörn Egilsson’s suggestion (note to 444ˣ) that hagstéttar be treated as an error for haugstéttar, which normalises to haukstiettar, gen. sing. of f. haukstiett ‘hawk-path’, a kenning for the arm or hand. Although haukstiett is not itself attested elsewhere, there are several arm-kennings on the ‘land, path, way of the hawk’ model (see LP, 231-2; Meissner, 139).
hyr ‘of the fire’
(not checked:)
hyrr (noun m.): fire < hyrmeiðr (noun m.)
[3] hyrmeiðar: so 399a‑bˣ, BRydberg, BFJ, ‘[...]yrmeidar’ B
kennings
haukstiettar hyrmeiðar‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path’
= MEN
the hawk’s path → ARM
the fire of the ARM → GOLD
the trees of the GOLD → MEN
notes
[3, 4] haukstiettar hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path [ARM > GOLD > MEN]’: B is torn at this point, and only ‘h…stettar’ is certain. The 399a-bˣ copyist was able to read ‘hagstettar’ with certainty, although this is likely to be corrupt. Finnur Jónsson, followed by Kock, reconstructs to hafstéttar, which they take as gen. sg. of hafstétt, f., ‘sea-path’. Finnur construes this with hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees’ to give the man-kenning hyrmeiðar hafstéttar ‘the trees of the fire of the path of the sea [SEA > GOLD > MEN]’. As a sea-kenning, however, hafstétt is tautologous and, indeed, no parallel or similar expressions are listed in LP. This edn follows Rydberg in adopting Sveinbjörn Egilsson’s suggestion (note to 444ˣ) that hagstéttar be treated as an error for haugstéttar, which normalises to haukstiettar, gen. sing. of f. haukstiett ‘hawk-path’, a kenning for the arm or hand. Although haukstiett is not itself attested elsewhere, there are several arm-kennings on the ‘land, path, way of the hawk’ model (see LP, 231-2; Meissner, 139).
meiðar ‘the trees’
(not checked:)
meiðr (noun m.): beam, tree < hyrmeiðr (noun m.)
[3] hyrmeiðar: so 399a‑bˣ, BRydberg, BFJ, ‘[...]yrmeidar’ B
kennings
haukstiettar hyrmeiðar‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path’
= MEN
the hawk’s path → ARM
the fire of the ARM → GOLD
the trees of the GOLD → MEN
notes
[3, 4] haukstiettar hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path [ARM > GOLD > MEN]’: B is torn at this point, and only ‘h…stettar’ is certain. The 399a-bˣ copyist was able to read ‘hagstettar’ with certainty, although this is likely to be corrupt. Finnur Jónsson, followed by Kock, reconstructs to hafstéttar, which they take as gen. sg. of hafstétt, f., ‘sea-path’. Finnur construes this with hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees’ to give the man-kenning hyrmeiðar hafstéttar ‘the trees of the fire of the path of the sea [SEA > GOLD > MEN]’. As a sea-kenning, however, hafstétt is tautologous and, indeed, no parallel or similar expressions are listed in LP. This edn follows Rydberg in adopting Sveinbjörn Egilsson’s suggestion (note to 444ˣ) that hagstéttar be treated as an error for haugstéttar, which normalises to haukstiettar, gen. sing. of f. haukstiett ‘hawk-path’, a kenning for the arm or hand. Although haukstiett is not itself attested elsewhere, there are several arm-kennings on the ‘land, path, way of the hawk’ model (see LP, 231-2; Meissner, 139).
hlýði ‘may listen’
(not checked:)
hljóða (verb): listen, sound
hauk ‘of the hawk’s’
(not checked:)
1. haukr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-; -ar): hawk < haukstétt (noun f.)
[4] haukstiettar: ‘h[...]stettar’ B, ‘hagstettar’ 399a‑bˣ, BRydberg, ‘ha[...]stettar’ BFJ
kennings
haukstiettar hyrmeiðar‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path’
= MEN
the hawk’s path → ARM
the fire of the ARM → GOLD
the trees of the GOLD → MEN
notes
[3, 4] haukstiettar hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path [ARM > GOLD > MEN]’: B is torn at this point, and only ‘h…stettar’ is certain. The 399a-bˣ copyist was able to read ‘hagstettar’ with certainty, although this is likely to be corrupt. Finnur Jónsson, followed by Kock, reconstructs to hafstéttar, which they take as gen. sg. of hafstétt, f., ‘sea-path’. Finnur construes this with hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees’ to give the man-kenning hyrmeiðar hafstéttar ‘the trees of the fire of the path of the sea [SEA > GOLD > MEN]’. As a sea-kenning, however, hafstétt is tautologous and, indeed, no parallel or similar expressions are listed in LP. This edn follows Rydberg in adopting Sveinbjörn Egilsson’s suggestion (note to 444ˣ) that hagstéttar be treated as an error for haugstéttar, which normalises to haukstiettar, gen. sing. of f. haukstiett ‘hawk-path’, a kenning for the arm or hand. Although haukstiett is not itself attested elsewhere, there are several arm-kennings on the ‘land, path, way of the hawk’ model (see LP, 231-2; Meissner, 139).
hauk ‘of the hawk’s’
(not checked:)
1. haukr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-; -ar): hawk < haukstétt (noun f.)
[4] haukstiettar: ‘h[...]stettar’ B, ‘hagstettar’ 399a‑bˣ, BRydberg, ‘ha[...]stettar’ BFJ
kennings
haukstiettar hyrmeiðar‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path’
= MEN
the hawk’s path → ARM
the fire of the ARM → GOLD
the trees of the GOLD → MEN
notes
[3, 4] haukstiettar hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path [ARM > GOLD > MEN]’: B is torn at this point, and only ‘h…stettar’ is certain. The 399a-bˣ copyist was able to read ‘hagstettar’ with certainty, although this is likely to be corrupt. Finnur Jónsson, followed by Kock, reconstructs to hafstéttar, which they take as gen. sg. of hafstétt, f., ‘sea-path’. Finnur construes this with hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees’ to give the man-kenning hyrmeiðar hafstéttar ‘the trees of the fire of the path of the sea [SEA > GOLD > MEN]’. As a sea-kenning, however, hafstétt is tautologous and, indeed, no parallel or similar expressions are listed in LP. This edn follows Rydberg in adopting Sveinbjörn Egilsson’s suggestion (note to 444ˣ) that hagstéttar be treated as an error for haugstéttar, which normalises to haukstiettar, gen. sing. of f. haukstiett ‘hawk-path’, a kenning for the arm or hand. Although haukstiett is not itself attested elsewhere, there are several arm-kennings on the ‘land, path, way of the hawk’ model (see LP, 231-2; Meissner, 139).
hauk ‘of the hawk’s’
(not checked:)
1. haukr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-; -ar): hawk < haukstétt (noun f.)
[4] haukstiettar: ‘h[...]stettar’ B, ‘hagstettar’ 399a‑bˣ, BRydberg, ‘ha[...]stettar’ BFJ
kennings
haukstiettar hyrmeiðar‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path’
= MEN
the hawk’s path → ARM
the fire of the ARM → GOLD
the trees of the GOLD → MEN
notes
[3, 4] haukstiettar hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path [ARM > GOLD > MEN]’: B is torn at this point, and only ‘h…stettar’ is certain. The 399a-bˣ copyist was able to read ‘hagstettar’ with certainty, although this is likely to be corrupt. Finnur Jónsson, followed by Kock, reconstructs to hafstéttar, which they take as gen. sg. of hafstétt, f., ‘sea-path’. Finnur construes this with hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees’ to give the man-kenning hyrmeiðar hafstéttar ‘the trees of the fire of the path of the sea [SEA > GOLD > MEN]’. As a sea-kenning, however, hafstétt is tautologous and, indeed, no parallel or similar expressions are listed in LP. This edn follows Rydberg in adopting Sveinbjörn Egilsson’s suggestion (note to 444ˣ) that hagstéttar be treated as an error for haugstéttar, which normalises to haukstiettar, gen. sing. of f. haukstiett ‘hawk-path’, a kenning for the arm or hand. Although haukstiett is not itself attested elsewhere, there are several arm-kennings on the ‘land, path, way of the hawk’ model (see LP, 231-2; Meissner, 139).
stiettar ‘path’
(not checked:)
stétt (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): path < haukstétt (noun f.)
[4] haukstiettar: ‘h[...]stettar’ B, ‘hagstettar’ 399a‑bˣ, BRydberg, ‘ha[...]stettar’ BFJ
kennings
haukstiettar hyrmeiðar‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path’
= MEN
the hawk’s path → ARM
the fire of the ARM → GOLD
the trees of the GOLD → MEN
notes
[3, 4] haukstiettar hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path [ARM > GOLD > MEN]’: B is torn at this point, and only ‘h…stettar’ is certain. The 399a-bˣ copyist was able to read ‘hagstettar’ with certainty, although this is likely to be corrupt. Finnur Jónsson, followed by Kock, reconstructs to hafstéttar, which they take as gen. sg. of hafstétt, f., ‘sea-path’. Finnur construes this with hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees’ to give the man-kenning hyrmeiðar hafstéttar ‘the trees of the fire of the path of the sea [SEA > GOLD > MEN]’. As a sea-kenning, however, hafstétt is tautologous and, indeed, no parallel or similar expressions are listed in LP. This edn follows Rydberg in adopting Sveinbjörn Egilsson’s suggestion (note to 444ˣ) that hagstéttar be treated as an error for haugstéttar, which normalises to haukstiettar, gen. sing. of f. haukstiett ‘hawk-path’, a kenning for the arm or hand. Although haukstiett is not itself attested elsewhere, there are several arm-kennings on the ‘land, path, way of the hawk’ model (see LP, 231-2; Meissner, 139).
stiettar ‘path’
(not checked:)
stétt (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): path < haukstétt (noun f.)
[4] haukstiettar: ‘h[...]stettar’ B, ‘hagstettar’ 399a‑bˣ, BRydberg, ‘ha[...]stettar’ BFJ
kennings
haukstiettar hyrmeiðar‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path’
= MEN
the hawk’s path → ARM
the fire of the ARM → GOLD
the trees of the GOLD → MEN
notes
[3, 4] haukstiettar hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path [ARM > GOLD > MEN]’: B is torn at this point, and only ‘h…stettar’ is certain. The 399a-bˣ copyist was able to read ‘hagstettar’ with certainty, although this is likely to be corrupt. Finnur Jónsson, followed by Kock, reconstructs to hafstéttar, which they take as gen. sg. of hafstétt, f., ‘sea-path’. Finnur construes this with hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees’ to give the man-kenning hyrmeiðar hafstéttar ‘the trees of the fire of the path of the sea [SEA > GOLD > MEN]’. As a sea-kenning, however, hafstétt is tautologous and, indeed, no parallel or similar expressions are listed in LP. This edn follows Rydberg in adopting Sveinbjörn Egilsson’s suggestion (note to 444ˣ) that hagstéttar be treated as an error for haugstéttar, which normalises to haukstiettar, gen. sing. of f. haukstiett ‘hawk-path’, a kenning for the arm or hand. Although haukstiett is not itself attested elsewhere, there are several arm-kennings on the ‘land, path, way of the hawk’ model (see LP, 231-2; Meissner, 139).
stiettar ‘path’
(not checked:)
stétt (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): path < haukstétt (noun f.)
[4] haukstiettar: ‘h[...]stettar’ B, ‘hagstettar’ 399a‑bˣ, BRydberg, ‘ha[...]stettar’ BFJ
kennings
haukstiettar hyrmeiðar‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path’
= MEN
the hawk’s path → ARM
the fire of the ARM → GOLD
the trees of the GOLD → MEN
notes
[3, 4] haukstiettar hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path [ARM > GOLD > MEN]’: B is torn at this point, and only ‘h…stettar’ is certain. The 399a-bˣ copyist was able to read ‘hagstettar’ with certainty, although this is likely to be corrupt. Finnur Jónsson, followed by Kock, reconstructs to hafstéttar, which they take as gen. sg. of hafstétt, f., ‘sea-path’. Finnur construes this with hyrmeiðar ‘fire-trees’ to give the man-kenning hyrmeiðar hafstéttar ‘the trees of the fire of the path of the sea [SEA > GOLD > MEN]’. As a sea-kenning, however, hafstétt is tautologous and, indeed, no parallel or similar expressions are listed in LP. This edn follows Rydberg in adopting Sveinbjörn Egilsson’s suggestion (note to 444ˣ) that hagstéttar be treated as an error for haugstéttar, which normalises to haukstiettar, gen. sing. of f. haukstiett ‘hawk-path’, a kenning for the arm or hand. Although haukstiett is not itself attested elsewhere, there are several arm-kennings on the ‘land, path, way of the hawk’ model (see LP, 231-2; Meissner, 139).
brag ‘poem’
(not checked:)
bragr (noun m.; °-ar): poem, poetry
sliettan ‘to the smooth’
(not checked:)
sléttr (adj.): level, smooth
Ágæta ‘an excellent’
(not checked:)
ágætr (adj.; °compar. ágǽtari/ágǽtri, superl. ágǽtastr/ágǽztr): excellent
vilk ‘I want’
(not checked:)
vilja (verb): want, intend
ítrum ‘noble’
(not checked:)
ítr (adj.): glorious
kennings
ítrum ulfsfæðendum‘noble wolf-feeders ’
= WARRIORS
noble wolf-feeders → WARRIORS
ulfs ‘wolf’
(not checked:)
1. ulfr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): wolf < ulfsfœðandi (noun m.)
[6] ulfsfæðendum: ‘vlfsfedundum’ all
kennings
ítrum ulfsfæðendum‘noble wolf-feeders ’
= WARRIORS
noble wolf-feeders → WARRIORS
notes
[6] ulfsfæðendum (dat. pl.) ‘wolf-feeders [WARRIORS]’: A similar warrior-kenning occurs in Anon Pl 43/8 fœðir ulfs: ‘feeder of the wolf’, referring to Plácitus.
fæðendum ‘feeders’
(not checked:)
fœðandi (noun m.): feeder < ulfsfœðandi (noun m.)
[6] ulfsfæðendum: ‘vlfsfedundum’ all
kennings
ítrum ulfsfæðendum‘noble wolf-feeders ’
= WARRIORS
noble wolf-feeders → WARRIORS
notes
[6] ulfsfæðendum (dat. pl.) ‘wolf-feeders [WARRIORS]’: A similar warrior-kenning occurs in Anon Pl 43/8 fœðir ulfs: ‘feeder of the wolf’, referring to Plácitus.
notes
[6] ræðu ‘tale’: B’s ‘reda’ must be emended to provide an object for vilk segja in the acc. case.
víst ‘certainly’
(not checked:)
1. víss (adj.): wise, certain(ly)
og ‘and’
(not checked:)
3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
vífs ‘woman’
(not checked:)
víf (noun n.): woman, wife
[7] vífs ins hæsta: ‘vifs[...]ta’ B, ‘vífs[...]he᷎sta’ 399a‑bˣ, ‘vigs[...]h[...]ta’ BRydberg
notes
[7] vífs ins hæsta ‘of the highest woman’: B is badly worn and a crack obscures the lower portion of the shaft of <f>. The shaft, however, has an angular upstroke and the bowed section appears to be made in one stroke, as is characteristic of the <f>-form used in B. Comparison with <g>-forms elsewhere confirms that the left side of this letter is not characteristically as straight as is the fragmentary shaft here. The edn therefore follows 399a-bˣ’s and BFJ’s vífs, sharing Finnur Jónsson’s assumption that some reference to the Virgin Mary (not unlikely in a poem relating to the conversion of a Jew) is intended. Skj B’s reconstruction of besta (l. 7), while making for an acceptable appellation for Mary ‘the best woman’, is not necessary here, as an earlier transcription (399a-bˣ) make it clear that hæsta was the original reading. Rydberg reads vífs as vegs, which he takes to be the first element in vegsemd ‘glory, honour’. He thus construes vilk víst ... segja ágæta rœða [sic] ok hæsta vegsemd ‘I will certainly ... tell a noble tale and the highest honour’. It seems likely that Rydberg’s reconstruction here is influenced by recollection of Has 30/3.
ins ‘that of the’
(not checked:)
2. inn (art.): the
[7] vífs ins hæsta: ‘vifs[...]ta’ B, ‘vífs[...]he᷎sta’ 399a‑bˣ, ‘vigs[...]h[...]ta’ BRydberg
notes
[7] vífs ins hæsta ‘of the highest woman’: B is badly worn and a crack obscures the lower portion of the shaft of <f>. The shaft, however, has an angular upstroke and the bowed section appears to be made in one stroke, as is characteristic of the <f>-form used in B. Comparison with <g>-forms elsewhere confirms that the left side of this letter is not characteristically as straight as is the fragmentary shaft here. The edn therefore follows 399a-bˣ’s and BFJ’s vífs, sharing Finnur Jónsson’s assumption that some reference to the Virgin Mary (not unlikely in a poem relating to the conversion of a Jew) is intended. Skj B’s reconstruction of besta (l. 7), while making for an acceptable appellation for Mary ‘the best woman’, is not necessary here, as an earlier transcription (399a-bˣ) make it clear that hæsta was the original reading. Rydberg reads vífs as vegs, which he takes to be the first element in vegsemd ‘glory, honour’. He thus construes vilk víst ... segja ágæta rœða [sic] ok hæsta vegsemd ‘I will certainly ... tell a noble tale and the highest honour’. It seems likely that Rydberg’s reconstruction here is influenced by recollection of Has 30/3.
hæsta ‘highest’
(not checked:)
3. hár (adj.; °-van; compar. hǽrri, superl. hǽstr): high
[7] vífs ins hæsta: ‘vifs[...]ta’ B, ‘vífs[...]he᷎sta’ 399a‑bˣ, ‘vigs[...]h[...]ta’ BRydberg
notes
[7] vífs ins hæsta ‘of the highest woman’: B is badly worn and a crack obscures the lower portion of the shaft of <f>. The shaft, however, has an angular upstroke and the bowed section appears to be made in one stroke, as is characteristic of the <f>-form used in B. Comparison with <g>-forms elsewhere confirms that the left side of this letter is not characteristically as straight as is the fragmentary shaft here. The edn therefore follows 399a-bˣ’s and BFJ’s vífs, sharing Finnur Jónsson’s assumption that some reference to the Virgin Mary (not unlikely in a poem relating to the conversion of a Jew) is intended. Skj B’s reconstruction of besta (l. 7), while making for an acceptable appellation for Mary ‘the best woman’, is not necessary here, as an earlier transcription (399a-bˣ) make it clear that hæsta was the original reading. Rydberg reads vífs as vegs, which he takes to be the first element in vegsemd ‘glory, honour’. He thus construes vilk víst ... segja ágæta rœða [sic] ok hæsta vegsemd ‘I will certainly ... tell a noble tale and the highest honour’. It seems likely that Rydberg’s reconstruction here is influenced by recollection of Has 30/3.
vegr ‘glory’
(not checked:)
2. vegr (noun m.; °-s/-ar, dat. -): honour
guðs ‘God’s’
(not checked:)
1. guð (noun m.; °***guðrs, guðis, gus): (Christian) God
er ‘is’
(not checked:)
2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
það ‘that’
(not checked:)
þat (conj.): that
segja ‘to tell’
(not checked:)
segja (verb): say, tell
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Aldýran biðk óra |
I ask altogether precious God to strengthen our [my] eloquence and that the trees of the fire of the hawk’s path [(lit. ‘fire-trees of the hawk’s path’) ARM > GOLD > MEN] may listen to the smooth poem. I want to tell noble wolf-feeders [WARRIORS] an excellent tale; that is certainly God’s glory and that of the highest woman [i.e. Virgin Mary].
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