Kennings — Sturla Þórðarson Hákonarkviða
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Sturl Hákkv 1II
niðr Tryggva
‘of the kinsman of Tryggvi’ = Óláfr Tryggvason
the kinsman of Tryggvi, → Óláfr TryggvasonÓláfr I Tryggvason (r. c. 995-c. 1000)
1.1. descendant of Tryggvi Óláfsson -
Sturl Hákkv 5II
víðum botn vindkers
‘the wide bottom of the wind-vessel’ = EARTH
the wind-vessel, → SKY/HEAVEN
the wide bottom of the SKY/HEAVEN → EARTHearth, land
2.1. bottom of the sky -
Sturl Hákkv 5II
vindker
‘of the wind-vessel’ = SKY/HEAVEN
the wind-vessel, → SKY/HEAVENsky/heaven
. vessel of storm/wind -
Sturl Hákkv 6II
lið grýtlinga
‘the force of the grýtlingar’ = the Ribbungar
the force of the Grýtlingar → the Ribbungarquestionable kennings
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Sturl Hákkv 6II
stálhvǫtuðr
‘the sword-inciter’ = WARRIOR = Hákon
the sword-inciter. → WARRIOR = Hákonwarrior
1.7.01.4. hastener of the weapon -
Sturl Hákkv 7II
leystan garmr elris
‘the released dog of the alder’ = FIRE
the released dog of the alder → FIREfire, flame
2.1. dog of wood -
Sturl Hákkv 8II
hundr viðar
‘the hound of the forest’ = FIRE
The hound of the forest → FIREfire, flame
2.1. dog of wood -
Sturl Hákkv 8II
svipkárr rakki selju
‘the violent dog of the willow’ = FIRE
the violent dog of the willow → FIREfire, flame
2.1. dog of wood -
Sturl Hákkv 9II
rjóðr randa
‘the reddener of shield-rims’ = WARRIOR = Skúli
the reddener of shield-rims → WARRIOR = Skúliwarrior
1.7.03. stainer of the weapon -
Sturl Hákkv 10II
seiðr sverða
‘a chant of swords’ = BATTLE
a chant of swords → BATTLEbattle
6.01.1. incantation of weapons -
Sturl Hákkv 10II
vígalfr
‘the battle-elf’ = WARRIOR = Skúli
the battle-elf → WARRIOR = Skúliwarrior
2.3.4. elf of battle -
Sturl Hákkv 10II
vápnþrima
‘weapon-clash’ = BATTLE
weapon-clash → BATTLEbattle
2.1. din of weapons -
Sturl Hákkv 11II
hreggi blásnar húnskrift
‘the storm-swept decorated cloth of the mast-top’ = SAIL
the storm-swept decorated cloth of the mast-top → SAILsail
1.1. cloth of the mast-top -
Sturl Hákkv 13II
hafraukn
‘the ocean’s draught-animals’ = SHIPS
The ocean’s draught-animals → SHIPSship, boat
1.1.1.2. other working animal of the sea -
Sturl Hákkv 15II
stýrir rómu
‘the controller of battle’ = WARRIOR = Hákon
the controller of battle → WARRIOR = Hákonwarrior
2.5.4. ruler of battle -
Sturl Hákkv 15II
gagnfǫr greypra vápna
‘the meeting of terrible weapons’ = BATTLE
the meeting of terrible weapons. → BATTLEbattle
3.1. meeting of weapons -
Sturl Hákkv 16II
eldr böðvar-Týs
‘the fires of the battle-Týr’ = SPEARS
the battle-Týr → Óðinn
the fires of ÓÐINN → SPEARSspear
1.1.2. fire of Óðinn -
Sturl Hákkv 16II
böðvar-Týr
‘of the battle-Týr’ = Óðinn
the battle-Týr → ÓðinnÓðinn
2.1. god of battle (C2b) -
Sturl Hákkv 16II
baug*rennir
‘the ring-advancer’ = GENEROUS MAN = Skúli
the ring-advancer, → GENEROUS MAN = Skúligenerous man
. impeller of wealth -
Sturl Hákkv 16II
eisa eggfárs
‘the flames of blade-wrath’ = SPEARS
blade-wrath → BATTLE
the flames of the BATTLE → SPEARSspear
1.1.1. fire of battle -
Sturl Hákkv 16II
eggfár
‘of blade-wrath’ = BATTLE
blade-wrath → BATTLEbattle
13.1. harm of the weapon -
Sturl Hákkv 16II
Aurnis spjalla ilflet
‘footsole-floors of Aurnir’s confidant’ = SHIELDS
Aurnir’s confidant. → GIANT
the floors of the footsole of the GIANT → SHIELDSshield
13.2. bridge of the giant -
Sturl Hákkv 16II
Aurnis spjalli
‘of Aurnir’s confidant’ = GIANT
Aurnir’s confidant. → GIANTgiant
3.3. confidant of the giant -
Sturl Hákkv 17II
geigurlig hræleiptr
‘the frightful corpse-lightnings’ = SPEARS
The frightful corpse-lightnings → SPEARSspear
1.2.4. light of corpse -
Sturl Hákkv 17II
himinn Gauts
‘the sky of Gautr’ = SHIELD
the sky of Gautr → SHIELDshield
10.3. sky of Óðinn -
Sturl Hákkv 17II
leikr hjarar
‘the play of the sword’ = BATTLE
the play of the sword, → BATTLEbattle
4.1.1. play of swords -
Sturl Hákkv 17II
randalfr
‘the shield-elf’ = WARRIOR
the shield-elf → WARRIORwarrior
1.4.2. elf of the weapon -
Sturl Hákkv 17II
ský böðvar
‘the cloud of battle’ = SHIELD
the cloud of battle → SHIELDshield
2.1.1. cloud of battle -
Sturl Hákkv 17II
elding blóðs
‘with flashes of blood’ = SPEARS
with flashes of blood. → SPEARSspear
1.2.2. light of blood -
Sturl Hákkv 18II
stýrir lofða
‘the controller of men’ = RULER = Hákon
The controller of men → RULER = Hákonchieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people -
Sturl Hákkv 18II
blóðormr
‘of the blood-snake’ = SPEAR
the blood-snake → SPEARspear
1.1. serpent of blood -
Sturl Hákkv 18II
leikr hjarar
‘the play of the sword’ = BATTLE
the play of the sword → BATTLEbattle
4.1.1. play of swords -
Sturl Hákkv 18II
grænni mála geir-Týs
‘the green wife of the spear-Týr’ = Jǫrð
the spear-Týr. → Óðinn
the green wife of ÓÐINN → JǫrðJǫrð
1. consort of Óðinn (C3a) -
Sturl Hákkv 18II
geir-Týr
‘of the spear-Týr’ = Óðinn
the spear-Týr. → ÓðinnÓðinn
2.2. god of the spear (C2b) -
Sturl Hákkv 19II
byrr branda
‘the fair breeze of swords’ = BATTLE
the fair breeze of swords → BATTLEbattle
1.1.1.1. storm/wind of the sword -
Sturl Hákkv 19II
baugsegl
‘at shield-boss sails’ = SHIELDS
at shield-boss sails → SHIELDSshield
12.2. sail of the shield -
Sturl Hákkv 19II
vindr brimis
‘the wind of the sword’ = BATTLE
the wind of the sword, → BATTLEbattle
1.1.1.1. storm/wind of the sword -
Sturl Hákkv 19II
geigurligr hrælǫgr
‘the frightful corpse-sea’ = BLOOD
the frightful corpse-sea → BLOODblood
1.3. liquid of the corpse (A2) -
Sturl Hákkv 19II
borð hjarar
‘the planks of the sword’ = SHIELDS
the planks of the sword. → SHIELDSshield
3.2. board of the weapon -
Sturl Hákkv 20II
blóðlaukr
‘the blood-mast’ = SWORD
The blood-mast, → SWORDsword
4.3.4. leek of blood -
Sturl Hákkv 20II
berum knǫrr áss örvar
‘the bare ship of the god of the arrow’ = SHIELD
the god of the arrow, → Ullr
the bare ship of ULLR → SHIELDshield
13.1. ship of Ullr -
Sturl Hákkv 20II
Áss örvar
‘of the god of the arrow’ = Ullr
the god of the arrow, → UllrUllr
. god of the arrow -
Sturl Hákkv 20II
gandreið grænna skjalda
‘the riding troll-women of green shields’ = AXES
the riding troll-women of green shields → AXESaxe
1.1. female mythical being of the shield -
Sturl Hákkv 20II
veggr Svölnis
‘the wall of Svǫlnir’ = SHIELD
the wall of Svǫlnir → SHIELDshield
7.3. wall of Óðinn -
Sturl Hákkv 21II
nift Fenris
‘Fenrir’s sister’ = Hel
Fenrir’s sister → HelHel
1. female relative of Loki or his offspring (C4a/C4b) -
Sturl Hákkv 21II
man Gjallar
‘of Gjǫll’s girl’ = Hel
Gjǫll’s girl → HelHel
2. goddess of the sphere of death (C1b/C2b) -
Sturl Hákkv 21II
hjörgǫll
‘the sword-din’ = BATTLE
the sword-din. → BATTLEbattle
2.1.1. din of swords -
Sturl Hákkv 22II
dís hlýrna mans Högna
‘the dísir of the sun and moon of Hǫgni’s girl’ = VALKYRIES
Hǫgni’s girl → Hildr
the sun and moon of HILDR → SHIELDS
the dísir of SHIELDS → VALKYRIESvalkyrie
1.2. woman of weapons and armour (B2b) -
Sturl Hákkv 22II
hlýrnir mans Högna
‘of the sun and moon of Hǫgni’s girl’ = SHIELDS
Hǫgni’s girl → Hildr
the sun and moon of HILDR → SHIELDSshield
1.02. circular object of battle -
Sturl Hákkv 22II
man Högna
‘of Hǫgni’s girl’ = Hildr
Hǫgni’s girl → HildrHildr
2. woman of Hǫgni (C4a) -
Sturl Hákkv 24II
blik bauga
‘of the gleam of shield-bosses’ = SWORD
the gleam of shield-bosses → SWORDsword
1.2.2. light of the shield -
Sturl Hákkv 24II
boði elda vers
‘the offerers of the fires of the ocean’ = GENEROUS MEN
the fires of the ocean → GOLD
the offerers of the GOLD → GENEROUS MENgenerous man
2.7. envoy of wealth -
Sturl Hákkv 24II
eldr vers
‘of the fires of the ocean’ = GOLD
the fires of the ocean → GOLDgold
1.1.1. fire of the sea (A1) -
Sturl Hákkv 25II
sonr guðs
‘the son of god’ = Christ
the son of God, → ChristJesus Christ
2.1. son of God -
Sturl Hákkv 25II
fyrirmaðr öflgrar kristni
‘the leading man of powerful christianity’ = William
the leading man of powerful Christianity → WilliamWilliam of Sabina
. lord of Christianity -
Sturl Hákkv 26II
gramr hörða
‘of the lord of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING = Hákon
the lord of the Hǫrðar → NORWEGIAN KING = HákonNorwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians -
Sturl Hákkv 27II
hvítu ræfr hreinvers
‘the white roof of the reindeer-sea’ = SKY/HEAVEN
the reindeer-sea. → EARTH
the white roof of the EARTH → SKY/HEAVENsky/heaven
4.2. roof of the land -
Sturl Hákkv 27II
hreinver
‘of the reindeer-sea’ = EARTH
the reindeer-sea. → EARTHearth, land
1.1. sea of the deer -
Sturl Hákkv 28II
heilivágr allra stríða
‘the soothing balm of all torments’ = WINE/ALE
the soothing balm of all torments → WINE/ALEalcoholic drink
2. liquid of sorrow -
Sturl Hákkv 29II
vínfar
‘of the wine-vessel’ = CUP
the wine-vessel → CUPcup, vessel
1. ship of the drink -
Sturl Hákkv 29II
gómsker
‘the gum-skerries’ = TEETH
the gum-skerries → TEETHtooth, teeth
1.2. skerry of the gum (A1b) -
Sturl Hákkv 29II
hunangsbára
‘the honey-wave’ = MEAD
the honey-wave → MEADmead
1.1. liquid of honey -
Sturl Hákkv 29II
geðknǫrr
‘the mind-ship’ = BREAST
the mind-ship → BREASTbreast, chest
1.2. vehicle of the mind (A1a) -
Sturl Hákkv 30II
dróttinn seggja
‘the lord of men’ = KING = Hákon
the lord of men, → KING = Hákonchieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.1. lord of people -
Sturl Hákkv 31II
dagr mundar
‘the daylight of the hand’ = GOLD
the daylight of the hand → GOLDgold
2.1. light of the arm/hand (A1) -
Sturl Hákkv 31II
himinn mergs
‘the heaven of marrow’ = ARM
the heaven of marrow → ARMarm
4.1. heaven of marrow (A1) -
Sturl Hákkv 31II
armsól
‘the arm-sun’ = GOLD
The arm-sun → GOLDgold
2.1. light of the arm/hand (A1) -
Sturl Hákkv 31II
stýrir jöfra
‘of the controller of princes’ = KING
the controller of princes → KINGchieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
2.2. lord of princes -
Sturl Hákkv 31II
grund vala
‘the lands of falcons’ = ARMS
the lands of falcons → ARMSarm, hand
1.1.1. land of the bird of prey (A3) -
Sturl Hákkv 32II
harða hrein sjóðmjǫll
‘the very pure purse-snow’ = SILVER
the very pure purse-snow → SILVERsilver
3.2. flour of the purse -
Sturl Hákkv 32II
fjall boga
‘the bow’s mountains’ = ARMS
the bow’s mountains → ARMSarm, hand
3.1. place of the bow (A3) -
Sturl Hákkv 32II
brjótr bauga
‘of the breaker of rings’ = GENEROUS MAN
the breaker of rings → GENEROUS MANgenerous man
1.02.2. breaker of rings -
Sturl Hákkv 32II
geigurandr gaglfárs
‘the swinging skis of the gosling-danger’ = ARMS
the gosling-danger → HAWK
the swinging skis of the HAWK → ARMSarm, hand
1.2. vehicle of the bird of prey (A1a) -
Sturl Hákkv 32II
gaglfár
‘of the gosling-danger’ = HAWK
the gosling-danger → HAWKhawk
2. danger of the gosling (A3) -
Sturl Hákkv 33II
ferja hauka
‘ferries of hawks’ = ARMS
ferries of hawks, → ARMSarm, hand
1.2. vehicle of the bird of prey (A1a) -
Sturl Hákkv 33II
hafleygr
‘with ocean-flame’ = GOLD
with ocean-flame → GOLDgold
1.1.1. fire of the sea (A1) -
Sturl Hákkv 33II
digulskafl
‘crucible snowdrifts’ = SILVER
crucible snowdrifts, → SILVERsilver
2.1. snow of the crucible -
Sturl Hákkv 34II
vǫrðr grundar
‘the guardian of the land’ = KING
the guardian of the land, → KINGchieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
5.1. guardian of the land -
Sturl Hákkv 34II
remmiskíð Randvers
‘the strong skis of Randverr’ = SHIPS
the strong skis of Randverr. → SHIPSship, boat
2.2. ski of the sea-king -
Sturl Hákkv 35II
baugtungl
‘the shield-boss moons’ = SHIELDS
the shield-boss moons → SHIELDSshield
1.03. circular object of the shield -
Sturl Hákkv 36II
elding foldar ifla
‘the lightning of the land of the hawks’ = GOLD
the land of the hawks → ARM
the lightning of the ARM → GOLDgold
2.1. light of the arm/hand (A1) -
Sturl Hákkv 36II
fold ifla
‘of the land of the hawks’ = ARM
the land of the hawks → ARMarm, hand
1.1.1. land of the bird of prey (A3) -
Sturl Hákkv 36II
hafrǫðull
‘the ocean-radiance’ = GOLD
the ocean-radiance. → GOLDgold
1.3. heavenly body of waters (A1) -
Sturl Hákkv 38II
geðsteinn
‘the mind-stone’ = HEART
The mind-stone → HEARTheart
1.1. solid object of the mind (A1b) -
Sturl Hákkv 38II
ógnstórr gramr Svía
‘the awe-inspiring lord of the Swedes’ = SWEDISH RULER = Birgir
the awe-inspiring lord of the Swedes → SWEDISH RULER = BirgirSwedish king, ruler
. ruler of the Swedes