Matthew Townend (ed.) 2017, ‘Hallvarðr háreksblesi, Knútsdrápa 7’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 238.
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
[1] Esat und jarðar hǫslu (‘Erat vnd iarþar havslv’): ‘Eru . .. j́ardar hellu’ 744ˣ
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3. und (prep.): under, underneath
[1] Esat und jarðar hǫslu (‘Erat vnd iarþar havslv’): ‘Eru . .. j́ardar hellu’ 744ˣ
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jǫrð (noun f.; °jarðar, dat. -u; jarðir/jarðar(DN I (1367) 304)): ground, earth
[1] Esat und jarðar hǫslu (‘Erat vnd iarþar havslv’): ‘Eru . .. j́ardar hellu’ 744ˣ
[1] hǫslu jarðar ‘the hazel of the earth [= Yggdrasill]’: The world-tree Yggdrasill is usually regarded as an ash, but in this kenning it is referred to figuratively as hasla ‘hazel’, representing the category ‘tree’. For Yggdrasill, see Gylf (SnE 2005, 17-19, 50-1), Vsp 47 and Grí 30/2. This is the only kenning in the corpus of Old Norse poetry that paraphrases the world-tree (Meissner 426).
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1. hasla (noun f.; °; -ur): [hazel]
[1] Esat und jarðar hǫslu (‘Erat vnd iarþar havslv’): ‘Eru . .. j́ardar hellu’ 744ˣ
[1] hǫslu jarðar ‘the hazel of the earth [= Yggdrasill]’: The world-tree Yggdrasill is usually regarded as an ash, but in this kenning it is referred to figuratively as hasla ‘hazel’, representing the category ‘tree’. For Yggdrasill, see Gylf (SnE 2005, 17-19, 50-1), Vsp 47 and Grí 30/2. This is the only kenning in the corpus of Old Norse poetry that paraphrases the world-tree (Meissner 426).
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orð (noun n.; °-s; -): word < orðbrjótr (noun m.)
[2, 3] moldreks orðbrjótr ‘the breaker of the speach of the soil-ruler [(lit. ‘speach-breaker of the soil-ruler’) GIANT > GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: For the myth relating how a giant’s wealth was measured in mouthfuls, see Note to Anon Bjark 5/8. Moldrekr ‘soil-ruler’ is an odd kenning for ‘giant’ (it could equally well denote a dwarf) and attested only here.
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orð (noun n.; °-s; -): word < orðbrjótr (noun m.)
[2, 3] moldreks orðbrjótr ‘the breaker of the speach of the soil-ruler [(lit. ‘speach-breaker of the soil-ruler’) GIANT > GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: For the myth relating how a giant’s wealth was measured in mouthfuls, see Note to Anon Bjark 5/8. Moldrekr ‘soil-ruler’ is an odd kenning for ‘giant’ (it could equally well denote a dwarf) and attested only here.
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brjótr (noun m.): breaker < orðbrjótr (noun m.)
[2] ‑brjótr: bjartr C
[2, 3] moldreks orðbrjótr ‘the breaker of the speach of the soil-ruler [(lit. ‘speach-breaker of the soil-ruler’) GIANT > GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: For the myth relating how a giant’s wealth was measured in mouthfuls, see Note to Anon Bjark 5/8. Moldrekr ‘soil-ruler’ is an odd kenning for ‘giant’ (it could equally well denote a dwarf) and attested only here.
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Danr (noun m.; °dat. -; -ir): Dane
[2] Dǫnum ‘Danes’: This reference to Danes as the specific recipients of the king’s generosity may have offered particular reassurance to the Old Norse-speaking members of Knútr’s Anglo-Danish court in England (see Frank 1994b, 109).
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mold (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u; -ir): earth, soil < moldrekr (noun m.): [soil-ruler]
[2, 3] moldreks orðbrjótr ‘the breaker of the speach of the soil-ruler [(lit. ‘speach-breaker of the soil-ruler’) GIANT > GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: For the myth relating how a giant’s wealth was measured in mouthfuls, see Note to Anon Bjark 5/8. Moldrekr ‘soil-ruler’ is an odd kenning for ‘giant’ (it could equally well denote a dwarf) and attested only here.
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mold (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u; -ir): earth, soil < moldrekr (noun m.): [soil-ruler]
[2, 3] moldreks orðbrjótr ‘the breaker of the speach of the soil-ruler [(lit. ‘speach-breaker of the soil-ruler’) GIANT > GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: For the myth relating how a giant’s wealth was measured in mouthfuls, see Note to Anon Bjark 5/8. Moldrekr ‘soil-ruler’ is an odd kenning for ‘giant’ (it could equally well denote a dwarf) and attested only here.
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mold (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u; -ir): earth, soil < moldrekr (noun m.): [soil-ruler]
[2, 3] moldreks orðbrjótr ‘the breaker of the speach of the soil-ruler [(lit. ‘speach-breaker of the soil-ruler’) GIANT > GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: For the myth relating how a giant’s wealth was measured in mouthfuls, see Note to Anon Bjark 5/8. Moldrekr ‘soil-ruler’ is an odd kenning for ‘giant’ (it could equally well denote a dwarf) and attested only here.
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(unlinked proper noun) < moldrekr (noun m.): [soil-ruler]
[2, 3] moldreks orðbrjótr ‘the breaker of the speach of the soil-ruler [(lit. ‘speach-breaker of the soil-ruler’) GIANT > GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: For the myth relating how a giant’s wealth was measured in mouthfuls, see Note to Anon Bjark 5/8. Moldrekr ‘soil-ruler’ is an odd kenning for ‘giant’ (it could equally well denote a dwarf) and attested only here.
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(unlinked proper noun) < moldrekr (noun m.): [soil-ruler]
[2, 3] moldreks orðbrjótr ‘the breaker of the speach of the soil-ruler [(lit. ‘speach-breaker of the soil-ruler’) GIANT > GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: For the myth relating how a giant’s wealth was measured in mouthfuls, see Note to Anon Bjark 5/8. Moldrekr ‘soil-ruler’ is an odd kenning for ‘giant’ (it could equally well denote a dwarf) and attested only here.
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(unlinked proper noun) < moldrekr (noun m.): [soil-ruler]
[2, 3] moldreks orðbrjótr ‘the breaker of the speach of the soil-ruler [(lit. ‘speach-breaker of the soil-ruler’) GIANT > GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: For the myth relating how a giant’s wealth was measured in mouthfuls, see Note to Anon Bjark 5/8. Moldrekr ‘soil-ruler’ is an odd kenning for ‘giant’ (it could equally well denote a dwarf) and attested only here.
[3] valdi munka ‘the ruler of monks [= God]’: Munkr is an ecclesiastical loanword in Old Norse, probably from OE munuc (ultimately from Lat. monachus) (Fischer 1909, 53). As Frank (1994b, 124 n. 60) notes, the use of munkr ‘monk’ as a determinant is very rare in skaldic verse, paralleled only by reynir munka ‘tester of monks’ in Anon Hafg 2/1IV and dróttinn munka ‘lord of monks’ in Skapti Frag 1/1, the attributed date (C10th and C11th respectively) of both of which may be doubted. The juxtaposition of pagan and Christian references (noted in the Introduction) is especially striking in this stanza.
[3] valdi munka ‘the ruler of monks [= God]’: Munkr is an ecclesiastical loanword in Old Norse, probably from OE munuc (ultimately from Lat. monachus) (Fischer 1909, 53). As Frank (1994b, 124 n. 60) notes, the use of munkr ‘monk’ as a determinant is very rare in skaldic verse, paralleled only by reynir munka ‘tester of monks’ in Anon Hafg 2/1IV and dróttinn munka ‘lord of monks’ in Skapti Frag 1/1, the attributed date (C10th and C11th respectively) of both of which may be doubted. The juxtaposition of pagan and Christian references (noted in the Introduction) is especially striking in this stanza.
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mæringr (noun m.): famous one
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2. an (conj.): than
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þú (pron.; °gen. þín, dat. þér, acc. þik): you
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nærri (adj. comp.; °superl. nǽstr): near, nearer, next
[4] nærri: ‘nerri’ Tˣ, ‘ne..í’ 744ˣ, næri C
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This stanza is quoted in Skm to illustrate the use of mæringr ‘prince’ as a nafn ókent ‘non-periphrastic term’ for ‘man’.
Ms. B(7r) is now almost illegible and 744ˣ has been used in its place.
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