Martin Chase (ed.) 2007, ‘Einarr Skúlason, Geisli 3’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 9.
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siðr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. -/-i; -ir, acc. -u): faith, morals
[1] siðar ‘faith’: This edn, with Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) and Kock (Skald; NN §2315), reads this as the gen. sg. of the noun siðr ‘religious practice, faith’ and construes: Ljósi sólar heilags siðar brá ‘The light of the sun of holy faith was extinguished’. Another possibility is to read the first word with a long ‘i’, síðar, the comp. form of the adv. síð, with the sense Síðar brá sólar ljósi ‘Later, the light of the sun [= Christ] was destroyed’. Síðar is then a reference to the preceding st., and its initial position in st. 3 may suggest that it is meant as a transition between the two. For this reading, see Chase 2005, 53 and 127. The long form, síðar, is unmetrical, however, as resolution is required in position one to avoid a hypermetrical l.
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siðr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. -/-i; -ir, acc. -u): faith, morals
[1] siðar ‘faith’: This edn, with Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) and Kock (Skald; NN §2315), reads this as the gen. sg. of the noun siðr ‘religious practice, faith’ and construes: Ljósi sólar heilags siðar brá ‘The light of the sun of holy faith was extinguished’. Another possibility is to read the first word with a long ‘i’, síðar, the comp. form of the adv. síð, with the sense Síðar brá sólar ljósi ‘Later, the light of the sun [= Christ] was destroyed’. Síðar is then a reference to the preceding st., and its initial position in st. 3 may suggest that it is meant as a transition between the two. For this reading, see Chase 2005, 53 and 127. The long form, síðar, is unmetrical, however, as resolution is required in position one to avoid a hypermetrical l.
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heilagr (adj.; °helgan; compar. -ari, superl. -astr): holy, sacred
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heilagr (adj.; °helgan; compar. -ari, superl. -astr): holy, sacred
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bregða (verb; °bregðr/brigðr; brá, brugðu; brugðinn/brogðinn): pull, jerk, break; change
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sól (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u/-; -ir): sun
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sól (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u/-; -ir): sun
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setr (noun n.; °-s; -): seat, abode
[2] setrs ‘of the abode’: Flat’s reading requires the assumption of a noun (‘light’) for betra to qualify. Kock (NN §927; Skald) adopts Bb’s setr to give þat vas fyr betra setr ... ‘that was for [the purpose of] a better home ...’. — [2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
[2] setrs ‘of the abode’: Flat’s reading requires the assumption of a noun (‘light’) for betra to qualify. Kock (NN §927; Skald) adopts Bb’s setr to give þat vas fyr betra setr ... ‘that was for [the purpose of] a better home ...’. — [2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
[2] setrs ‘of the abode’: Flat’s reading requires the assumption of a noun (‘light’) for betra to qualify. Kock (NN §927; Skald) adopts Bb’s setr to give þat vas fyr betra setr ... ‘that was for [the purpose of] a better home ...’. — [2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
[2] setrs ‘of the abode’: Flat’s reading requires the assumption of a noun (‘light’) for betra to qualify. Kock (NN §927; Skald) adopts Bb’s setr to give þat vas fyr betra setr ... ‘that was for [the purpose of] a better home ...’. — [2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
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fyr (prep.): for, over, because of, etc.
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betri (adj. comp.; °superl. beztr/baztr; pos. góðr adj.): better, best
[2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
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finnandi (noun m.): bestower, finder < auðfinnandi (noun m.)
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finnandi (noun m.): bestower, finder < auðfinnandi (noun m.)
[3] ‑finnǫndum (‘‑finnandum’): so Bb, ‘‑finnendum’ Flat
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1. annarr (pron.; °f. ǫnnur, n. annat; pl. aðrir): (an)other, second
[2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
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1. annarr (pron.; °f. ǫnnur, n. annat; pl. aðrir): (an)other, second
[2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
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ómjór (adj.): [not-small]
[4] ómjós (‘o mioss’): so Bb, ‘o míors’ Flat
[2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
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ómjór (adj.): [not-small]
[4] ómjós (‘o mioss’): so Bb, ‘o míors’ Flat
[2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
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rǫðull (noun m.; °dat. rǫðli): heavenly body
[2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
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rǫðull (noun m.; °dat. rǫðli): heavenly body
[2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
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œðri (adj. comp.): nobler, higher
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þrifnuðr (noun m.; °þrifnaðar, dat. þrifnaði): prosperity
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1. nema (verb): to take
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1. efna (verb; °-að-): initiate
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vér (pron.; °gen. vár, dat./acc. oss): we, us, our
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þás (conj.): when
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líf (noun n.; °-s; -): life
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3. á (prep.): on, at
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kross (noun m.; °-, dat. -i; -ar): cross, crucifix
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jǫrð (noun f.; °jarðar, dat. -u; jarðir/jarðar(DN I (1367) 304)): ground, earth
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allr (adj.): all
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2. fyrðr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -): man
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ónauðigr (adj.): undeserving, without coercion
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2. taka (verb): take
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dauði (noun m.; °-a; -ar): death
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
Siðar heilags brá sólar |
The light of the sun of holy faith [= God > = Christ] was extinguished; for finders of riches [MEN] that preceded the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun [SKY/HEAVEN > = God (= Christ)]. The best prosperity decided to bring itself to us when he, willing, won the life of all the men of earth through death on a cross.
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