Þul Jarðar 1^III

Jǫrð ‘Earth’

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jǫrð (noun f.; °jarðar, dat. -u; jarðir/jarðar(DN I (1367) 304Š)): ground, earth

[1] Jǫrð: ‘[…]o᷎rd’ B, ‘Jo᷎rd’ 744ˣ

fjǫrn ‘landscape’

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(unknown)

notes

[1] fjǫrn (f.) ‘landscape’: The heiti is also listed in Þul Kvenna II 2/2, but it is not otherwise found in poetry. According to AEW: fjǫrn, the word may be derived from Gmc *fernō and related to the strong verb fara ‘go, travel’ or to the adv. fjarri ‘far off’ (hence, lit. ‘one stretching far’). Alternatively, it is possible that fjǫrn was derived from fjǫr ‘life’ (lit. ‘one giving life’ or ‘life-containing’; SnE 1998, II, 274).

rofa ‘furrow’

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rofa (noun f.)

[1] rofa: ‘rufa’ B, R, Tˣ

notes

[1] rofa (f.) ‘furrow’: The heiti is not found elsewhere. Most likely it is derived from the strong verb rjúfa ‘break, rip up’ (die mit dem pflug aufgebrochene ‘one ripped up with a plough’, AEW: rofa).

eskja ‘one grown with ash trees’

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eskja (noun f.; °; -ur): land

notes

[2] eskja (f.) ‘one grown with ash trees’: A hap. leg. from askr m. ‘ash-tree’ (so AEW: eskja).

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[2] ok: om. Tˣ

Hlóðyn ‘Hlóðyn’

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Hlǫðyn (noun f.): Hlóðyn, Hlǫðyn

notes

[2] Hlóðyn: A name for Jǫrð, mother to Þórr and consort to Óðinn (Vsp 56/2; Gylf, SnE 2005, 52 – in the latter the name is rendered as Hlǫðyn). The origin of this name is uncertain. It is possibly the same as Hludana, an Old Germanic (earth?)-deity of the Lower Rhine, named in five inscriptions from the C2nd and C3rd AD. If so, the name could have been a loanword from Old Frisian (see ARG II, 321-2; AEW: Hlóðyn). Alternatively, Hlóðyn is explained as < *hlōþa-winjō, whose first element, hlóð-, might be related to ModNorw. lo ‘unthreshed grain’, ModSwed. dialects lod ‘hay-‘ or ‘cornstack’. The second element, ‑yn, is derived from vin f. ‘meadow’ (see ÍO: Hlóðyn, Hlǫðyn; cf. also Sigyn in Þul Ásynja 2/4 and Note). According to Finnur Jónsson (LP: Hlǫðyn, Skj B, followed by Skald, as well as by SnE 1998, I, 130 and Dronke 1997, 22, 150), the correct form of this name is Hlǫðyn. That reading is not supported by the mss, however, because all have <o> here. That is also the case in Vsp 56/2 (NK 13), and both in the present þula and in Vsp 56/2 the metre requires a long root vowel. See also VSt Erf 2/4 and Eskál Vell 26/3^I.

gyma ‘one populated with men’

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gyma (noun f.)

notes

[3] gyma (f.) ‘one populated with men’: A hap. leg. probably derived from gumi m. ‘man’ (AEW: gyma). According to Finnur Jónsson (LP: gyma), however, this heiti may be related to gymir m. ‘sea’, i.e. another name for the sea-giant Ægir (see Þul Sjóvar 2/6).

Sif ‘Sif’

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2. Sif (noun f.): Sif

notes

[3] Sif: The name of a goddess, Þórr’s wife, whose name means ‘affinity’ (cf. Hárb 48/1, Hym 3/5, 15/5, 34/6, Lok prose, Þry 24/9, Gylf, SnE 2005, 5, 26, Skm, SnE 1998, I, 14, 19-20, 30, 35, etc.). In the þulur, Sif is also mentioned in Þul Kvenna II 1/4, but as a heiti for ‘earth’ her name is not found elsewhere.

Fjǫrgyn ‘Fjǫrgyn’

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Fjǫrgyn (noun f.)

notes

[3] Fjǫrgyn: A name for Jǫrð, Þórr’s mother (cf. Vsp 56/10, Hárb 56/7), which sometimes appears in skaldic poetry as a heiti for ‘earth’. Cf. Goth. fairguni, OE fiergin-, fyrgen- ‘mountain’ and the names of thunder-gods among the etymological parallels to this name in other Indo-European languages, such as Old Lithuanian Perkúnas, Old Slavonic Perunu (AEW: fjǫrgyn).

grund ‘ground’

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grund (noun f.): earth, land

hauðr ‘surface’

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hauðr (noun n.): earth, ground

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[4] ok: om. Tˣ

rǫnd ‘rim’

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rǫnd (noun f.; °dat. -/-u; rendr/randir): shield, shield-rim

[4] rǫnd: ‘nnud’ or ‘nuud’ C

notes

[4] rǫnd (f.) ‘rim’: This is also a shield-heiti and often used as a pars pro toto for ‘shield’, but as a heiti for ‘earth’ the word does not occur elsewhere. 

fold ‘field’

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fold (noun f.): land

vangr ‘meadow’

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1. vangr (noun m.): field, plain

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[5] ok: om. Tˣ

Fíf ‘Fife’

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Fíf (noun n.): [Fife]

[5] Fíf: sif R, om. Tˣ, C

notes

[5] Fíf ‘Fife’: So mss A and B, omitted in Tˣ, C and given as Sif in R (see l. 3 above). Either a hap. leg. or, more likely (and adopted here), the same as Fíf, i.e. Fife in Scotland (cf. Sigv Lv 12/3^I and Orkn ch. 20, ÍF 34, 51; see also LP: Fíf and SnE 1998, I, 457).

frón ‘country’

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2. frón (noun n.): earth, land

[6] frón: ‘fr[…]’ B, frón 744ˣ

hjarl ‘loam’

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hjarl (noun n.): land

[6] hjarl: hjarl land C

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[6] ok: om. Tˣ

barmr ‘coast’

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barmr (noun m.; °dat. -i; *-um): rim

[6] barmr: ‘barðmr’ R, ‘badmr’ C

land ‘land’

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land (noun n.; °-s; *-): land

[7] land: om. C

bjǫð ‘flat land’

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bjað (noun n.): land

[7] bjǫð: þjóð C

notes

[7] bjǫð (n. pl.) ‘flat land’: This term is found only in poetry, and its origin is obscure. It could be a loanword (< OIr. bioth, bith ‘world’). Alternatively, bjǫð has been interpreted as a genuine Germanic word (from *bhedh ‘dig’). For discussion of this word, see AEW: bjǫð and ÍO: bjöð, bjǫð. See also Vsp 4/2 where the sons of Burr are raising what most commentators take to be the surface of the earth from the sea or primeval waters.

þruma ‘slope’

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2. þruma (noun f.): land, an island

notes

[7] þruma (f.) ‘slope’: Probably the same word as ModIcel. þruma ‘steep slope’. It is also the name of an island in Norway (Þul Eyja 3/8). As a heiti for ‘earth’ the word does not occur elsewhere in poetry.

láð ‘territory’

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2. láð (noun n.): earth, land

[8] láð: om. R, Tˣ, C

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

merski ‘marsh’

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merski (noun n.)

[8] merski: ‘mærer’ C

notes

[8] merski (n.) ‘marsh’: A loanword from MLG merskelant (ModIcel. merskiland). See also OE mersc ‘marsh, swamp’. The word is not otherwise found in skaldic verse. The C variant ‘mærer’ must be a scribal error.