Kennings — Einarr Skúlason Fragments
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ESk Frag 1III
hôr vafrlogi skála heims
‘the high flickering flame of the world’s hall’ = SUN
the world’s hall → SKY
the high flickering flame of the SKY → SUNsun
1.1.1. fire of sky/heaven -
ESk Frag 1III
skáli heims
‘of the world’s hall’ = SKY
the world’s hall → SKYsky/heaven
1.5. house of the world -
ESk Frag 1III
Beita borgar bálgrimmustum
‘most fire-hostile of Beiti’s stronghold’ = GENEROUS MAN
to the fire of Beiti’s stronghold. → GOLD
most hostile of the GOLD → GENEROUS MANgenerous man
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ESk Frag 1III
Beita borg bál
‘to the fire of Beiti’s stronghold’ = GOLD
to the fire of Beiti’s stronghold. → GOLDgold
1.1.1. fire of the sea (A1) -
ESk Frag 1III
Beita borg
‘of Beiti’s stronghold’ = SEA
to the fire of Beiti’s stronghold. → GOLD
most hostile of the GOLD → GENEROUS MANsea
2.3. dwelling of the sea-king -
ESk Frag 2III
geðsnjallr folkvǫrðr
‘the quick-witted guardian of the people’ = RULER
The quick-witted guardian of the people → RULERchieftain, king, leader, lord, prince, ruler
1.3. guardian of people -
ESk Frag 2III
faldr snáks
‘the headdress of the serpent’ = HELMET
the headdress of the serpent → HELMEThelmet
1.4. headgear of the serpent -
ESk Frag 2III
frœknu fjall skarar
‘his heroic mountain of hair’ = HEAD
his heroic mountain of hair; → HEADhead
1.1. place of the hair (A1b and A3) -
ESk Frag 2III
konungr hǫrða
‘of the king of the hǫrðar’ = NORWEGIAN KING
the king of the Hǫrðar → NORWEGIAN KINGNorwegian king, ruler, jarl
1.1. ruler of the Norwegians -
ESk Frag 3III
ítrserkr flœðar jastar
‘the splendid shirt of the yeast’s flood’ = DRINKING HORN
the yeast’s flood; → BEER
the splendid shirt of the BEER → DRINKING HORNdrinking horn
3. shirt of the drink -
ESk Frag 3III
flœð jastar
‘of the yeast’s flood’ = BEER
the yeast’s flood; → BEERale/beer
1. liquid of ale components -
ESk Frag 3III
bjóðr fjarðbáls
‘ may the donor of fjord-fire’ = GENEROUS MAN
fjord-fire → GOLD
may the donor of the GOLD → GENEROUS MANgenerous man
2.5.1. offerer of gold -
ESk Frag 3III
fjarðbál
‘of fjord-fire’ = GOLD
fjord-fire → GOLDgold
1.1.1. fire of the sea (A1) -
ESk Frag 4III
segl Hildar
‘Hildr’s sail’ = SHIELD
Hildr’s sail → SHIELDshield
12.1. sail of the valkyrie -
ESk Frag 4III
mestum glymvindr Gǫndlar
‘the strongest roaring wind of Gǫndul’ = BATTLE
the strongest roaring wind of Gǫndul → BATTLEbattle
1.1.3. storm/wind of the valkyrie -
ESk Frag 4III
hagl strengjar
‘hail of the bow-string’ = ARROWS
hail of the bow-string → ARROWSarrow
1.1. shower of the bow -
ESk Frag 5III
ætt ins helga Óláfs
‘the kinsman of the holy Óláfr’ = NORWEGIAN KING
The kinsman of the holy Óláfr → NORWEGIAN KINGNorwegian king, ruler, jarl
4. relative of the Norwegian king -
ESk Frag 5III
leygr sólar skipa
‘the flame of the ships’ sun’ = SWORD
the ships’ sun → SHIELD
the flame of the SHIELD → SWORDsword
1.1.02.1. fire of the shield -
ESk Frag 5III
sól skipa
‘of the ships’ sun’ = SHIELD
the ships’ sun → SHIELDshield
1.01. heavenly body of the ship -
ESk Frag 6III
dýrr magnandi dolgskára
‘the splendid strengthener of the battle-gull’ = WARRIOR
the battle-gull → RAVEN/EAGLE
The splendid strengthener of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIORwarrior
3.1.05. strengthener of the bird of battlefield -
ESk Frag 6III
dolgskári
‘of the battle-gull’ = RAVEN/EAGLE
the battle-gull → RAVEN/EAGLEraven/eagle
1.1. bird of battle (A2) -
ESk Frag 6III
dýrum Garmr bliksólar
‘the splendid Garmr of the gleam-sun’ = WEAPON
the gleam-sun; → SHIELD
the splendid Garmr of the SHIELD → WEAPONweapon
. dog of the shield -
ESk Frag 6III
bliksól
‘of the gleam-sun’ = SHIELD
the gleam-sun; → SHIELDshield
1.10. sun of the gleam -
ESk Frag 6III
harmr fermu Hugins
‘the grief of Huginn’s food’ = RAVEN/EAGLE
Huginn’s food → CORPSES
the grief of CORPSES → RAVEN/EAGLEraven/eagle
4. harm of the corpse (A3) -
ESk Frag 6III
ferma Hugins
‘of Huginn’s food’ = CORPSES
Huginn’s food → CORPSEScorpse, slain
1.1. food of the raven/eagle -
ESk Frag 8III
sámleitum faxi jarnsǫxu
‘of jarnsaxa’s swarthy steed’ = WOLF
Jarnsaxa’s swarthy steed → WOLFwolf
1.1. horse of the giantess, troll-woman (A3) -
ESk Frag 8III
beita Gera
‘Geri’s bait’ = CORPSES
Geri’s bait; → CORPSEScorpse, slain
1.2. food of the wolf -
ESk Frag 8III
matr arnar
‘food of the eagle’ = CORPSES
food of the eagle → CORPSEScorpse, slain
1.1. food of the raven/eagle -
ESk Frag 9III
blakkr strindar svana
‘the steed of the land of swans’ = SHIP
the land of swans → SEA
the steed of the SEA → SHIPship, boat
1.1.1.1. horse of the sea -
ESk Frag 9III
strind svana
‘of the land of swans’ = SEA
the land of swans → SEAsea
6.1. land of the aquatic bird -
ESk Frag 9III
snægrund
‘the snow-ground’ = Iceland
the snow-ground → IcelandIceland
1. land of snow -
ESk Frag 10III
dynstrǫnd dorgar
‘the roaring beach of the trolling-line’ = SEA
the roaring beach of the trolling-line → SEAsea
7.1. land of the fishing-line -
ESk Frag 11III
holmfjǫturr
‘the island-fetter’ = SEA
The island-fetter → SEAsea
1.2. band/fetter of the land -
ESk Frag 11III
hrafn gráns Heita
‘the horse of the hostile Heiti’ = SHIP
the horse of the hostile Heiti; → SHIPship, boat
1.3.1.1. horse of the sea-king -
ESk Frag 12III
haustkǫld holmrǫnd
‘the autumn-cold island-rim’ = SEA
The autumn-cold island-rim → SEAsea
1.9. rim of the land -
ESk Frag 12III
héldum andr varar
‘the rime-covered ski of the wake’ = SHIP
the rime-covered ski of the wake. → SHIPship, boat
2.1. ski of the sea -
ESk Frag 13III
sverrigjǫrð svalra landa
‘the swirling girdle of cool lands’ = SEA
The swirling girdle of cool lands → SEAsea
1.1. belt of the land -
ESk Frag 14III
flugastraumr Rakna
‘the cascade of Rakni’ = SEA
the cascade of Rakni; → SEAsea
8.1. liquid of the sea-king -
ESk Frag 14III
bǫl dúks
‘the harm of the sail’ = WIND
the harm of the sail → WINDstorm, wind
3. harm of the sail -
ESk Frag 14III
bifgrund
‘the trembling ground’ = SEA
the trembling ground → SEAsea
14. half-kennings -
ESk Frag 15III
glóð flóðs
‘embers of the flood’ = GOLD
embers of the flood. → GOLDgold
1.1.1.2. fire of the flood (A1) -
ESk Frag 16III
almsorg
‘the grief of the elm-tree’ = WIND
the grief of the elm-tree → WINDstorm, wind
1.3. sorrow of the tree -
ESk Frag 16III
élsnúinn þjalmi Manar
‘the storm-twisted enclosure of Man’ = SEA
the storm-twisted enclosure of Man. → SEAsea
1.8. snare of the land -
ESk Frag 17III
hraustum grennir skúfs Gǫndlar
‘the valiant feeder of Gǫndul’s skua’ = WARRIOR
Gǫndul’s skua; → RAVEN/EAGLE
the valiant feeder of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIORwarrior
3.1.01. feeder of the bird of battlefield -
ESk Frag 17III
skúfr Gǫndlar
‘of Gǫndul’s skua’ = RAVEN/EAGLE
Gǫndul’s skua; → RAVEN/EAGLEraven/eagle
2.1. bird of the valkyrie (A2) -
ESk Frag 18III
viðr varra
‘the wood of the wake’ = SHIP
the wood of the wake; → SHIPship, boat
3.1. tree of the sea