ESk Frag 14^III

Viknar ‘flexes’

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2. vikna (verb): [flexes]

ramr ‘The strong’

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rammr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): mighty

[1] ramr: rammr W, ‘ran’ U

í ‘in’

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í (prep.): in, into

notes

[2] í flugastraumi ‘in the cascade’: Lit. ‘in the cliffs’ current’, i.e. a waterfall, a heavy flow of water tumbling over a steep cliff. The first element in this cpd, fluga- is taken here as gen. pl. of flug n. ‘cliff, steep mountainside, precipice’ (see Fritzner: flug 2; so also AEW). Cf. Note to Eil Þdr 1/1 for this meaning of flug-. See also Grett Lv 28/6^V (Gr 60) and Note there. Earlier eds, who construe Rakna ‘of Rakni <sea-king>’ as the determinant in a kenning for ‘sea’ (see Note to l. 4 below), interpret flugastraumr as ‘violent current’ without a determinant (so Skj B and LP, Fritzner: flugastraumr), in which fluga- is gen. pl. of flug n. ‘quick speed’ which Fritzner glosses a hurtig Fart (Fritzner: flug 1). That is also a possible interpretation.

Rakna ‘of Rakni’

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Rakni (noun m.): Rakni

[1] Rakna: raknar U

kennings

notes

[1] Rakna ‘of Rakni <sea-king>’: For this name, see Note to Þul Sea-kings l. 8.

rek ‘of driven nails’

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2. reka (verb): drive, force < reksaumr (noun m.)

notes

[2] reksaumr ‘the seam of driven nails’: Lit. ‘driven seam’, e.g. the seam of nails that holds the overlapping planking together (see also ESk Lv 15/2).

saumr ‘seam’

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saumr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): nail, seam < reksaumr (noun m.)

[2] ‑saumr: ‑saums 744ˣ

notes

[2] reksaumr ‘the seam of driven nails’: Lit. ‘driven seam’, e.g. the seam of nails that holds the overlapping planking together (see also ESk Lv 15/2).

flugastraumi ‘the cascade’

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flugastraumr (noun m.): [violent current]

kennings

notes

[2] í flugastraumi ‘in the cascade’: Lit. ‘in the cliffs’ current’, i.e. a waterfall, a heavy flow of water tumbling over a steep cliff. The first element in this cpd, fluga- is taken here as gen. pl. of flug n. ‘cliff, steep mountainside, precipice’ (see Fritzner: flug 2; so also AEW). Cf. Note to Eil Þdr 1/1 for this meaning of flug-. See also Grett Lv 28/6^V (Gr 60) and Note there. Earlier eds, who construe Rakna ‘of Rakni <sea-king>’ as the determinant in a kenning for ‘sea’ (see Note to l. 4 below), interpret flugastraumr as ‘violent current’ without a determinant (so Skj B and LP, Fritzner: flugastraumr), in which fluga- is gen. pl. of flug n. ‘quick speed’ which Fritzner glosses a hurtig Fart (Fritzner: flug 1). That is also a possible interpretation.

dúks ‘of the sail’

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dúkr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-; -ar/-ir(DN IV (1348) 263²⁹)): dress, cloth

[3] dúks: so U, ‘dugs’ R, Tˣ, om. W, dags 744ˣ

kennings

hrindr ‘forces’

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1. hrinda (verb): launch, propell

bǫl ‘the harm’

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bǫl (noun n.; °-s, dat. bǫlvi): evil

kennings

þars ‘where’

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þars (conj.): where

[3] þars (‘þar er’): so all others, þar R

bleikir ‘goes white’

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2. bleikja (verb; °-kð-): [goes white]

bif ‘the trembling’

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2. bifa (verb; °-að-): shudder, tremble < bifgrund (noun f.)

kennings

notes

[4] bifgrund ‘the trembling ground [SEA]’: This is an imperfect kenning for ‘sea’ (but see Rv Lv 21/4^II svalteigr ‘cool plot [SEA]’), and some earlier eds (Skj B; SnE 1998, I, 38, II, 244) take Rakna ‘of Rakni’ (l. 1) as a determinant: bifgrund Rakna ‘the shaking ground of Rakni’, i.e. ‘the sea’. That construction leaves a dangling prep. (í ‘in’, l. 1), which does not otherwise occur in skaldic syntax (see NN §960). The R variant, bifgrundar (f. gen. sg. or nom./acc. pl.), cannot be construed in a syntactically meaningful way.

grund ‘ground’

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grund (noun f.): earth, land < bifgrund (noun f.)

[4] ‑grund á: so all others, ‑grundar R

kennings

notes

[4] bifgrund ‘the trembling ground [SEA]’: This is an imperfect kenning for ‘sea’ (but see Rv Lv 21/4^II svalteigr ‘cool plot [SEA]’), and some earlier eds (Skj B; SnE 1998, I, 38, II, 244) take Rakna ‘of Rakni’ (l. 1) as a determinant: bifgrund Rakna ‘the shaking ground of Rakni’, i.e. ‘the sea’. That construction leaves a dangling prep. (í ‘in’, l. 1), which does not otherwise occur in skaldic syntax (see NN §960). The R variant, bifgrundar (f. gen. sg. or nom./acc. pl.), cannot be construed in a syntactically meaningful way.

á ‘against’

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3. á (prep.): on, at

[4] ‑grund á: so all others, ‑grundar R

stag ‘the stay’

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stag (noun n.; °-s; *-): forestay, stay

notes

[4] stag ‘the stay’: For stag ‘stay’ see Note to Frag 10/3 above.

rifjum ‘the reefs’

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3. rif (noun n.): reef in a sail

[4] rifjum: ‘r[…]’ U, ‘rífín’ 744ˣ

notes

[4] rifjum ‘the reefs’: The reef (rif) is the horizontal strip of the sail that can be pulled up to shorten the sail (see Falk 1912, 68-9, SnE 1998, II, 376-7 and Jesch 2001a, 163).