ESk Frag 6III
Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Einarr Skúlason, Fragments 6’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 157.
Dolg ‘of the battle’
(not checked:)
dolgr (noun m.; °dat. -; -ar): enemy, battle < dolgskári (noun m.)
kennings
Dýrr magnandi dolgskára‘The splendid strengthener of the battle-gull ’
= WARRIOR
the battle-gull → RAVEN/EAGLE
The splendid strengthener of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
Dolg ‘of the battle’
(not checked:)
dolgr (noun m.; °dat. -; -ar): enemy, battle < dolgskári (noun m.)
kennings
Dýrr magnandi dolgskára‘The splendid strengthener of the battle-gull ’
= WARRIOR
the battle-gull → RAVEN/EAGLE
The splendid strengthener of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
skára ‘gull’
(not checked:)
skári (noun m.): [sea-gull, gull] < dolgskári (noun m.)
[1] ‑skára: stála U
kennings
Dýrr magnandi dolgskára‘The splendid strengthener of the battle-gull ’
= WARRIOR
the battle-gull → RAVEN/EAGLE
The splendid strengthener of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
skára ‘gull’
(not checked:)
skári (noun m.): [sea-gull, gull] < dolgskári (noun m.)
[1] ‑skára: stála U
kennings
Dýrr magnandi dolgskára‘The splendid strengthener of the battle-gull ’
= WARRIOR
the battle-gull → RAVEN/EAGLE
The splendid strengthener of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
dýrum ‘the splendid’
(not checked:)
dýrr (adj.; °compar. -ri/-ari, superl. -str/-astr): precious
kennings
dýrum Garmi bliksólar;‘the splendid Garmr of the gleam-sun; ’
= WEAPON
the gleam-sun; → SHIELD
the splendid Garmr of the SHIELD → WEAPON
dýrr ‘The splendid’
(not checked:)
dýrr (adj.; °compar. -ri/-ari, superl. -str/-astr): precious
kennings
Dýrr magnandi dolgskára‘The splendid strengthener of the battle-gull ’
= WARRIOR
the battle-gull → RAVEN/EAGLE
The splendid strengthener of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
magnandi ‘strengthener’
(not checked:)
magnandi (noun m.): strengthener
[2] magnandi: so Tˣ, A, B, 2368ˣ, magnaði R, C, magnandi at U, ‘magandi’ 743ˣ
kennings
Dýrr magnandi dolgskára‘The splendid strengthener of the battle-gull ’
= WARRIOR
the battle-gull → RAVEN/EAGLE
The splendid strengthener of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
stýra ‘controls’
(not checked:)
stýra (verb): steer, control
Hugins ‘of Huginn’s’
(not checked:)
1. Huginn (noun m.): Huginn
[3] Hugins: ‘hugi[…]s’ B, ‘hugins’ 744ˣ, hug með 2368ˣ, hugsins 743ˣ
kennings
harmr fermu Hugins‘the grief of Huginn’s food ’
= RAVEN/EAGLE
Huginn’s food → CORPSES
the grief of CORPSES → RAVEN/EAGLE
notes
[3] Hugins ‘of Huginn’s <raven’s>’: Huginn (from hugi or hugr ‘mind’) was one of Óðinn’s ravens in Old Norse myth. See Note to Þul Hrafns 1/2 and Muninn in Frag 7/3 below.
Hugins ‘of Huginn’s’
(not checked:)
1. Huginn (noun m.): Huginn
[3] Hugins: ‘hugi[…]s’ B, ‘hugins’ 744ˣ, hug með 2368ˣ, hugsins 743ˣ
kennings
harmr fermu Hugins‘the grief of Huginn’s food ’
= RAVEN/EAGLE
Huginn’s food → CORPSES
the grief of CORPSES → RAVEN/EAGLE
notes
[3] Hugins ‘of Huginn’s <raven’s>’: Huginn (from hugi or hugr ‘mind’) was one of Óðinn’s ravens in Old Norse myth. See Note to Þul Hrafns 1/2 and Muninn in Frag 7/3 below.
kennings
harmr fermu Hugins‘the grief of Huginn’s food ’
= RAVEN/EAGLE
Huginn’s food → CORPSES
the grief of CORPSES → RAVEN/EAGLE
kennings
harmr fermu Hugins‘the grief of Huginn’s food ’
= RAVEN/EAGLE
Huginn’s food → CORPSES
the grief of CORPSES → RAVEN/EAGLE
bregðr ‘puts an end’
(not checked:)
bregða (verb; °bregðr/brigðr; brá, brugðu; brugðinn/brogðinn): pull, jerk, break; change
[3] bregðr: berr C
notes
[3] bregðr harmi ‘puts an end to its grief’: The grief of a raven or an eagle is its hunger.
harmi ‘to its grief’
(not checked:)
1. harmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): sorrow, grief
notes
[3] bregðr harmi ‘puts an end to its grief’: The grief of a raven or an eagle is its hunger.
harmr ‘the grief’
(not checked:)
1. harmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): sorrow, grief
[4] harmr blik‑: ‘har[…]’ B, ‘harmr bli .’ 744ˣ, harmblik C; harmr: ‘h'nar’ U
kennings
harmr fermu Hugins‘the grief of Huginn’s food ’
= RAVEN/EAGLE
Huginn’s food → CORPSES
the grief of CORPSES → RAVEN/EAGLE
blik ‘of the gleam’
(not checked:)
blik (noun n.): gleam < bliksól (noun f.)
[4] harmr blik‑: ‘har[…]’ B, ‘harmr bli .’ 744ˣ, harmblik C
kennings
dýrum Garmi bliksólar;‘the splendid Garmr of the gleam-sun; ’
= WEAPON
the gleam-sun; → SHIELD
the splendid Garmr of the SHIELD → WEAPON
notes
[4] bliksólar ‘of the gleam-sun [SHIELD]’: This is an incomplete kenning for ‘shield’. Finnur Jónsson emends to borðsólar ‘of the gunwale-sun’ (LP: bliksól) or barðsólar ‘of the prow-sun’ (Skj B), i.e. ‘shield’. According to Kock (NN §3102), blik means ‘gold’, and he takes the cpd in the sense ‘the golden sun’ i.e. ‘the shield’. ‘Gold’ never serves as a determinant in kennings for ‘shield’, however (see Meissner 171-7). Faulkes (SnE 1998, I, 212) suggests that Garmi bliksólar ‘the Garmr of the shine of the sun’ could have been caused by scribal confusion with Mánagarmr (‘moon-hound’), the wolf that will eventually swallow the moon. It is possible that blik ‘gleam’, which frequently serves as a base-word in kennings for ‘sword’ (see Meissner 150), is used in an absolute meaning ‘sword’ (bliksól ‘sword-sun’ i.e. ‘shield’).
blik ‘of the gleam’
(not checked:)
blik (noun n.): gleam < bliksól (noun f.)
[4] harmr blik‑: ‘har[…]’ B, ‘harmr bli .’ 744ˣ, harmblik C
kennings
dýrum Garmi bliksólar;‘the splendid Garmr of the gleam-sun; ’
= WEAPON
the gleam-sun; → SHIELD
the splendid Garmr of the SHIELD → WEAPON
notes
[4] bliksólar ‘of the gleam-sun [SHIELD]’: This is an incomplete kenning for ‘shield’. Finnur Jónsson emends to borðsólar ‘of the gunwale-sun’ (LP: bliksól) or barðsólar ‘of the prow-sun’ (Skj B), i.e. ‘shield’. According to Kock (NN §3102), blik means ‘gold’, and he takes the cpd in the sense ‘the golden sun’ i.e. ‘the shield’. ‘Gold’ never serves as a determinant in kennings for ‘shield’, however (see Meissner 171-7). Faulkes (SnE 1998, I, 212) suggests that Garmi bliksólar ‘the Garmr of the shine of the sun’ could have been caused by scribal confusion with Mánagarmr (‘moon-hound’), the wolf that will eventually swallow the moon. It is possible that blik ‘gleam’, which frequently serves as a base-word in kennings for ‘sword’ (see Meissner 150), is used in an absolute meaning ‘sword’ (bliksól ‘sword-sun’ i.e. ‘shield’).
sólar ‘sun’
(not checked:)
sól (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u/-; -ir): sun < bliksól (noun f.)
kennings
dýrum Garmi bliksólar;‘the splendid Garmr of the gleam-sun; ’
= WEAPON
the gleam-sun; → SHIELD
the splendid Garmr of the SHIELD → WEAPON
notes
[4] bliksólar ‘of the gleam-sun [SHIELD]’: This is an incomplete kenning for ‘shield’. Finnur Jónsson emends to borðsólar ‘of the gunwale-sun’ (LP: bliksól) or barðsólar ‘of the prow-sun’ (Skj B), i.e. ‘shield’. According to Kock (NN §3102), blik means ‘gold’, and he takes the cpd in the sense ‘the golden sun’ i.e. ‘the shield’. ‘Gold’ never serves as a determinant in kennings for ‘shield’, however (see Meissner 171-7). Faulkes (SnE 1998, I, 212) suggests that Garmi bliksólar ‘the Garmr of the shine of the sun’ could have been caused by scribal confusion with Mánagarmr (‘moon-hound’), the wolf that will eventually swallow the moon. It is possible that blik ‘gleam’, which frequently serves as a base-word in kennings for ‘sword’ (see Meissner 150), is used in an absolute meaning ‘sword’ (bliksól ‘sword-sun’ i.e. ‘shield’).
sólar ‘sun’
(not checked:)
sól (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u/-; -ir): sun < bliksól (noun f.)
kennings
dýrum Garmi bliksólar;‘the splendid Garmr of the gleam-sun; ’
= WEAPON
the gleam-sun; → SHIELD
the splendid Garmr of the SHIELD → WEAPON
notes
[4] bliksólar ‘of the gleam-sun [SHIELD]’: This is an incomplete kenning for ‘shield’. Finnur Jónsson emends to borðsólar ‘of the gunwale-sun’ (LP: bliksól) or barðsólar ‘of the prow-sun’ (Skj B), i.e. ‘shield’. According to Kock (NN §3102), blik means ‘gold’, and he takes the cpd in the sense ‘the golden sun’ i.e. ‘the shield’. ‘Gold’ never serves as a determinant in kennings for ‘shield’, however (see Meissner 171-7). Faulkes (SnE 1998, I, 212) suggests that Garmi bliksólar ‘the Garmr of the shine of the sun’ could have been caused by scribal confusion with Mánagarmr (‘moon-hound’), the wolf that will eventually swallow the moon. It is possible that blik ‘gleam’, which frequently serves as a base-word in kennings for ‘sword’ (see Meissner 150), is used in an absolute meaning ‘sword’ (bliksól ‘sword-sun’ i.e. ‘shield’).
kennings
dýrum Garmi bliksólar;‘the splendid Garmr of the gleam-sun; ’
= WEAPON
the gleam-sun; → SHIELD
the splendid Garmr of the SHIELD → WEAPON
notes
[4] Garmi ‘Garmr <dog>’: Garmr is the dog whose barking foreshadows the end of the world in Old Norse myth (see Vsp 44/1, 49/1, 58/1).
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
Huginn is given as a name or heiti for ‘raven’ in both Skm and LaufE.
The metre is dunhent ‘echoing-rhymed’, a variant of dróttkvætt characterised by repetition of internal rhymes from the odd lines to the even lines (here -ár- : -ýr- : -ýr-, -erm- : -arm- : -arm-; see SnSt Ht 24). That metre is also used in Frag 8 below, and it could be that the two stanzas belonged to the same poem.
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