Tindr Hákdr 7I
Russell Poole (ed.) 2012, ‘Tindr Hallkelsson, Hákonardrápa 7’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 350.
Saddi ‘sated’
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seðja (verb): satisfy, satiate
jarl ‘The jarl’
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jarl (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): poet, earl
þars ‘where’
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þars (conj.): where
odda ‘of barbs’
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oddr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): point of weapon
kennings
ofþing odda‘the mighty assemblies of barbs ’
= BATTLES
the mighty assemblies of barbs → BATTLES
of ‘the mighty ’
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of- ((prefix)): too much < ofþing (noun n.): [mighty assemblies]
kennings
ofþing odda‘the mighty assemblies of barbs ’
= BATTLES
the mighty assemblies of barbs → BATTLES
þing ‘assemblies’
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þing (noun n.; °-s; -): meeting, assembly < ofþing (noun n.): [mighty assemblies]
kennings
ofþing odda‘the mighty assemblies of barbs ’
= BATTLES
the mighty assemblies of barbs → BATTLES
saman ‘together’
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saman (adv.): together
gingu ‘came’
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2. ganga (verb; geng, gekk, gengu, genginn): walk, go
hugða ‘’
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hugða (noun f.; °-u): thought
vann ‘overcame’
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2. vinna (verb): perform, work
valt ‘’
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valtr (adj.): unsteady, in danger
kennings
vals Hanga.‘of the falcon of Hangi. ’
= RAVEN
the falcon of Hangi. → RAVEN
kennings
vals Hanga.‘of the falcon of Hangi. ’
= RAVEN
the falcon of Hangi. → RAVEN
hranna ‘’
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hrǫnn (noun f.; °; dat. -um): wave
hungri ‘the hunger’
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1. hungr (noun m.; °hungrs/-s, dat. hungri, acc. hungr/hung): hunger
hrafna ‘the ravens’
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hrafn (noun m.; °hrafns; dat. hrafni; hrafnar): raven
[4] hrafna: hranna 510
byrgis ‘of the protector’
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byrgi (noun n.; °-s; -, dat. byrgjum): refuge
kennings
nafni byrgis‘the namesake of the protector ’
= Hákon
the namesake of the protector → Hákon
notes
[4] nafni byrgis ‘the namesake of the protector [= Hákon]’: Although the referent is unmistakable, the working of the allusion remains obscure. The noun nafni ‘namesake’ can be used to denote a person who shares a given name with another well-known figure, as with the two kings Óláfr (Sigv Berv 6/8II). In one instance the clue is instead given by the gen. of a nickname accompanying nafni: Hildr Lv 1/1 nafni Nefju ‘[Hrólfr], namesake of [Hrólfr] Nefja’. A relevant Byrgi(r) (whether given name or nickname) has yet to be identified, but if byrgi(r) is a nickname or common noun it is likely to mean ‘protector, protection, defence’ (cf. borg f. and byrgi n., both ‘fortress, stronghold’, and byrgja ‘to enclose’). Meanwhile, the most likely namesake for Hákon jarl would be his C10th predecessor King Hákon góði, and since heiðinn dómr ‘heathendom’ is pointedly referred to in l. 7 (see Note below), it is possible that the allusion is to Hákon (indeed both Hákons) as a protector of the ancestral religion (cf. ‘Ruler biographies’ in Introduction to this volume). Finnur Jónsson (1886b, 342; Skj B) proposed emendation to fylkis ‘of the leader, ruler’; a nafni fylkis would in his analysis be a jarl, i.e. Hákon, but this diverges from the skaldic usage of nafni noted above.
nafni ‘the namesake’
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nafni (noun m.; °-a; -ar): namesake
kennings
nafni byrgis‘the namesake of the protector ’
= Hákon
the namesake of the protector → Hákon
notes
[4] nafni byrgis ‘the namesake of the protector [= Hákon]’: Although the referent is unmistakable, the working of the allusion remains obscure. The noun nafni ‘namesake’ can be used to denote a person who shares a given name with another well-known figure, as with the two kings Óláfr (Sigv Berv 6/8II). In one instance the clue is instead given by the gen. of a nickname accompanying nafni: Hildr Lv 1/1 nafni Nefju ‘[Hrólfr], namesake of [Hrólfr] Nefja’. A relevant Byrgi(r) (whether given name or nickname) has yet to be identified, but if byrgi(r) is a nickname or common noun it is likely to mean ‘protector, protection, defence’ (cf. borg f. and byrgi n., both ‘fortress, stronghold’, and byrgja ‘to enclose’). Meanwhile, the most likely namesake for Hákon jarl would be his C10th predecessor King Hákon góði, and since heiðinn dómr ‘heathendom’ is pointedly referred to in l. 7 (see Note below), it is possible that the allusion is to Hákon (indeed both Hákons) as a protector of the ancestral religion (cf. ‘Ruler biographies’ in Introduction to this volume). Finnur Jónsson (1886b, 342; Skj B) proposed emendation to fylkis ‘of the leader, ruler’; a nafni fylkis would in his analysis be a jarl, i.e. Hákon, but this diverges from the skaldic usage of nafni noted above.
skýar ‘’
Morð ‘of killing’
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1. morð (noun n.; °-s; -): killing, battle < morðský (noun n.)1. morð (noun n.; °-s; -): killing, battle
kennings
hríð morðskýja*.‘the storm of killing-clouds ’
= BATTLE
killing-clouds → SHIELDS
the storm of SHIELDS → BATTLE
notes
[5, 7, 8] at háða hríð morðskýja* ‘after the storm of killing-clouds [SHIELDS > BATTLE] [was] waged’: Háða is f. acc. sg. p. p. from heyja ‘to perform, hold, wage’, hence lit. ‘after the waged battle’. For the construction of at + acc., cf. LP: 1. at B.
Morð ‘of killing’
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1. morð (noun n.; °-s; -): killing, battle < morðský (noun n.)1. morð (noun n.; °-s; -): killing, battle
kennings
hríð morðskýja*.‘the storm of killing-clouds ’
= BATTLE
killing-clouds → SHIELDS
the storm of SHIELDS → BATTLE
notes
[5, 7, 8] at háða hríð morðskýja* ‘after the storm of killing-clouds [SHIELDS > BATTLE] [was] waged’: Háða is f. acc. sg. p. p. from heyja ‘to perform, hold, wage’, hence lit. ‘after the waged battle’. For the construction of at + acc., cf. LP: 1. at B.
skýja* ‘clouds’
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ský (noun n.; °-s; -): cloud < morðský (noun n.)
[5] ‑skýja*: ‘skyar’ 510
kennings
hríð morðskýja*.‘the storm of killing-clouds ’
= BATTLE
killing-clouds → SHIELDS
the storm of SHIELDS → BATTLE
notes
[5, 7, 8] at háða hríð morðskýja* ‘after the storm of killing-clouds [SHIELDS > BATTLE] [was] waged’: Háða is f. acc. sg. p. p. from heyja ‘to perform, hold, wage’, hence lit. ‘after the waged battle’. For the construction of at + acc., cf. LP: 1. at B.
skýja* ‘clouds’
(not checked:)
ský (noun n.; °-s; -): cloud < morðský (noun n.)
[5] ‑skýja*: ‘skyar’ 510
kennings
hríð morðskýja*.‘the storm of killing-clouds ’
= BATTLE
killing-clouds → SHIELDS
the storm of SHIELDS → BATTLE
notes
[5, 7, 8] at háða hríð morðskýja* ‘after the storm of killing-clouds [SHIELDS > BATTLE] [was] waged’: Háða is f. acc. sg. p. p. from heyja ‘to perform, hold, wage’, hence lit. ‘after the waged battle’. For the construction of at + acc., cf. LP: 1. at B.
mǫnnum ‘’
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maðr (noun m.): man, person
varð ‘It became’
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1. verða (verb): become, be
kennings
mávi Mistar‘for the seagull of Mist ’
= RAVEN/EAGLE
for the seagull of Mist → RAVEN/EAGLE
Mistar ‘of Mist’
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Mist (noun f.): Mist
kennings
mávi Mistar‘for the seagull of Mist ’
= RAVEN/EAGLE
for the seagull of Mist → RAVEN/EAGLE
gótt ‘good’
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góðr (adj.): good
til ‘for’
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til (prep.): to
vista ‘provisions’
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vist (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): abode, lodging, provisions
heiðins ‘of heathen’
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heiðinn (adj.): heathen
kennings
markar heiðins dóms‘of the forest of heathendom ’
= NORWAY
the forest of heathendom → NORWAY
notes
[7, 8] markar heiðins dóms ‘of the forest of heathendom [NORWAY]’: The basis of the kenning appears to be that the part of Norway controlled by Hákon jarl represented the strongest bastion of heathendom, in contradistinction to Denmark and the districts in Norway controlled by Denmark, where Christianity was assuming dominance (Fms 12; LP (1860): mörk 2; cf. Finnur Jónsson 1886b, 342). This attestation of heiðinn dómr, which is among the first in ON, seems to acknowledge paganism as a religion distinct from kristindómr ‘Christianity’, a loan from OE which is unrecorded before the early C11th (Abrams 1998, 111-12, 124).
dóms ‘dom’
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dómr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): judgement; court; -dom, -ness (suffix)
kennings
markar heiðins dóms‘of the forest of heathendom ’
= NORWAY
the forest of heathendom → NORWAY
notes
[7, 8] markar heiðins dóms ‘of the forest of heathendom [NORWAY]’: The basis of the kenning appears to be that the part of Norway controlled by Hákon jarl represented the strongest bastion of heathendom, in contradistinction to Denmark and the districts in Norway controlled by Denmark, where Christianity was assuming dominance (Fms 12; LP (1860): mörk 2; cf. Finnur Jónsson 1886b, 342). This attestation of heiðinn dómr, which is among the first in ON, seems to acknowledge paganism as a religion distinct from kristindómr ‘Christianity’, a loan from OE which is unrecorded before the early C11th (Abrams 1998, 111-12, 124).
at ‘after’
(not checked:)
3. at (prep.): at, to
notes
[5, 7, 8] at háða hríð morðskýja* ‘after the storm of killing-clouds [SHIELDS > BATTLE] [was] waged’: Háða is f. acc. sg. p. p. from heyja ‘to perform, hold, wage’, hence lit. ‘after the waged battle’. For the construction of at + acc., cf. LP: 1. at B.
ǫld ‘’
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ǫld (noun f.; °; aldir): people, age
háða ‘waged’
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2. heyja (verb): fight, wage (battle)
notes
[5, 7, 8] at háða hríð morðskýja* ‘after the storm of killing-clouds [SHIELDS > BATTLE] [was] waged’: Háða is f. acc. sg. p. p. from heyja ‘to perform, hold, wage’, hence lit. ‘after the waged battle’. For the construction of at + acc., cf. LP: 1. at B.
vann ‘’
(not checked:)
2. vinna (verb): perform, work
kennings
hríð morðskýja*.‘the storm of killing-clouds ’
= BATTLE
killing-clouds → SHIELDS
the storm of SHIELDS → BATTLE
notes
[5, 7, 8] at háða hríð morðskýja* ‘after the storm of killing-clouds [SHIELDS > BATTLE] [was] waged’: Háða is f. acc. sg. p. p. from heyja ‘to perform, hold, wage’, hence lit. ‘after the waged battle’. For the construction of at + acc., cf. LP: 1. at B. — [8] hríð ‘the storm’: This emendation of ms. ǫld is indicated by both metre and sense, and is generally accepted. Kock (NN §434) suggests taking hríð as the ókend heiti for ‘battle’, combining Mistar morðskýja ‘of the Mist <valkyrie> of killing-clouds’ in ll. 5, 6 to give sköldrustad valkyria ‘shield-equipped valkyrie’, and taking this as a determinant for mávi ‘seagull’, but this analysis is counter to skaldic usage, despite the further putative examples given in NN §2987H.
kennings
hríð morðskýja*.‘the storm of killing-clouds ’
= BATTLE
killing-clouds → SHIELDS
the storm of SHIELDS → BATTLE
notes
[5, 7, 8] at háða hríð morðskýja* ‘after the storm of killing-clouds [SHIELDS > BATTLE] [was] waged’: Háða is f. acc. sg. p. p. from heyja ‘to perform, hold, wage’, hence lit. ‘after the waged battle’. For the construction of at + acc., cf. LP: 1. at B. — [8] hríð ‘the storm’: This emendation of ms. ǫld is indicated by both metre and sense, and is generally accepted. Kock (NN §434) suggests taking hríð as the ókend heiti for ‘battle’, combining Mistar morðskýja ‘of the Mist <valkyrie> of killing-clouds’ in ll. 5, 6 to give sköldrustad valkyria ‘shield-equipped valkyrie’, and taking this as a determinant for mávi ‘seagull’, but this analysis is counter to skaldic usage, despite the further putative examples given in NN §2987H.
markar ‘of the forest’
(not checked:)
2. mǫrk (noun f.; °merkr; merkr): forest
kennings
markar heiðins dóms‘of the forest of heathendom ’
= NORWAY
the forest of heathendom → NORWAY
notes
[7, 8] markar heiðins dóms ‘of the forest of heathendom [NORWAY]’: The basis of the kenning appears to be that the part of Norway controlled by Hákon jarl represented the strongest bastion of heathendom, in contradistinction to Denmark and the districts in Norway controlled by Denmark, where Christianity was assuming dominance (Fms 12; LP (1860): mörk 2; cf. Finnur Jónsson 1886b, 342). This attestation of heiðinn dómr, which is among the first in ON, seems to acknowledge paganism as a religion distinct from kristindómr ‘Christianity’, a loan from OE which is unrecorded before the early C11th (Abrams 1998, 111-12, 124).
síðu ‘the coast’
(not checked:)
1. síða (noun f.; °-u; -ur): side
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Saddi jarl, þars odda |
The jarl sated the ravens, where the mighty assemblies of barbs [BATTLES] came together; the namesake of the protector [= Hákon] overcame the hunger of the falcon of Hangi <= Óðinn> [RAVEN]. It became good for provisions for the seagull of Mist <valkyrie> [RAVEN/EAGLE] by the coast of the forest of heathendom [NORWAY] after the storm of killing-clouds [SHIELDS > BATTLE] [was] waged.
As for st. 4.
[1-4]: Some emendations in the helmingr are unavoidable, and the following are adopted: Hanga ‘of Hangi <= Óðinn>’ for hugða and vals ‘of the falcon’ for valt in l. 3; and hrafna ‘ravens’ for hranna in l. 4. These were originally proposed by Sveinbjörn Egilsson in Fms 12 and/or SHI 12. — [5-8]: (a) The solution of Finnur Jónsson (partly based on conjectures by Sveinbjörn Egilsson) is adopted in this edn. Finnur (1886b, 343) emended ms. mǫnnum ‘to men’ to mávi (dat. sg.) ‘for the sea-gull’ in l. 5. For ms. vann in l. 8 he initially proposed fyr ‘before’ (1886b, 343) but later við ‘by’ (Skj B). He adopted Sveinbjörn Egilsson’s explanation of the phrase mǫrk heiðins dóms ‘forest-land of heathendom’ in ll. 7-8 and his emendation to hríð ‘storm’ in l. 8 (see Notes below).
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