Rory McTurk (ed.) 2017, ‘Ragnars saga loðbrókar 34 (Anonymous Lausavísur, Lausavísur from Ragnars saga loðbrókar 4)’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry in fornaldarsögur. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 8. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 690.
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haf (noun n.; °-s; *-): sea
[1] hesta hafs ‘of the horses of the sea [SHIPS]’: If hestr hafnar ‘horse of the harbour’ in Ragn 33/7 is accepted as a kenning for ‘ship’, it is arguable that the speaker of Ragn 34 is here outdoing the speaker of that stanza with a kenning that develops the idea of a ship further. A hestr hafnar might be thought of as a ship that seldom or never leaves the harbour, in contrast to a hestr hafs ‘horse of the sea’ which braves the challenges of the open sea.
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láta (verb): let, have sth done
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vér (pron.; °gen. vár, dat./acc. oss): we, us, our
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hestr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): horse, stallion
[1] hesta hafs ‘of the horses of the sea [SHIPS]’: If hestr hafnar ‘horse of the harbour’ in Ragn 33/7 is accepted as a kenning for ‘ship’, it is arguable that the speaker of Ragn 34 is here outdoing the speaker of that stanza with a kenning that develops the idea of a ship further. A hestr hafnar might be thought of as a ship that seldom or never leaves the harbour, in contrast to a hestr hafs ‘horse of the sea’ which braves the challenges of the open sea.
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2. hlýr (noun n.; °-s; -): cheek, bow
[2] stinn hlýr ‘the sturdy prows’: Olsen (Ragn 1906-8) notes that hlýr n. can mean ‘cheek’ as well as the ‘side (of a prow)’ (cf. Jesch 2001a, 147), thus sustaining in the present instance the idea of the ship as an animate being. The eds of CPB are exceptional among previous eds in taking the <a> following stinn in the ms. not as a prep. but as the m. acc. pl. ending of a cpd adj. hlýrstinnr ‘strong-prowed’, and seeing it as agreeing here (hlýrstinna) with hesta in the previous line. This further involves taking renna ‘speed through’ (so CPB) as transitive rather than intransitive (with brim as its direct object), used in the same way as ganga ‘traverse’ in Ragn 5/7 (cf. NS §96).
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stinnr (adj.): stiff, firm
[2] stinn hlýr ‘the sturdy prows’: Olsen (Ragn 1906-8) notes that hlýr n. can mean ‘cheek’ as well as the ‘side (of a prow)’ (cf. Jesch 2001a, 147), thus sustaining in the present instance the idea of the ship as an animate being. The eds of CPB are exceptional among previous eds in taking the <a> following stinn in the ms. not as a prep. but as the m. acc. pl. ending of a cpd adj. hlýrstinnr ‘strong-prowed’, and seeing it as agreeing here (hlýrstinna) with hesta in the previous line. This further involves taking renna ‘speed through’ (so CPB) as transitive rather than intransitive (with brim as its direct object), used in the same way as ganga ‘traverse’ in Ragn 5/7 (cf. NS §96).
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3. á (prep.): on, at
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brim (noun n.): surf
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2. renna (verb): run (strong)
[2] renna ‘advance’: The use here of the inf. form renna as opposed to the older rinna (see LP: rinna), ‘advance (upon)’, which would provide aðalhending in an even line, is mentioned as an example of a young form by Finnur Jónsson (LH II, 142), who takes it as transitive (with á as adverbial? Cf. his text in Skj BII, 260, and NS §96 (b)), but presumably as a strong verb.
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meðan (conj.): while
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3. á (prep.): on, at
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bjartr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): bright
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1. brynja (noun f.; °-u (dat. brynnoni Gibb 38⁹); -ur): mailcoat
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blóð (noun n.; °-s): blood
[4] blóði dreif ‘blood … sprayed’: The verb dreif, 3rd pers. sg. pret. of drífa ‘drive, cause to move’ is impersonal with its object blóði in the dat.
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2. drífa (verb; °drífr; dreif, drifu; drifinn): drive, rush
[4] blóði dreif ‘blood … sprayed’: The verb dreif, 3rd pers. sg. pret. of drífa ‘drive, cause to move’ is impersonal with its object blóði in the dat.
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1. um (prep.): about, around
[4] um síðir ‘at last’: The ms. form ‘siþirrr’ seems clear here, so that there is no need to emend to um/of síður ‘over the sides (of the ship)’, as all previous eds have done.
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1. síð (noun f.; °; -ir): um síðir: in the end
[4] um síðir ‘at last’: The ms. form ‘siþirrr’ seems clear here, so that there is no need to emend to um/of síður ‘over the sides (of the ship)’, as all previous eds have done.
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ylgr (noun f.; °acc. -i): she-wolf
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1. gína (verb): gape
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aldri (adv.): never
[5] aldri ‘never’: The ms. reading can be retained, as here and by Örnólfur Thorsson (Ragn 1985), provided that the mönnum ‘men’ are assumed to be of the speaker’s party: they have not been overcome. Kock (NN §1466) proposes emending aldri to öldur-, thus obtaining in l. 5 the cpd noun öldurmönnum ‘noblemen’. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) more radically emends aldri to arnar and ‘eyragrat’ to eyddisk gráðr, hence ‘the greed of the eagle was destroyed (i.e. the eagle was sated)’.
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maðr (noun m.): man, person
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eyra (noun n.; °eyra; eyru/eyrun, gen. eyrna): ear < eyragránn (adj.): grey-eared
[6] eyragrán ‘grey-eared’: Lit. ‘ear-grey’. The present ed. follows Kock (NN §1466) in adopting this emended form (ms. ‘eyra grat’), agreeing with ylgr f. nom. sg. ‘she-wolf’ in l. 5. For Finnur Jónsson’s solution, see Note to l. 5. Ms. ‘grat’ could be taken, as by Örnólfur Thorsson (Ragn 1985), as grátt, n. acc. sg. of the adj. grár ‘grey’, used adverbially in the sense of ‘grimly, cruelly’ (cf. LP: grár 2, and cf. ModIcel. grátt gaman ‘malicious delight’).
[6] eyragrán ‘grey-eared’: Lit. ‘ear-grey’. The present ed. follows Kock (NN §1466) in adopting this emended form (ms. ‘eyra grat’), agreeing with ylgr f. nom. sg. ‘she-wolf’ in l. 5. For Finnur Jónsson’s solution, see Note to l. 5. Ms. ‘grat’ could be taken, as by Örnólfur Thorsson (Ragn 1985), as grátt, n. acc. sg. of the adj. grár ‘grey’, used adverbially in the sense of ‘grimly, cruelly’ (cf. LP: grár 2, and cf. ModIcel. grátt gaman ‘malicious delight’).
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3. of (prep.): around, from; too
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svíri (noun m.; °-a; -ar): neck
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harðr (adj.; °comp. -ari; superl. -astr): hard, harsh < harðmeldr (noun m.): [grist-pellets]
[7] heiða harðmeldri Hveðnu ‘the gleaming hard flour of Hveðna <giantess> [GOLD]’: An allusion to the myth of the mill of Fróði; see SnE 1998, I, 51-8, cf. SnE 2007, 21 (SnSt Ht 43III). The present ed. follows Kock (NN §1467 and Skald) in retaining the ms. readings and assuming that -meldri is an acceptable acc. pl. form of meldr ‘flour, meal’. The fact that meldr is recorded elsewhere with gen. sg. ‑rar as well as ‑rs would suggest that an acc. pl. meldri (characteristic of i-stems) or meldra (characteristic of ‑a stems, and also mentioned by Kock) would both be possible, though pl. forms of meldr do not appear to be recorded (Fritzner, ONP: meldr; cf. ANG §358. 2). Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) avoids the problem by emending to m. acc. sg. heiðan harðmeldr (hveðnu), and treating hveðna as a common noun meaning ‘giantess’, cf. the next Note.
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meldr (noun m.): flour < harðmeldr (noun m.): [grist-pellets]
[7] heiða harðmeldri Hveðnu ‘the gleaming hard flour of Hveðna <giantess> [GOLD]’: An allusion to the myth of the mill of Fróði; see SnE 1998, I, 51-8, cf. SnE 2007, 21 (SnSt Ht 43III). The present ed. follows Kock (NN §1467 and Skald) in retaining the ms. readings and assuming that -meldri is an acceptable acc. pl. form of meldr ‘flour, meal’. The fact that meldr is recorded elsewhere with gen. sg. ‑rar as well as ‑rs would suggest that an acc. pl. meldri (characteristic of i-stems) or meldra (characteristic of ‑a stems, and also mentioned by Kock) would both be possible, though pl. forms of meldr do not appear to be recorded (Fritzner, ONP: meldr; cf. ANG §358. 2). Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) avoids the problem by emending to m. acc. sg. heiðan harðmeldr (hveðnu), and treating hveðna as a common noun meaning ‘giantess’, cf. the next Note.
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2. fá (verb; °fǽr; fekk, fengu; fenginn): get, receive
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vér (pron.; °gen. vár, dat./acc. oss): we, us, our
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4. heiðr (adj.): bright
[7] heiða harðmeldri Hveðnu ‘the gleaming hard flour of Hveðna <giantess> [GOLD]’: An allusion to the myth of the mill of Fróði; see SnE 1998, I, 51-8, cf. SnE 2007, 21 (SnSt Ht 43III). The present ed. follows Kock (NN §1467 and Skald) in retaining the ms. readings and assuming that -meldri is an acceptable acc. pl. form of meldr ‘flour, meal’. The fact that meldr is recorded elsewhere with gen. sg. ‑rar as well as ‑rs would suggest that an acc. pl. meldri (characteristic of i-stems) or meldra (characteristic of ‑a stems, and also mentioned by Kock) would both be possible, though pl. forms of meldr do not appear to be recorded (Fritzner, ONP: meldr; cf. ANG §358. 2). Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) avoids the problem by emending to m. acc. sg. heiðan harðmeldr (hveðnu), and treating hveðna as a common noun meaning ‘giantess’, cf. the next Note.
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Hveðna (noun f.): Hveðna
[7] heiða harðmeldri Hveðnu ‘the gleaming hard flour of Hveðna <giantess> [GOLD]’: An allusion to the myth of the mill of Fróði; see SnE 1998, I, 51-8, cf. SnE 2007, 21 (SnSt Ht 43III). The present ed. follows Kock (NN §1467 and Skald) in retaining the ms. readings and assuming that -meldri is an acceptable acc. pl. form of meldr ‘flour, meal’. The fact that meldr is recorded elsewhere with gen. sg. ‑rar as well as ‑rs would suggest that an acc. pl. meldri (characteristic of i-stems) or meldra (characteristic of ‑a stems, and also mentioned by Kock) would both be possible, though pl. forms of meldr do not appear to be recorded (Fritzner, ONP: meldr; cf. ANG §358. 2). Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) avoids the problem by emending to m. acc. sg. heiðan harðmeldr (hveðnu), and treating hveðna as a common noun meaning ‘giantess’, cf. the next Note. — [8] Hveðnu ‘Hveðna <giantess>’: On Hveðna as a giantess name, see under Hveðra in SnE 1998, II, 481. There seems to have been a variation between Hveðna (as here and in Hyndl 32/1) and Hveðra (Bragi Rdr 11/2III, Þul Trollkvenna 2/7III and Note).
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Hveðna (noun f.): Hveðna
[7] heiða harðmeldri Hveðnu ‘the gleaming hard flour of Hveðna <giantess> [GOLD]’: An allusion to the myth of the mill of Fróði; see SnE 1998, I, 51-8, cf. SnE 2007, 21 (SnSt Ht 43III). The present ed. follows Kock (NN §1467 and Skald) in retaining the ms. readings and assuming that -meldri is an acceptable acc. pl. form of meldr ‘flour, meal’. The fact that meldr is recorded elsewhere with gen. sg. ‑rar as well as ‑rs would suggest that an acc. pl. meldri (characteristic of i-stems) or meldra (characteristic of ‑a stems, and also mentioned by Kock) would both be possible, though pl. forms of meldr do not appear to be recorded (Fritzner, ONP: meldr; cf. ANG §358. 2). Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) avoids the problem by emending to m. acc. sg. heiðan harðmeldr (hveðnu), and treating hveðna as a common noun meaning ‘giantess’, cf. the next Note. — [8] Hveðnu ‘Hveðna <giantess>’: On Hveðna as a giantess name, see under Hveðra in SnE 1998, II, 481. There seems to have been a variation between Hveðna (as here and in Hyndl 32/1) and Hveðra (Bragi Rdr 11/2III, Þul Trollkvenna 2/7III and Note).
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blóð (noun n.; °-s): blood
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rjóða (verb): to redden
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
Here the first of the two speakers states that, on the contrary, he has engaged in the bloodiest of naval warfare, and in the kind of slaughter that ensures the winning of treasure.
[5-8]: Ylgr gein of svíra mönnum roðna blóði ‘The she-wolf gaped over the necks of men, reddened with blood’ seems straightforward, but the remainder of the helmingr is problematic (and defeated eds up to and including Olsen), especially because aldri ‘never’ in l. 5 would seem to cancel out this conventional image of success in battle and because ms. ‘grat’ in l. 6 is difficult to account for, see the next two Notes.
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