Jǫk Lv 1^I

Hlautk ‘I drew the lot’

(not checked:)
hljóta (verb): alot, gain

[1] Hlautk (‘Hlꜹt ec’): hlaut er FskBˣ

notes

[1] hlautk ‘I drew the lot’: The full sense of hljóta, ‘obtain by lot’ (hence ‘get, have to’), is emphasised by Fsk which depicts Hákon’s men literally casting lots.

frá ‘from’

(not checked:)
frá (prep.): from

[1] frá: fyr 972ˣ, J2ˣ, Bb, ór 321ˣ, 73aˣ, FskBˣ, FskAˣ

Sult ‘Sylte’

(not checked:)
Sult (noun f.): [Sylte]

[1] Sult: Slygs 321ˣ, FskBˣ, FskAˣ

notes

[1] Sult ‘Sylte’: A river flowing into Tafjorden/Norddalsfjorden, Møre og Romsdal. The variant Slygs in Fsk and 321 denotes another river running into the same fjord (Finlay 2004, 157 n. 455).

en ‘and’

(not checked:)
2. en (conj.): but, and

sæta ‘the lady’

(not checked:)
1. sæta (noun f.; °-u; -ur): woman, lady

[1] sæta: særa 321ˣ, sóta 61

notes

[1] sæta ‘the lady’: An unidentified, and probably merely conventional, reference (cf. Frank 1990a). 

síð ‘will hardly’

(not checked:)
2. síð (adv.): late

[2] síð: ‘sidr’ 321ˣ

notes

[2] síð ‘hardly’: Lit. ‘late’: It will be late, i.e. by litotes never, when the lady hears that the speaker is daunted.

fregn ‘hear’

[2] fregn: spyrr J2ˣ

at ‘that’

(not checked:)
4. at (conj.): that

ek ‘I’m’

(not checked:)
ek (pron.; °mín, dat. mér, acc. mik): I, me

[2] ek kvíða: vér kvíðum 972ˣ, J2ˣ, vér kvíðim 73aˣ

kvíða ‘daunted’

(not checked:)
3. kvíða (verb): fear

[2] ek kvíða: vér kvíðum 972ˣ, J2ˣ, vér kvíðim 73aˣ

vôn ‘a prospect of’

(not checked:)
ván (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -/-u; -ir): hope, expectation

[3] vôn: sár 325V

erumk ‘I have’

(not checked:)
2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

[3] erumk: ‘eraz’ 73aˣ, er um 61, FskAˣ, erum 325V, Bb, Tóm, FskBˣ, eru Flat

hreggs ‘a storm’

(not checked:)
hregg (noun n.): storm

[3] hreggs: hress 321ˣ

notes

[3] hreggs ‘of a storm’: The sense ‘conflict’ may be intended here (so Hkr 1991). Hregg is common as a base-word in battle-kennings (LP: hregg), and, perhaps in parallel with hríð ‘storm, phase in a battle, battle’, could have been understood metaphorically. If so, the stanza may anticipate the trouble that ensues in Lv 2 and its context.

at ‘hitting’

(not checked:)
3. at (prep.): at, to

[3] at: á 321ˣ, 73aˣ, FskBˣ

notes

[3] at ‘hitting’: At ‘towards, against’ refers to the threat of a storm hitting the ship. The variant á ‘on’ is also possible. 

hreini ‘the reindeer’

(not checked:)
1. hreinn (noun m.; °; hreinar): reindeer

[3] hreini: hreinni Tóm, FskBˣ

kennings

hlýr ‘of the prow’

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2. hlýr (noun n.; °-s; -): cheek, bow < hlýrvangr (noun m.)

[4] hlýr‑: hlýrs Holm2, 972ˣ, J2ˣ, 321ˣ, 73aˣ, hlý 325VII

kennings

hlýr ‘of the prow’

(not checked:)
2. hlýr (noun n.; °-s; -): cheek, bow < hlýrvangr (noun m.)

[4] hlýr‑: hlýrs Holm2, 972ˣ, J2ˣ, 321ˣ, 73aˣ, hlý 325VII

kennings

vangs ‘plain’

(not checked:)
1. vangr (noun m.): field, plain < hlýrvangr (noun m.)

[4] ‑vangs: því Holm2, 972ˣ, J2ˣ, 321ˣ, visundi 73aˣ, ‑vágs 61, FskBˣ, ‑vægs FskAˣ

kennings

vangs ‘plain’

(not checked:)
1. vangr (noun m.): field, plain < hlýrvangr (noun m.)

[4] ‑vangs: því Holm2, 972ˣ, J2ˣ, 321ˣ, visundi 73aˣ, ‑vágs 61, FskBˣ, ‑vægs FskAˣ

kennings

skipi ‘the ship’

(not checked:)
skip (noun n.; °-s; -): ship

[4] skipi: at 73aˣ

stýra ‘to steer’

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stýra (verb): steer, control

[4] stýra: at stýra 325V

þvís ‘the one’

(not checked:)
1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

[5] þvís (‘þvi er’): er Holm2, 972ˣ, J2ˣ, 321ˣ, 73aˣ, því at Bb, FskAˣ

ý ‘of the yew-bow’s’

(not checked:)
ýr (noun m.): yew, yew-bow, bow < ýstétt (noun f.): [yew-bow path]

[5] ýstéttar: útstéttar 321ˣ, ‘ostrættis’ or ‘ostræitis’ 61, óstéttar 325V, FskAˣ, eystrætis 325VII, óstrætis Bb, Flat, Tóm

kennings

notes

[5, 6] kleifar funa ýstéttar ‘slopes of the flame of the yew-bow’s path [ARM/HAND > GOLD > WOMEN]’: (a) The kenning in itself makes good sense, ý- referring etymologically to a bow made of yew (ýr m.), whose path is the arm or hand on which it rests. Though unexplained in the prose sources, the apparent address to women is somewhat in harmony with l. 1’s reference to the speculation of a lady (sæta), and this reading is adopted also in ÍF 27, ÍF 29 and Hkr 1991. (b) Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) finds a woman-kenning here unlikely and, expecting a man-kenning for which either stéttar ‘path’ or kleifar ‘slopes’ would have to be the base-word, assumes corruption. He suggests (out of several possible emendations) reading eim(s)þreytir ‘fire-destroyer’ in place of ýstéttar ‘yew-path’. Eim- ‘fire’ (partially supported by ‘ey’ in 325VII) would form a gold-kenning with the variant kleifar Haka ‘the slope of Haki <sea-king> [SEA]’ in l. 6, on the well-known pattern ‘fire of the sea/water’ = ‘gold’. This is turn yields the kenning ‘destroyer of gold [GENEROUS MAN]’, which can then be taken in apposition to nom. sg. Ôleifr (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) or as a vocative (Skj B, seemingly). (c) Kock (NN §780) accepts the emendation to -þreytir, but retains ýs to give ‘bow’s destroyer [WARRIOR]’, specified as ‘sea-warrior’ by kleifar Haka. He claims seven examples of phrases meaning ‘sea-warrior’ including this one (NN §1021).

ý ‘of the yew-bow’s’

(not checked:)
ýr (noun m.): yew, yew-bow, bow < ýstétt (noun f.): [yew-bow path]

[5] ýstéttar: útstéttar 321ˣ, ‘ostrættis’ or ‘ostræitis’ 61, óstéttar 325V, FskAˣ, eystrætis 325VII, óstrætis Bb, Flat, Tóm

kennings

notes

[5, 6] kleifar funa ýstéttar ‘slopes of the flame of the yew-bow’s path [ARM/HAND > GOLD > WOMEN]’: (a) The kenning in itself makes good sense, ý- referring etymologically to a bow made of yew (ýr m.), whose path is the arm or hand on which it rests. Though unexplained in the prose sources, the apparent address to women is somewhat in harmony with l. 1’s reference to the speculation of a lady (sæta), and this reading is adopted also in ÍF 27, ÍF 29 and Hkr 1991. (b) Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) finds a woman-kenning here unlikely and, expecting a man-kenning for which either stéttar ‘path’ or kleifar ‘slopes’ would have to be the base-word, assumes corruption. He suggests (out of several possible emendations) reading eim(s)þreytir ‘fire-destroyer’ in place of ýstéttar ‘yew-path’. Eim- ‘fire’ (partially supported by ‘ey’ in 325VII) would form a gold-kenning with the variant kleifar Haka ‘the slope of Haki <sea-king> [SEA]’ in l. 6, on the well-known pattern ‘fire of the sea/water’ = ‘gold’. This is turn yields the kenning ‘destroyer of gold [GENEROUS MAN]’, which can then be taken in apposition to nom. sg. Ôleifr (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) or as a vocative (Skj B, seemingly). (c) Kock (NN §780) accepts the emendation to -þreytir, but retains ýs to give ‘bow’s destroyer [WARRIOR]’, specified as ‘sea-warrior’ by kleifar Haka. He claims seven examples of phrases meaning ‘sea-warrior’ including this one (NN §1021).

ý ‘of the yew-bow’s’

(not checked:)
ýr (noun m.): yew, yew-bow, bow < ýstétt (noun f.): [yew-bow path]

[5] ýstéttar: útstéttar 321ˣ, ‘ostrættis’ or ‘ostræitis’ 61, óstéttar 325V, FskAˣ, eystrætis 325VII, óstrætis Bb, Flat, Tóm

kennings

notes

[5, 6] kleifar funa ýstéttar ‘slopes of the flame of the yew-bow’s path [ARM/HAND > GOLD > WOMEN]’: (a) The kenning in itself makes good sense, ý- referring etymologically to a bow made of yew (ýr m.), whose path is the arm or hand on which it rests. Though unexplained in the prose sources, the apparent address to women is somewhat in harmony with l. 1’s reference to the speculation of a lady (sæta), and this reading is adopted also in ÍF 27, ÍF 29 and Hkr 1991. (b) Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) finds a woman-kenning here unlikely and, expecting a man-kenning for which either stéttar ‘path’ or kleifar ‘slopes’ would have to be the base-word, assumes corruption. He suggests (out of several possible emendations) reading eim(s)þreytir ‘fire-destroyer’ in place of ýstéttar ‘yew-path’. Eim- ‘fire’ (partially supported by ‘ey’ in 325VII) would form a gold-kenning with the variant kleifar Haka ‘the slope of Haki <sea-king> [SEA]’ in l. 6, on the well-known pattern ‘fire of the sea/water’ = ‘gold’. This is turn yields the kenning ‘destroyer of gold [GENEROUS MAN]’, which can then be taken in apposition to nom. sg. Ôleifr (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) or as a vocative (Skj B, seemingly). (c) Kock (NN §780) accepts the emendation to -þreytir, but retains ýs to give ‘bow’s destroyer [WARRIOR]’, specified as ‘sea-warrior’ by kleifar Haka. He claims seven examples of phrases meaning ‘sea-warrior’ including this one (NN §1021).

stéttar ‘path’

(not checked:)
stétt (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): path < ýstétt (noun f.): [yew-bow path]

[5] ýstéttar: útstéttar 321ˣ, ‘ostrættis’ or ‘ostræitis’ 61, óstéttar 325V, FskAˣ, eystrætis 325VII, óstrætis Bb, Flat, Tóm

kennings

notes

[5, 6] kleifar funa ýstéttar ‘slopes of the flame of the yew-bow’s path [ARM/HAND > GOLD > WOMEN]’: (a) The kenning in itself makes good sense, ý- referring etymologically to a bow made of yew (ýr m.), whose path is the arm or hand on which it rests. Though unexplained in the prose sources, the apparent address to women is somewhat in harmony with l. 1’s reference to the speculation of a lady (sæta), and this reading is adopted also in ÍF 27, ÍF 29 and Hkr 1991. (b) Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) finds a woman-kenning here unlikely and, expecting a man-kenning for which either stéttar ‘path’ or kleifar ‘slopes’ would have to be the base-word, assumes corruption. He suggests (out of several possible emendations) reading eim(s)þreytir ‘fire-destroyer’ in place of ýstéttar ‘yew-path’. Eim- ‘fire’ (partially supported by ‘ey’ in 325VII) would form a gold-kenning with the variant kleifar Haka ‘the slope of Haki <sea-king> [SEA]’ in l. 6, on the well-known pattern ‘fire of the sea/water’ = ‘gold’. This is turn yields the kenning ‘destroyer of gold [GENEROUS MAN]’, which can then be taken in apposition to nom. sg. Ôleifr (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) or as a vocative (Skj B, seemingly). (c) Kock (NN §780) accepts the emendation to -þreytir, but retains ýs to give ‘bow’s destroyer [WARRIOR]’, specified as ‘sea-warrior’ by kleifar Haka. He claims seven examples of phrases meaning ‘sea-warrior’ including this one (NN §1021).

stéttar ‘path’

(not checked:)
stétt (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): path < ýstétt (noun f.): [yew-bow path]

[5] ýstéttar: útstéttar 321ˣ, ‘ostrættis’ or ‘ostræitis’ 61, óstéttar 325V, FskAˣ, eystrætis 325VII, óstrætis Bb, Flat, Tóm

kennings

notes

[5, 6] kleifar funa ýstéttar ‘slopes of the flame of the yew-bow’s path [ARM/HAND > GOLD > WOMEN]’: (a) The kenning in itself makes good sense, ý- referring etymologically to a bow made of yew (ýr m.), whose path is the arm or hand on which it rests. Though unexplained in the prose sources, the apparent address to women is somewhat in harmony with l. 1’s reference to the speculation of a lady (sæta), and this reading is adopted also in ÍF 27, ÍF 29 and Hkr 1991. (b) Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) finds a woman-kenning here unlikely and, expecting a man-kenning for which either stéttar ‘path’ or kleifar ‘slopes’ would have to be the base-word, assumes corruption. He suggests (out of several possible emendations) reading eim(s)þreytir ‘fire-destroyer’ in place of ýstéttar ‘yew-path’. Eim- ‘fire’ (partially supported by ‘ey’ in 325VII) would form a gold-kenning with the variant kleifar Haka ‘the slope of Haki <sea-king> [SEA]’ in l. 6, on the well-known pattern ‘fire of the sea/water’ = ‘gold’. This is turn yields the kenning ‘destroyer of gold [GENEROUS MAN]’, which can then be taken in apposition to nom. sg. Ôleifr (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) or as a vocative (Skj B, seemingly). (c) Kock (NN §780) accepts the emendation to -þreytir, but retains ýs to give ‘bow’s destroyer [WARRIOR]’, specified as ‘sea-warrior’ by kleifar Haka. He claims seven examples of phrases meaning ‘sea-warrior’ including this one (NN §1021).

stéttar ‘path’

(not checked:)
stétt (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): path < ýstétt (noun f.): [yew-bow path]

[5] ýstéttar: útstéttar 321ˣ, ‘ostrættis’ or ‘ostræitis’ 61, óstéttar 325V, FskAˣ, eystrætis 325VII, óstrætis Bb, Flat, Tóm

kennings

notes

[5, 6] kleifar funa ýstéttar ‘slopes of the flame of the yew-bow’s path [ARM/HAND > GOLD > WOMEN]’: (a) The kenning in itself makes good sense, ý- referring etymologically to a bow made of yew (ýr m.), whose path is the arm or hand on which it rests. Though unexplained in the prose sources, the apparent address to women is somewhat in harmony with l. 1’s reference to the speculation of a lady (sæta), and this reading is adopted also in ÍF 27, ÍF 29 and Hkr 1991. (b) Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) finds a woman-kenning here unlikely and, expecting a man-kenning for which either stéttar ‘path’ or kleifar ‘slopes’ would have to be the base-word, assumes corruption. He suggests (out of several possible emendations) reading eim(s)þreytir ‘fire-destroyer’ in place of ýstéttar ‘yew-path’. Eim- ‘fire’ (partially supported by ‘ey’ in 325VII) would form a gold-kenning with the variant kleifar Haka ‘the slope of Haki <sea-king> [SEA]’ in l. 6, on the well-known pattern ‘fire of the sea/water’ = ‘gold’. This is turn yields the kenning ‘destroyer of gold [GENEROUS MAN]’, which can then be taken in apposition to nom. sg. Ôleifr (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) or as a vocative (Skj B, seemingly). (c) Kock (NN §780) accepts the emendation to -þreytir, but retains ýs to give ‘bow’s destroyer [WARRIOR]’, specified as ‘sea-warrior’ by kleifar Haka. He claims seven examples of phrases meaning ‘sea-warrior’ including this one (NN §1021).

átti ‘owned’

(not checked:)
2. eiga (verb; °á/eigr (præs. pl. 3. pers. eigu/eiga); átti, áttu; átt): own, have

Ôleifr ‘that Óláfr’

(not checked:)
Óláfr (noun m.): Óláfr

[6] Ôleifr: ‘aleift’ 321ˣ

notes

[6, 8] Ôleifr inn digri ‘Óláfr inn digri (“the Stout”)’: King Óláfr Haraldsson (r. c. 1015-30); see ‘Ruler biographies’ in Introduction to this volume.

funa ‘of the flame’

(not checked:)
funi (noun m.): fire

[6] funa: vala 61, Haka 325VII, Bb, Flat, Tóm

kennings

notes

[5, 6] kleifar funa ýstéttar ‘slopes of the flame of the yew-bow’s path [ARM/HAND > GOLD > WOMEN]’: (a) The kenning in itself makes good sense, ý- referring etymologically to a bow made of yew (ýr m.), whose path is the arm or hand on which it rests. Though unexplained in the prose sources, the apparent address to women is somewhat in harmony with l. 1’s reference to the speculation of a lady (sæta), and this reading is adopted also in ÍF 27, ÍF 29 and Hkr 1991. (b) Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) finds a woman-kenning here unlikely and, expecting a man-kenning for which either stéttar ‘path’ or kleifar ‘slopes’ would have to be the base-word, assumes corruption. He suggests (out of several possible emendations) reading eim(s)þreytir ‘fire-destroyer’ in place of ýstéttar ‘yew-path’. Eim- ‘fire’ (partially supported by ‘ey’ in 325VII) would form a gold-kenning with the variant kleifar Haka ‘the slope of Haki <sea-king> [SEA]’ in l. 6, on the well-known pattern ‘fire of the sea/water’ = ‘gold’. This is turn yields the kenning ‘destroyer of gold [GENEROUS MAN]’, which can then be taken in apposition to nom. sg. Ôleifr (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) or as a vocative (Skj B, seemingly). (c) Kock (NN §780) accepts the emendation to -þreytir, but retains ýs to give ‘bow’s destroyer [WARRIOR]’, specified as ‘sea-warrior’ by kleifar Haka. He claims seven examples of phrases meaning ‘sea-warrior’ including this one (NN §1021).

funa ‘of the flame’

(not checked:)
funi (noun m.): fire

[6] funa: vala 61, Haka 325VII, Bb, Flat, Tóm

kennings

notes

[5, 6] kleifar funa ýstéttar ‘slopes of the flame of the yew-bow’s path [ARM/HAND > GOLD > WOMEN]’: (a) The kenning in itself makes good sense, ý- referring etymologically to a bow made of yew (ýr m.), whose path is the arm or hand on which it rests. Though unexplained in the prose sources, the apparent address to women is somewhat in harmony with l. 1’s reference to the speculation of a lady (sæta), and this reading is adopted also in ÍF 27, ÍF 29 and Hkr 1991. (b) Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) finds a woman-kenning here unlikely and, expecting a man-kenning for which either stéttar ‘path’ or kleifar ‘slopes’ would have to be the base-word, assumes corruption. He suggests (out of several possible emendations) reading eim(s)þreytir ‘fire-destroyer’ in place of ýstéttar ‘yew-path’. Eim- ‘fire’ (partially supported by ‘ey’ in 325VII) would form a gold-kenning with the variant kleifar Haka ‘the slope of Haki <sea-king> [SEA]’ in l. 6, on the well-known pattern ‘fire of the sea/water’ = ‘gold’. This is turn yields the kenning ‘destroyer of gold [GENEROUS MAN]’, which can then be taken in apposition to nom. sg. Ôleifr (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) or as a vocative (Skj B, seemingly). (c) Kock (NN §780) accepts the emendation to -þreytir, but retains ýs to give ‘bow’s destroyer [WARRIOR]’, specified as ‘sea-warrior’ by kleifar Haka. He claims seven examples of phrases meaning ‘sea-warrior’ including this one (NN §1021).

kleifar ‘slopes’

(not checked:)
kleif (noun f.; °; -ar): cliff

kennings

notes

[5, 6] kleifar funa ýstéttar ‘slopes of the flame of the yew-bow’s path [ARM/HAND > GOLD > WOMEN]’: (a) The kenning in itself makes good sense, ý- referring etymologically to a bow made of yew (ýr m.), whose path is the arm or hand on which it rests. Though unexplained in the prose sources, the apparent address to women is somewhat in harmony with l. 1’s reference to the speculation of a lady (sæta), and this reading is adopted also in ÍF 27, ÍF 29 and Hkr 1991. (b) Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) finds a woman-kenning here unlikely and, expecting a man-kenning for which either stéttar ‘path’ or kleifar ‘slopes’ would have to be the base-word, assumes corruption. He suggests (out of several possible emendations) reading eim(s)þreytir ‘fire-destroyer’ in place of ýstéttar ‘yew-path’. Eim- ‘fire’ (partially supported by ‘ey’ in 325VII) would form a gold-kenning with the variant kleifar Haka ‘the slope of Haki <sea-king> [SEA]’ in l. 6, on the well-known pattern ‘fire of the sea/water’ = ‘gold’. This is turn yields the kenning ‘destroyer of gold [GENEROUS MAN]’, which can then be taken in apposition to nom. sg. Ôleifr (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) or as a vocative (Skj B, seemingly). (c) Kock (NN §780) accepts the emendation to -þreytir, but retains ýs to give ‘bow’s destroyer [WARRIOR]’, specified as ‘sea-warrior’ by kleifar Haka. He claims seven examples of phrases meaning ‘sea-warrior’ including this one (NN §1021).

gramr ‘the king’

(not checked:)
1. gramr (noun m.): ruler

vas ‘was’

(not checked:)
2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

sjalfr ‘himself’

(not checked:)
sjalfr (adj.): self

[7] sjalfr: snjallr Holm2, 972ˣ, 321ˣ

á ‘in’

(not checked:)
3. á (prep.): on, at

sumri ‘summer’

(not checked:)
sumar (noun n.; °-s; sumur/sumar): summer

[7] sumri: sunni 73aˣ

sigri ‘of victory’

(not checked:)
sigr (noun m.; °sigrs/sigrar, dat. sigri; sigrar): victory

ræntr ‘robbed’

(not checked:)
ræna (verb): rob

inn ‘inn’

(not checked:)
2. inn (art.): the

notes

[6, 8] Ôleifr inn digri ‘Óláfr inn digri (“the Stout”)’: King Óláfr Haraldsson (r. c. 1015-30); see ‘Ruler biographies’ in Introduction to this volume.

digri ‘digri (‘the Stout’)’

(not checked:)
digr (adj.; °digran; compar. digrari, superl. digrastr): fat, large

notes

[6, 8] Ôleifr inn digri ‘Óláfr inn digri (“the Stout”)’: King Óláfr Haraldsson (r. c. 1015-30); see ‘Ruler biographies’ in Introduction to this volume.