ESk Geisl 33^VII

Ǫld ‘men’

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ǫld (noun f.; °; aldir): people, age

hefr ‘has’

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hafa (verb): have

opt ‘often’

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opt (adv.): often

inn ‘’

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2. inn (art.): the

notes

[1, 2, 4] konungr inn mildi litrauðs bliks unnar ‘the king, generous with the red-coloured light of the wave [GOLD]’: The kenning may be understood on several levels. It clearly refers to Óláfr, but the light imagery also recalls Christ, ‘the king of the sun’, whose radiance is associated with the saint. The ‘king’ in this multivalent metaphor can be the mortal Óláfr, generous with gold; the heavenly Óláfr, generous with miracles; or Christ, generous with the grace of his saints. Cederschiöld proposed emending Bb’s ‘aunnar’ (l. 2) to unnar, and this has been followed by all eds.

mildi ‘generous’

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mildr (adj.; °compar. -ri/-ari, superl. -astr): mild, gentle, gracious, generous

notes

[1, 2, 4] konungr inn mildi litrauðs bliks unnar ‘the king, generous with the red-coloured light of the wave [GOLD]’: The kenning may be understood on several levels. It clearly refers to Óláfr, but the light imagery also recalls Christ, ‘the king of the sun’, whose radiance is associated with the saint. The ‘king’ in this multivalent metaphor can be the mortal Óláfr, generous with gold; the heavenly Óláfr, generous with miracles; or Christ, generous with the grace of his saints. Cederschiöld proposed emending Bb’s ‘aunnar’ (l. 2) to unnar, and this has been followed by all eds.

unnar ‘of the wave’

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2. unnr (noun f.): wave

[2] unnar: ‘aunnar’ Bb

kennings

notes

[1, 2, 4] konungr inn mildi litrauðs bliks unnar ‘the king, generous with the red-coloured light of the wave [GOLD]’: The kenning may be understood on several levels. It clearly refers to Óláfr, but the light imagery also recalls Christ, ‘the king of the sun’, whose radiance is associated with the saint. The ‘king’ in this multivalent metaphor can be the mortal Óláfr, generous with gold; the heavenly Óláfr, generous with miracles; or Christ, generous with the grace of his saints. Cederschiöld proposed emending Bb’s ‘aunnar’ (l. 2) to unnar, and this has been followed by all eds.

bliks ‘light’

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blik (noun n.): gleam

kennings

notes

[1, 2, 4] konungr inn mildi litrauðs bliks unnar ‘the king, generous with the red-coloured light of the wave [GOLD]’: The kenning may be understood on several levels. It clearly refers to Óláfr, but the light imagery also recalls Christ, ‘the king of the sun’, whose radiance is associated with the saint. The ‘king’ in this multivalent metaphor can be the mortal Óláfr, generous with gold; the heavenly Óláfr, generous with miracles; or Christ, generous with the grace of his saints. Cederschiöld proposed emending Bb’s ‘aunnar’ (l. 2) to unnar, and this has been followed by all eds.

frá ‘from’

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frá (prep.): from

miklum ‘great’

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mikill (adj.; °mikinn): great, large

[2] miklum: miklu Bb

notes

[2] miklum ‘great’: The ms. reads ‘miklu’, the n. dat. sg. form, which is grammatically impossible (there is no corresponding noun in the helmingr).

Krists ‘of Christ’

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Kristr (noun m.; °-s/-, dat. -i; -ar): Christ

[3] Krists: krist Bb

kennings

notes

[3] mærik lim Krists ‘I praise the limb of Christ’: Previous eds (Cederschiöld, Skj B and Skald) have emended ms ‘lin’ to lim and ‘Krist’ to Krists, creating a kenning, ‘limb of Christ’, for Óláfr (cf. lim konungs himna sals ‘limb of the king of the hall of heaven’, 66/6). A recent suggestion in Chase 2005, 83 and 149 has been to emend to linan and construe Krist mærik linan ‘I praise merciful Christ’. However, the l. then becomes unmetrical, as the word in question must be monosyllabic (there is no resolution on a word in position 4 in an XE l. until C14th; for the terminology see Gade 1995).

mærik ‘I praise’

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mæra (verb): praise

notes

[3] mærik lim Krists ‘I praise the limb of Christ’: Previous eds (Cederschiöld, Skj B and Skald) have emended ms ‘lin’ to lim and ‘Krist’ to Krists, creating a kenning, ‘limb of Christ’, for Óláfr (cf. lim konungs himna sals ‘limb of the king of the hall of heaven’, 66/6). A recent suggestion in Chase 2005, 83 and 149 has been to emend to linan and construe Krist mærik linan ‘I praise merciful Christ’. However, the l. then becomes unmetrical, as the word in question must be monosyllabic (there is no resolution on a word in position 4 in an XE l. until C14th; for the terminology see Gade 1995).

lim ‘the limb’

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limr (noun m.; °-ar/-s, dat. -i/-; -ir acc. limu/limi): [limb]

[3] lim: ‘lin’ Bb

kennings

notes

[3] mærik lim Krists ‘I praise the limb of Christ’: Previous eds (Cederschiöld, Skj B and Skald) have emended ms ‘lin’ to lim and ‘Krist’ to Krists, creating a kenning, ‘limb of Christ’, for Óláfr (cf. lim konungs himna sals ‘limb of the king of the hall of heaven’, 66/6). A recent suggestion in Chase 2005, 83 and 149 has been to emend to linan and construe Krist mærik linan ‘I praise merciful Christ’. However, the l. then becomes unmetrical, as the word in question must be monosyllabic (there is no resolution on a word in position 4 in an XE l. until C14th; for the terminology see Gade 1995).

leysta ‘rescued’

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leysa (verb): release, loosen, redeem

notes

[3] leysta ‘rescued’: The form is acc. sg. f., in agreement with ǫld ‘men’ (l. 1) rather than the usual sg. n. inflection. This was an accepted means of forming the perf. (ANG §541), and Einarr used it here to provide the requisite trochee at the end of the l.

lit ‘with the red’

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2. litr (adj.): coloured < litrauðr (adj.)

kennings

notes

[1, 2, 4] konungr inn mildi litrauðs bliks unnar ‘the king, generous with the red-coloured light of the wave [GOLD]’: The kenning may be understood on several levels. It clearly refers to Óláfr, but the light imagery also recalls Christ, ‘the king of the sun’, whose radiance is associated with the saint. The ‘king’ in this multivalent metaphor can be the mortal Óláfr, generous with gold; the heavenly Óláfr, generous with miracles; or Christ, generous with the grace of his saints. Cederschiöld proposed emending Bb’s ‘aunnar’ (l. 2) to unnar, and this has been followed by all eds.

rauðs ‘coloured’

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rauðr (adj.; °compar. -ari): red < litrauðr (adj.)

kennings

notes

[1, 2, 4] konungr inn mildi litrauðs bliks unnar ‘the king, generous with the red-coloured light of the wave [GOLD]’: The kenning may be understood on several levels. It clearly refers to Óláfr, but the light imagery also recalls Christ, ‘the king of the sun’, whose radiance is associated with the saint. The ‘king’ in this multivalent metaphor can be the mortal Óláfr, generous with gold; the heavenly Óláfr, generous with miracles; or Christ, generous with the grace of his saints. Cederschiöld proposed emending Bb’s ‘aunnar’ (l. 2) to unnar, and this has been followed by all eds.

konungr ‘The king’

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konungr (noun m.; °dat. -i, -s; -ar): king

notes

[1, 2, 4] konungr inn mildi litrauðs bliks unnar ‘the king, generous with the red-coloured light of the wave [GOLD]’: The kenning may be understood on several levels. It clearly refers to Óláfr, but the light imagery also recalls Christ, ‘the king of the sun’, whose radiance is associated with the saint. The ‘king’ in this multivalent metaphor can be the mortal Óláfr, generous with gold; the heavenly Óláfr, generous with miracles; or Christ, generous with the grace of his saints. Cederschiöld proposed emending Bb’s ‘aunnar’ (l. 2) to unnar, and this has been followed by all eds.

nauðum ‘need’

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neyð (noun f.; °dat. -): need, distress

Greitt ‘alleviate’

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greiða (verb): alleviate

[5-8] abbrev. as ‘Greitt m. g. l.’ Bb

má ‘can’

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mega (verb): may, might

[5-8] abbrev. as ‘Greitt m. g. l.’ Bb

gumnum ‘for men’

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gumi (noun m.; °-a; gumar/gumnar): man

[5-8] abbrev. as ‘Greitt m. g. l.’ Bb

létta ‘easily’

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léttr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): easy, light

[5-8] abbrev. as ‘Greitt m. g. l.’ Bb

guðs ‘God’s’

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1. guð (noun m.; °***guðrs, guðis, gus): (Christian) God

[5-8] abbrev. as ‘Greitt m. g. l.’ Bb

kennings

ríðari ‘knight’

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riddari (noun m.; °-a; -ar): knight

[5-8] abbrev. as ‘Greitt m. g. l.’ Bb

kennings

stríðum ‘afflictions’

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2. stríð (noun n.; °-s; -): affliction

[5-8] abbrev. as ‘Greitt m. g. l.’ Bb

rǫskr ‘brave’

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rǫskr (adj.): brave

[5-8] abbrev. as ‘Greitt m. g. l.’ Bb

þiggr ‘gets’

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þiggja (verb): receive, get

[5-8] abbrev. as ‘Greitt m. g. l.’ Bb

allt ‘all’

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allr (adj.): all

[5-8] abbrev. as ‘Greitt m. g. l.’ Bb

sem ‘’

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sem (conj.): as, which

[5-8] abbrev. as ‘Greitt m. g. l.’ Bb

œskir ‘he desires’

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óska (verb): desire

[5-8] abbrev. as ‘Greitt m. g. l.’ Bb

Óláfr ‘Óláfr’

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Óláfr (noun m.): Óláfr

[5-8] abbrev. as ‘Greitt m. g. l.’ Bb

af ‘from’

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af (prep.): from

[5-8] abbrev. as ‘Greitt m. g. l.’ Bb

gram ‘the king’

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1. gramr (noun m.): ruler

[5-8] abbrev. as ‘Greitt m. g. l.’ Bb

kennings

sólar ‘of the sun’

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sól (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u/-; -ir): sun

[5-8] abbrev. as ‘Greitt m. g. l.’ Bb

kennings