Þul Skipa 8^III

Rá ‘Yard’

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3. rá (noun f.): sail-yard

[1] Rá: so A, B, Ró R, Tˣ, C

notes

[1] rá (f.) ‘yard’: The reading of A and B; the other mss have ró ‘clinch-plate’. Because ró (f. pl. rœr) is listed in st. 10/3, the A, B variant rá has been adopted here. Rá was the horizontal beam (the sail-yard) which supported the sail (Falk 1912, 61-2; Jesch 2001a, 162).

rakki ‘parrel’

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rakki (noun m.; °-a; -ar): [dog]

notes

[1] rakki (m.) ‘parrel’: A mast-ring, originally a loop of rope, later a ring around the mast which allowed the sail-yard to move around the mast (Falk 1912, 61; Jesch 2001a, 162 n. 72). Cf. HHund I 49/3, where rakki is used in a kenning for ‘ship’.

rif ‘reef’

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3. rif (noun n.): reef in a sail

notes

[1] rif (n.) ‘reef’: The horizontal sections of the sail, which could be furled to shorten the sail (Falk 1912, 68-9; Jesch 2001a, 163). For the technical nautical term reef, see OED: reef n.¹.

rengr ‘ribs’

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rǫng (noun f.): frame, rib

notes

[2] rengr (f. pl.) ‘ribs’: The transverse curved frames that provided support inside the hull and held the bottom boards together (Falk 1912, 46-7; Jesch 2001a, 150-1). See also Note to Hharð Lv 11/ 7, 8^II and Kali Lv 1/3^II. Rǫng (sg.) is derived from *wrangō ‘sth. curved’.

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[2] ok: om. Tˣ

hǫmlur ‘oar-loops’

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1. hamla (noun f.; °*-u; *-ur): rowing position

notes

[2] hǫmlur (f. pl.) ‘oar-loops’: Hamla (sg.) could also denote ‘rowing position’. See Jesch (2001a, 156-7) and Note to Arn Hryn 9/5^II.

vindáss ‘windlass’

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vindáss (noun m.)

notes

[3] vindáss (m.) ‘windlass’: Lit. ‘winding-pole’, which was used to hoist the sail (cf. vinda segl ‘hoist sail’, CVC: vinda). ModEngl. windlass is a loanword from Old Norse (Falk 1912, 81). This term is not otherwise attested in verse.

vengi ‘cabin’

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vengi (noun n.): land, field

[3] vengi: ‘vængi’ C, A, ‘v[…]gi’ B, ‘venngí’ 744ˣ

notes

[3] vengi (n.) ‘cabin’: The word is found only in this þula and in Hharð Gamv 2/4^II hjǫrtr vengis ‘the stag of the cabin [SHIP]’ (see Note there).

vǫndr ‘wand’

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vǫndr (noun m.; °vandar, dat. vendi/vǫnd; vendir, acc. vǫndu/vendi): rod, want, mast

notes

[4] vǫndr (m.) ‘wand’: Lit. ‘stick, thin rod’. A poetic term for ‘mast’ (Falk 1912, 56; Jesch 2001a, 160; Note to Anon (Mberf) 6/5, 8^II).

langnefjur ‘rowlock-pins’

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langnefja (noun f.)

notes

[4] langnefjur (f. pl.) ‘rowlock-pins’: Lit. ‘long-nosed ones’. The word occurs only in the present þula, and langnefjur may have had the same function as þollr ‘thole-pin, rowlock’, that is, pieces of wood inserted into the upper plank of the railing between which the oars rested (Falk 1912, 71; CVC: langnefjur ‘rowlocks’).

vǫlt ‘roller’

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vǫlt (noun f.)

[5] vǫlt: vǫllr C, B

notes

[5] vǫlt (f.) ‘roller’: A hap. leg. from the strong verb velta ‘topple’, and possibly the same as vindáss ‘windlass’ (l. 3). See Falk (1912, 82).

beitiáss ‘tacking-boom’

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beitiáss (noun m.; °; dat. ·ásum): °tacking boom (pole attached to the bottom foremost corner of a square sail for trimming purposes when beating against the wind)

notes

[5] beitiáss (m.) ‘tacking-boom’: A pole attached to the lower end of the sail and to some part of the hull to keep the sail straight when tacking (Falk 1912, 61; SnE 1998, II, 241). The term does not otherwise occur in skaldic verse.

varta ‘prow-carving’

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varta (noun f.; °; *-ur): [prow, gate]

[6] varta: ‘vortr’ C

notes

[6] varta (f.) ‘prow-carving’: According to Falk (1912, 45), this is the poetic term for brandr ‘(ornamented) bow’ (see the next heiti), hence it most likely denotes carved ornaments decorating the side of a ship’s prow. See also SnE 1998, II, 421 and Notes to Arn Hryn 4/6^II and Þsvart Lv l. 7^II as well as Note to Þul Sverða 10/1.

brandar ‘bows’

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brandr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): sword, prow; fire

notes

[6] brandar (m. pl.) ‘bows’: Brandr occurs quite often in poetry as a pars pro toto for ‘bow’ or ‘ship’ (Jesch 2001a, 147-8; LP: 3. brandr). According to Falk (1912, 44-5), brandar were the strips of wood running along the side of the prow (and stern). These strips could be carved, ornamented or gilded.

bitar ‘transoms’

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biti (noun m.; °-a; -ar): mouthful, bite

notes

[7] bitar (m. pl.) ‘transoms’: Cross-beams inserted inside the frame to support the decking. These beams could also be used as rowing-benches (Jesch 2001a, 151; see also Falk 1912, 47-8).

bóg ‘bow’

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bógr (noun m.; °dat. bǿgi; bǿgir, acc. bógu): shoulder < bóglína (noun f.): °bowline, rope (to stretch the sail tight when sailing close to the wind) made fast in the bow

notes

[7] bóglína (f.) ‘bowline’: A rope running from the middle or the forward edge of the sail to the bow (bógr) holding the edge of the sail steady (Falk 1912, 65-6; SnE 1998, II, 248). In Old Norse, this nautical term is found only here.

lína ‘line’

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lína (noun f.; °-u; ur): [line] < bóglína (noun f.): °bowline, rope (to stretch the sail tight when sailing close to the wind) made fast in the bow

[7] ‑lína: ‑lima C

notes

[7] bóglína (f.) ‘bowline’: A rope running from the middle or the forward edge of the sail to the bow (bógr) holding the edge of the sail steady (Falk 1912, 65-6; SnE 1998, II, 248). In Old Norse, this nautical term is found only here.

bulka ‘bulk’

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bulki (noun m.; °-a): [cargo] < bulkastokkr (noun m.)

notes

[8] bulkastokkar (m. pl.) ‘bulk-heads’: The cpd is formed from bulki ‘cargo’ and stokkr ‘stock’. The term occurs only in this þula and denotes a beam in the middle of the ship that provides support for the cargo (Falk 1912, 30; the same as ModIcel. bunkastokkur).

stokkar ‘heads’

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stokkr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar, acc. -u(Landsl1154 158³¹)): °træstamme, kævle, træblok, stykke træ; tømmerstok, bjælke, ås, pæl, stolpe, stang; tværstang (på anker, telt etc.); bjælke under dørpanelet, dørstok, dørtærskel; husvæg, hus; bænkestok, bænk; fodskammel; sengestok, sengekant; bundstok (i skib) (cf. O < bulkastokkr (noun m.)

[8] ‑stokkar: ‘‑stoca’ Tˣ

notes

[8] bulkastokkar (m. pl.) ‘bulk-heads’: The cpd is formed from bulki ‘cargo’ and stokkr ‘stock’. The term occurs only in this þula and denotes a beam in the middle of the ship that provides support for the cargo (Falk 1912, 30; the same as ModIcel. bunkastokkur).