Þul Skipa 4^III

Knǫrr ‘Merchant-ship’

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knǫrr (noun m.; °knarrar, dat. knerri; knerrir, acc. knǫrru/knerri): (a kind of) ship

notes

[1] knǫrr (m) ‘merchant-ship’: A large, ocean-going merchant-ship that could also be used as a warship (Falk 1912, 107-10; Jesch 2001a, 128-32). Crumlin-Pedersen (2010, 109, 112) identifies both Skuldelev 1 (16, 5 metres long, carrying capacity around 20-25 tons) and Hedeby 3 (around 22 metres long, estimated carrying capacity around 60 tons) as knerrir.

kuggr ‘cog’

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kuggr (noun m.; °dat. -i/-; -ar): °kogge, bredt hanseatisk fragtskib med stor lasteevne

notes

[1] kuggr (m.) ‘cog’: A loanword from MLG kogge ‘cog’ and a kind of tall, broad merchant-ship used by the members of the German Hanseatic League in the later Middle Ages. This type of ship originated in Frisia in the second half of the C9th (Falk 1912, 89). According to Crumlin-Pedersen (2010, 118-19), this type of ship was characterised by ‘a straight stem and stern, flush-laid bottom planking, clinker-built sides, and floor timbers alternating between extension to port and starboard’. A series of wrecks (excavated in the Netherlands, Germany and Scandinavia during the last few decades) sharing these characteristics have been identified as cogs.

knúi ‘knuckle’

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knúi (noun m.; °-a; -ar): °kno

[1] knúi: ‘kuí’ C

notes

[1] knúi (m.) ‘knuckle’: This heiti is perhaps a metaphor (‘thruster’; so, tentatively, SnE 1998, II, 336), and it is not found elsewhere as a term for ‘ship’.

keipull ‘coble’

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keipull (noun m.)

[2] keipull: ‘kepull’ C

notes

[2] keipull (m.) ‘coble’: A kind of boat, kayak, skin-boat. According to Falk (1912, 86), keipull is originally a Celtic word (Welsh ceubal, ceubol < MLat. caupulus; cf. OE cuopel, ModEngl. coble ‘short flat-bottomed rowing boat’). The word is not attested in skaldic poetry.

eikja ‘rowing boat’

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eikja (noun f.; °-u; -ur): °small (simple, flat-bottomed) boat (used as a ferry)

notes

[2] eikja (f.) ‘rowing boat’: A small rowing boat or ferry without a keel (ModIcel. eikja, ModNorw. eike), originally a hollowed-out oak-trunk (eik) (Falk 1912, 92).

dreki ‘dragon’

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dreki (noun m.; °-a; -ar): dragon, dragon-ship

notes

[3] dreki (m.) ‘dragon’: A warship whose prow (and sometimes stern) was equipped with a carved dragonhead. See Falk (1912, 39-42, 105-7) and Jesch (2001a, 127-8).

Elliði ‘Elliði’

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elliði (noun m.; °-a): [ship]

notes

[3] Elliði: A high-speed long-ship that sails alone. Falk (1912, 88) suggests that Elliði is a loanword from Old Slavonic < alŭdii (cf. Russian ladija ‘boat’; see also leðja ‘lighter’ in st. 3/5 above). Alternatively, the name could be an indigenous term (< *einliði, from einn ‘one’ and ‑liði derived from the strong verb líða ‘go, pass, glide’; see ÍO: elliði). Elliði appears in Old Norse texts both as a common noun (King Górr’s ship in Flat 1860-8, I, 22) and as a proper name of several ships (e.g. Ldn, ÍF 1, 384; Þorsteins saga Víkingssonar, FSN II, 442; Friðþjófs saga, FSN II, 64, etc.).

drómundr ‘dromon’

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drómundr (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ar): dromon

notes

[4] drómundr (m.) ‘dromon’: A Byzantine warship or merchantman (see Pryor and Jeffreys 2006 and Notes to Þskakk Erldr 1^II).

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[4] ok: om. Tˣ

prámr ‘prámr’

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prámr (noun m.; °; -ar): °fladbundet færge, pram

[4] prámr: framr Tˣ

notes

[4] prámr (m.): A small flat-bottom boat without a keel (ModIcel. prammi, ModNorw. pram), whose Modern English equivalent is pram, an open, flat-bottomed boat. ON prámr is a loanword from MLG prām ‘barge’ (Falk 1912, 89-90; AEW: prámr), and it is not otherwise attested in poetry.

fura ‘fir’

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1. fura (noun f.): fir vessel

notes

[5] fura (f.) ‘fir’: A poetic name for a ship made of fir-timber (cf. eikja from eik ‘oak’, l. 2 above).

vigg ‘steed’

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vigg (noun n.): steed

[5] vigg: víg Tˣ

notes

[5] vigg (n.) ‘steed’: This word does not occur elsewhere as a poetic word for ‘ship’ and may be a half-kenning (cf. such ship-kennings as hlunnvigg ‘slipway steed’ in SnSt Ht 74/2).

galeið ‘galley’

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galeið (noun f.; °;galeiðr/-ar/-ir)

notes

[5] galeið (f.) ‘galley’: See Pryor and Jeffreys (2006, 422-44) and Hskv Útdr 1/8^II. A loanword from MLG galeide < MLat. galeida.

ferja ‘ferry’

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1. ferja (noun f.; °-u; -ur): ferry

notes

[6] ferja (f.) ‘ferry’: A ferry larger than eikja ‘rowing boat’ (l. 2 above). See Falk (1912, 92-3) and Jesch (2001a, 135).

skalda ‘punt’

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skalda (noun f.; °; -ur): °?pind (til pynt)

notes

[6] skalda (f.) ‘punt’: A term for a boat propelled by a pole (Falk 1912, 90; SnE 1998, II, 389). Skalda is a loanword (< MLG schalde ‘ferry’, OHG scalta ‘pole for propelling a boat’; cf. OHG scaltscif). In Old Norse, the word is found only in this þula.

fley ‘ferry’

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2. fley (noun n.; °-s): ship

notes

[7] fley (n.) ‘ferry’: ON fley could mean ‘ferry’ or denote a kind of warship (Falk 1912, 93, 98-9, 111). It is unclear which meaning is intended here, but because the preceding heiti all refer to some kind of ferry, the former meaning has been adopted. Fley is attested in poetry (LP: fley).

flaust ‘floating one’

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flaust (noun n.): ship

[7] flaust: flaustr B

notes

[7] flaust (n.) ‘floating one’: A poetic term for ‘ship’ related etymologically to the verb fljóta ‘float’ (Falk 1912, 86). This heiti is used in skaldic verse (LP: flaust).

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[7] ok: om. Tˣ

þekkr ‘pleasant one’

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þekkr (adj.): pleasing

notes

[7] þekkr (m.) ‘pleasant one’: As a term for ‘ship’ the word occurs only in this þula, but Þekkr is also mentioned among the heiti for dwarfs and names for Óðinn (Þul Dverga 4/7, Þul Óðins 7/3). The word is perhaps a proper name in the present list as well, or it could be a characterising heiti invented for the þulur (see Gurevich 1992c).

far ‘travel’

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fǫr (noun f.): journey, fate; movement < fartíðr (noun m.)

notes

[8] fartíðr (m.) ‘travel-famous one’: From far- ‘travel, journey’ and the adj. tíðr ‘famous’ (see LP: tíðr 2). This ship-heiti is known only from this þula. Cf. þekkr ‘pleasant one’ (l. 7 above).

tíðr ‘famous one’

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2. tíðr (adj.; °compar. tíðari, superl. tíðastr): popular < fartíðr (noun m.)

[8] ‑tíðr: tíð C, B

notes

[8] fartíðr (m.) ‘travel-famous one’: From far- ‘travel, journey’ and the adj. tíðr ‘famous’ (see LP: tíðr 2). This ship-heiti is known only from this þula. Cf. þekkr ‘pleasant one’ (l. 7 above).

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[8] ok: om. Tˣ

lið ‘fleet’

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lið (noun n.; °-s; -): retinue, troop

notes

[8] lið (n.) ‘fleet’: Lit. ‘gliding’, from the strong verb líða ‘go, pass, glide’ (cf. OE lid ‘vessel, ship, fleet’). The word occurs as a term for ‘ship’ in poetry, but in Old Norse prose it is found only in the phrase leggja fyr lið ‘throw overboard’ and in the cpd liðsmaðr ‘sailor’ (cf. OE lidmann ‘seafarer, sailor, pirate’; Falk 1912, 86).