Þul Orrostu 1III
Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Orrostu heiti 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 786.
Þau ‘These’
[1] Þau: Þessi C, ‘[…]nn’ B, Enn 744ˣ
eru ‘are’
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
heiti ‘the heiti’
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heiti (noun n.): name, promise
hjaldr ‘din’
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1. hjaldr (noun m.): battle
[2] hjaldr ok rimma: hildr ok róma C, ‘híalldr ok ri[…]’ B, ‘híalldr ok rimma’ 744ˣ
notes
[2] hjaldr ok rimma ‘din and fray’: Ms. C gives two different heiti for ‘battle’, hildr ok róma ‘fight and clash’. See Hildr in Þul Valkyrja 2/3 and róma ‘clash’ (l. 5), which in C is replaced by rimma.
ok ‘and’
(not checked:)
3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
[2] hjaldr ok rimma: hildr ok róma C, ‘híalldr ok ri[…]’ B, ‘híalldr ok rimma’ 744ˣ
notes
[2] hjaldr ok rimma ‘din and fray’: Ms. C gives two different heiti for ‘battle’, hildr ok róma ‘fight and clash’. See Hildr in Þul Valkyrja 2/3 and róma ‘clash’ (l. 5), which in C is replaced by rimma.
rimma ‘fray’
(not checked:)
rimma (noun f.; °-u): battle
[2] hjaldr ok rimma: hildr ok róma C, ‘híalldr ok ri[…]’ B, ‘híalldr ok rimma’ 744ˣ
notes
[2] hjaldr ok rimma ‘din and fray’: Ms. C gives two different heiti for ‘battle’, hildr ok róma ‘fight and clash’. See Hildr in Þul Valkyrja 2/3 and róma ‘clash’ (l. 5), which in C is replaced by rimma.
notes
[3] Gǫll, Geirahǫð: These are names of valkyries; cf. Gǫll ok Geirahǫð in Gylf (SnE 2005, 50; see also Grí 36/6 (NK 64 n.)). Gǫll is also listed in Þul Valkyrja 1/5, but the word is never used as a heiti for ‘battle’. The only recorded meaning of gǫll f. in skaldic poetry is ‘shriek’ or ‘clang’; thus it is commonly used as a base-word in kennings for ‘battle’ (cf. LP: gǫll). Mss A and B (744ˣ) have the variant reading gjǫll f. ‘din’ (so also the LaufE mss), which is found in poetry as a heiti for ‘battle’. The heiti Geirahǫð, lit. ‘spear-fight’, is not found elsewhere except as a pers. n., but the second element (‑hǫð) is a poetic term for ‘battle’. Ms. B has the variant geira hríð ‘spears’ storm’, which is a kenning for ‘battle’ (see hríð ‘storm’ in st. 2/7). Because the LaufE mss have (normalised) hǫð, hríð is probably an innovation in B (lectio facilior).
notes
[3] Gǫll, Geirahǫð: These are names of valkyries; cf. Gǫll ok Geirahǫð in Gylf (SnE 2005, 50; see also Grí 36/6 (NK 64 n.)). Gǫll is also listed in Þul Valkyrja 1/5, but the word is never used as a heiti for ‘battle’. The only recorded meaning of gǫll f. in skaldic poetry is ‘shriek’ or ‘clang’; thus it is commonly used as a base-word in kennings for ‘battle’ (cf. LP: gǫll). Mss A and B (744ˣ) have the variant reading gjǫll f. ‘din’ (so also the LaufE mss), which is found in poetry as a heiti for ‘battle’. The heiti Geirahǫð, lit. ‘spear-fight’, is not found elsewhere except as a pers. n., but the second element (‑hǫð) is a poetic term for ‘battle’. Ms. B has the variant geira hríð ‘spears’ storm’, which is a kenning for ‘battle’ (see hríð ‘storm’ in st. 2/7). Because the LaufE mss have (normalised) hǫð, hríð is probably an innovation in B (lectio facilior).
ok ‘and’
(not checked:)
3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
notes
[4] Geirþriful (f.): A hap. leg. This is most likely also the name of a valkyrie. The second element of the cpd is perhaps derived from the strong verb þrífa ‘grasp’ (hence lit. ‘one grasping a spear’). However, it is also possible that ‑þriful is a corrupt form of ‑driful (cf. Geirdriful in Þul Valkyrja 2/4).
þriful ‘þriful’
(not checked:)
-þriful (noun f.): [þriful] < Geirþriful (noun f.)
[4] ‑þriful: ‑þrimul Tˣ
notes
[4] Geirþriful (f.): A hap. leg. This is most likely also the name of a valkyrie. The second element of the cpd is perhaps derived from the strong verb þrífa ‘grasp’ (hence lit. ‘one grasping a spear’). However, it is also possible that ‑þriful is a corrupt form of ‑driful (cf. Geirdriful in Þul Valkyrja 2/4).
róg ‘strife’
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róg (noun n.; °-s): strife, slander
ok ‘and’
(not checked:)
3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
Randgríðr ‘Randgríðr’
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Randgríðr (noun f.): Randgríðr
[6] Randgríðr: so C, ranngríð R, Tˣ, randgnið A, B
notes
[6] Randgríðr: This is the name of a valkyrie (see Þul Valkyrja 1/8), but it is never used as a heiti for ‘battle’. Both readings, ‑gríðr (C) and ‑gríð (R), are possible. Randgríðr may be translated as ‘shield-Gríðr’ (so Skj B; LP: Randgríðr), where Gríðr is the name of a troll-woman (see Þul Trollkvenna 1/3). Hence, this is possibly a kenning for ‘axe’. Randgríð means ‘shield-eagerness’ (so Grí 36/7; see SnE 1998, II, 373). For the A, B variant, Randgnið, see Note to Þul Valkyria 1/8. That variant is also given in LaufE.
ok ‘and’
(not checked:)
3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
notes
[6] storð (f.) ‘tumult’: A hap. leg. This heiti is either derived from styrr m. ‘stir, battle’ (so Kock, NN §2748G) or it is the same word as storð ‘sapling, shoot’ (cf. the phrase falla sem storð ‘fall like a sapling’; so Sahlgren 1934, 308).
notes
[7] Svipul: This name may mean ‘fast-moving one’, derived from the strong verb svípa ‘make a quick movement, cast a quick glance at sth.’, or it could be the f. form of the adj. svipull ‘variable, perishable, of short duration’. It is the name of a valkyrie (see Þul Valkyrja 2/2), but the word never occurs in poetry as a term for ‘battle’.
ok ‘and’
(not checked:)
3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
snerra ‘fight’
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1. snerra (noun f.; °-u): onslaught
folk ‘war’
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folk (noun n.): people
[8] folk jara: so C, folkjara R, Tˣ, A, ‘fio᷎lkara’ B
notes
[8] folk, jara ‘war, attack’: These must be two separate heiti (so ms. C) and not the cpd folkjara (so R, Tˣ, A), because such compounds as folkorrosta ‘battle of hosts’ are rare in skaldic poetry. Both folk n. and jara f. are poetic terms for ‘battle’. The word folk in its original sense ‘people, host’ (thus the figurative meaning ‘host’ > ‘battle’) is found in Þul Manna 5/1 and as a heiti for ‘sword’ in Þul Sverða 10/8. Ms. B has ‘fio᷎lkara’, which cannot be construed to make any sense. Interestingly, this is also the form given in the LaufE mss: ‘sigfiolkara’ papp10ˣ(49v), 2368ˣ(121), 743ˣ(92r).
jara ‘attack’
(not checked:)
jara (noun f.): battle
[8] folk jara: so C, folkjara R, Tˣ, A, ‘fio᷎lkara’ B
notes
[8] folk, jara ‘war, attack’: These must be two separate heiti (so ms. C) and not the cpd folkjara (so R, Tˣ, A), because such compounds as folkorrosta ‘battle of hosts’ are rare in skaldic poetry. Both folk n. and jara f. are poetic terms for ‘battle’. The word folk in its original sense ‘people, host’ (thus the figurative meaning ‘host’ > ‘battle’) is found in Þul Manna 5/1 and as a heiti for ‘sword’ in Þul Sverða 10/8. Ms. B has ‘fio᷎lkara’, which cannot be construed to make any sense. Interestingly, this is also the form given in the LaufE mss: ‘sigfiolkara’ papp10ˣ(49v), 2368ˣ(121), 743ˣ(92r).
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