Þul Women 2^III

Blíð ‘friendly’

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blíðr (adj.; °n. sg. nom. & acc. blítt/blíðt; compar. -ari, superl. -astr): gentle, happy

es ‘is’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

mær ‘The maiden’

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mær (noun f.; °meyjar, dat. meyju; meyjar): maiden

við ‘towards’

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2. við (prep.): with, against

móður ‘mother’

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móðir (noun f.): mother

[1] móður: ‘moðr’ U

mála ‘a confidante’

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2. mála (verb): speak

drekkr ‘drinks’

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2. drekka (verb; °drekkr; drakk, drukku; drukkinn/drykkinn): drink

á ‘to’

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3. á (prep.): on, at

ekkju ‘a widow’

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1. ekkja (noun f.; °-u; -ur, gen. ekkna): widow, woman

kvíðir ‘worries’

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3. kvíða (verb): fear

kerling ‘an old woman’

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kerling (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u, acc. -u/-; -ar): old woman

eiðu ‘about her mother’

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1. eiða (noun f.): mother

notes

[3] eiðu ‘mother’: Eiða f. is a fairly uncommon poetic word for mother (cf. Goth. aiþei ‘mother’).

kveðr ‘welcomes’

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2. kveðja (verb; kvaddi): (dd) request, address, greet

dóttir ‘the daughter’

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dóttir (noun f.; °dóttur, dat. dóttur/dǿtr/dóttir, acc. dóttur/dóttir, nom. dóttir/dóttur; dǿtr, gen. dǿtra (cf. [$1592$])): daughter

vel ‘’

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vel (adv.): well, very

beðju ‘bedfellow’

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beðja (noun f.): bedmate

Opt ‘often’

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opt (adv.): often

finnr ‘visits’

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2. finna (verb): find, meet

ambátt ‘The handmaid’

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ambátt (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u/-; -ir/-ar (ambottor EiðKrA 391²²)): handmaid

hǫptu ‘the bondwoman’

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hafta (noun f.): [bondwoman]

notes

[5] hǫptu ‘the bondwoman’: Hapta is the f. nom. sg. form of haptr m. ‘prisoner’ (cf. hapt n. ‘bond, fetter’ and the weak verb hepta ‘to bind’); hence denoting a female prisoner. Otherwise hapta is attested only in the eddic lays (cf. Guðr I 9/1-2, NK 203 Þá varð ec hapta | ok hernuma ‘Then I became a bondwoman and a captive’).

æ ‘forever’

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2. æ (adv.): always, forever

notes

[6] frilla [e]r æ grǫm sværu ‘a mistress is forever angry with the mother-in-law’: The reading æ ’r (æ er in the mss) was suggested by Konráð Gíslason (Nj 1875-89, II, 900) and accepted in Skj B. The rhyme (æ ’r : ‑ær) shows that the [s] (in the earlier es ‘is’) has been rhotacised here and that we are dealing with a contracted form. For C13th unstable forms of such words (e.g. es and er), see Notes to SnSt Ht 58/1 and 82/5, 6. The word frilla f. (= friðla) ‘mistress’ occurs in prose also in the sense ‘harlot’ (see CVC: friðla) and in Old Norse poetry it otherwise appears only once (Hym 30/2), but it is found in the later rímur (Finnur Jónsson 1926-8: frilla). This is presumably one of those terms for ‘woman’ used for slander (til lastmælis) which the author of SnE, as he declares, preferred ‘not to copy down’ while composing the chapter Kvinna heiti ókend of Skm despite the fact that such words could be found in poetry (see SnE 1998, I, 108). The term sværa f. ‘mother-in-law’ (cf. Goth. swaihro ‘mother-in-law’) was not commonly used in Old Norse (see Fritzner: sværa), but it is mentioned in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 108): Sværa heitir vers móðir ‘A husband’s mother is called sværa’. It is not otherwise used in poetry.

r ‘is’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

notes

[6] frilla [e]r æ grǫm sværu ‘a mistress is forever angry with the mother-in-law’: The reading æ ’r (æ er in the mss) was suggested by Konráð Gíslason (Nj 1875-89, II, 900) and accepted in Skj B. The rhyme (æ ’r : ‑ær) shows that the [s] (in the earlier es ‘is’) has been rhotacised here and that we are dealing with a contracted form. For C13th unstable forms of such words (e.g. es and er), see Notes to SnSt Ht 58/1 and 82/5, 6. The word frilla f. (= friðla) ‘mistress’ occurs in prose also in the sense ‘harlot’ (see CVC: friðla) and in Old Norse poetry it otherwise appears only once (Hym 30/2), but it is found in the later rímur (Finnur Jónsson 1926-8: frilla). This is presumably one of those terms for ‘woman’ used for slander (til lastmælis) which the author of SnE, as he declares, preferred ‘not to copy down’ while composing the chapter Kvinna heiti ókend of Skm despite the fact that such words could be found in poetry (see SnE 1998, I, 108). The term sværa f. ‘mother-in-law’ (cf. Goth. swaihro ‘mother-in-law’) was not commonly used in Old Norse (see Fritzner: sværa), but it is mentioned in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 108): Sværa heitir vers móðir ‘A husband’s mother is called sværa’. It is not otherwise used in poetry.

frilla ‘a mistress’

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friðla (noun f.): [a mistress]

notes

[6] frilla [e]r æ grǫm sværu ‘a mistress is forever angry with the mother-in-law’: The reading æ ’r (æ er in the mss) was suggested by Konráð Gíslason (Nj 1875-89, II, 900) and accepted in Skj B. The rhyme (æ ’r : ‑ær) shows that the [s] (in the earlier es ‘is’) has been rhotacised here and that we are dealing with a contracted form. For C13th unstable forms of such words (e.g. es and er), see Notes to SnSt Ht 58/1 and 82/5, 6. The word frilla f. (= friðla) ‘mistress’ occurs in prose also in the sense ‘harlot’ (see CVC: friðla) and in Old Norse poetry it otherwise appears only once (Hym 30/2), but it is found in the later rímur (Finnur Jónsson 1926-8: frilla). This is presumably one of those terms for ‘woman’ used for slander (til lastmælis) which the author of SnE, as he declares, preferred ‘not to copy down’ while composing the chapter Kvinna heiti ókend of Skm despite the fact that such words could be found in poetry (see SnE 1998, I, 108). The term sværa f. ‘mother-in-law’ (cf. Goth. swaihro ‘mother-in-law’) was not commonly used in Old Norse (see Fritzner: sværa), but it is mentioned in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 108): Sværa heitir vers móðir ‘A husband’s mother is called sværa’. It is not otherwise used in poetry.

grǫm ‘angry’

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2. gramr (adj.): angry

notes

[6] frilla [e]r æ grǫm sværu ‘a mistress is forever angry with the mother-in-law’: The reading æ ’r (æ er in the mss) was suggested by Konráð Gíslason (Nj 1875-89, II, 900) and accepted in Skj B. The rhyme (æ ’r : ‑ær) shows that the [s] (in the earlier es ‘is’) has been rhotacised here and that we are dealing with a contracted form. For C13th unstable forms of such words (e.g. es and er), see Notes to SnSt Ht 58/1 and 82/5, 6. The word frilla f. (= friðla) ‘mistress’ occurs in prose also in the sense ‘harlot’ (see CVC: friðla) and in Old Norse poetry it otherwise appears only once (Hym 30/2), but it is found in the later rímur (Finnur Jónsson 1926-8: frilla). This is presumably one of those terms for ‘woman’ used for slander (til lastmælis) which the author of SnE, as he declares, preferred ‘not to copy down’ while composing the chapter Kvinna heiti ókend of Skm despite the fact that such words could be found in poetry (see SnE 1998, I, 108). The term sværa f. ‘mother-in-law’ (cf. Goth. swaihro ‘mother-in-law’) was not commonly used in Old Norse (see Fritzner: sværa), but it is mentioned in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 108): Sværa heitir vers móðir ‘A husband’s mother is called sværa’. It is not otherwise used in poetry.

sværu ‘with the mother-in-law’

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sværa (noun f.; °-u): mother-in-law

[6] sværu: so U, ‘sverꜹ’ A

notes

[6] frilla [e]r æ grǫm sværu ‘a mistress is forever angry with the mother-in-law’: The reading æ ’r (æ er in the mss) was suggested by Konráð Gíslason (Nj 1875-89, II, 900) and accepted in Skj B. The rhyme (æ ’r : ‑ær) shows that the [s] (in the earlier es ‘is’) has been rhotacised here and that we are dealing with a contracted form. For C13th unstable forms of such words (e.g. es and er), see Notes to SnSt Ht 58/1 and 82/5, 6. The word frilla f. (= friðla) ‘mistress’ occurs in prose also in the sense ‘harlot’ (see CVC: friðla) and in Old Norse poetry it otherwise appears only once (Hym 30/2), but it is found in the later rímur (Finnur Jónsson 1926-8: frilla). This is presumably one of those terms for ‘woman’ used for slander (til lastmælis) which the author of SnE, as he declares, preferred ‘not to copy down’ while composing the chapter Kvinna heiti ókend of Skm despite the fact that such words could be found in poetry (see SnE 1998, I, 108). The term sværa f. ‘mother-in-law’ (cf. Goth. swaihro ‘mother-in-law’) was not commonly used in Old Norse (see Fritzner: sværa), but it is mentioned in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 108): Sværa heitir vers móðir ‘A husband’s mother is called sværa’. It is not otherwise used in poetry.

kiljar ‘quarrel’

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3. kilja (verb): [quarrel]

notes

[7] kván ok elja kiljar ‘the wife and the concubine quarrel’: For the sg. kiljar (‘lit. quarrels’) with a pl. subject, see Note to st. 1/1, 2. The verb kilja (kilja við e-n ‘quarrel with sby’ in U) does not occur elsewhere in Old Norse and its sense is controversial. According to CVC, kilja means ‘fondle’, while LP: kilja 1, Fritzner: kilja and ÍO: kilja 2 assume the opposite sense, ‘quarrel, abuse’ (see also the discussion of the noun kilja in Note to ÞjóðA Lv 6/5, 6^II). Presumably, the latter sense better suits the two heiti for ‘women’ mentioned in this line, kván f. (also kvæn (U)), the poetic term for ‘wedded wife’, which is never used in the general sense ‘woman’, and its opposite, elja f. ‘concubine’. Elja is derived either from ella adv. ‘otherwise’ or from eljan f./n. or eljun f. (variant forms) ‘endurance, energy, jealousy’ (see CVC: elja; AEW: elja). Skm (SnE 1998, I, 108) provides the following definition of this word: Þær konur heita eljur er einn mann eigu ‘Those women are called eljur who are wives of the same man’. See also the kenning for the goddess Jǫrð, ÞjóðA Sex 3/3^II elja Rindar ‘rival of Rindr <giantess>’ (both Jǫrð and Rindr were concubines of the god Óðinn in Old Norse myth).

kván ‘the wife’

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kván (noun f.; °-ar): wife

[7] kván ok elja: kvæn við elju U

notes

[7] kván ok elja kiljar ‘the wife and the concubine quarrel’: For the sg. kiljar (‘lit. quarrels’) with a pl. subject, see Note to st. 1/1, 2. The verb kilja (kilja við e-n ‘quarrel with sby’ in U) does not occur elsewhere in Old Norse and its sense is controversial. According to CVC, kilja means ‘fondle’, while LP: kilja 1, Fritzner: kilja and ÍO: kilja 2 assume the opposite sense, ‘quarrel, abuse’ (see also the discussion of the noun kilja in Note to ÞjóðA Lv 6/5, 6^II). Presumably, the latter sense better suits the two heiti for ‘women’ mentioned in this line, kván f. (also kvæn (U)), the poetic term for ‘wedded wife’, which is never used in the general sense ‘woman’, and its opposite, elja f. ‘concubine’. Elja is derived either from ella adv. ‘otherwise’ or from eljan f./n. or eljun f. (variant forms) ‘endurance, energy, jealousy’ (see CVC: elja; AEW: elja). Skm (SnE 1998, I, 108) provides the following definition of this word: Þær konur heita eljur er einn mann eigu ‘Those women are called eljur who are wives of the same man’. See also the kenning for the goddess Jǫrð, ÞjóðA Sex 3/3^II elja Rindar ‘rival of Rindr <giantess>’ (both Jǫrð and Rindr were concubines of the god Óðinn in Old Norse myth).

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[7] kván ok elja: kvæn við elju U

notes

[7] kván ok elja kiljar ‘the wife and the concubine quarrel’: For the sg. kiljar (‘lit. quarrels’) with a pl. subject, see Note to st. 1/1, 2. The verb kilja (kilja við e-n ‘quarrel with sby’ in U) does not occur elsewhere in Old Norse and its sense is controversial. According to CVC, kilja means ‘fondle’, while LP: kilja 1, Fritzner: kilja and ÍO: kilja 2 assume the opposite sense, ‘quarrel, abuse’ (see also the discussion of the noun kilja in Note to ÞjóðA Lv 6/5, 6^II). Presumably, the latter sense better suits the two heiti for ‘women’ mentioned in this line, kván f. (also kvæn (U)), the poetic term for ‘wedded wife’, which is never used in the general sense ‘woman’, and its opposite, elja f. ‘concubine’. Elja is derived either from ella adv. ‘otherwise’ or from eljan f./n. or eljun f. (variant forms) ‘endurance, energy, jealousy’ (see CVC: elja; AEW: elja). Skm (SnE 1998, I, 108) provides the following definition of this word: Þær konur heita eljur er einn mann eigu ‘Those women are called eljur who are wives of the same man’. See also the kenning for the goddess Jǫrð, ÞjóðA Sex 3/3^II elja Rindar ‘rival of Rindr <giantess>’ (both Jǫrð and Rindr were concubines of the god Óðinn in Old Norse myth).

elja ‘the concubine’

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elja (noun f.; °-u; -ur): [rival, concubine]

[7] kván ok elja: kvæn við elju U

notes

[7] kván ok elja kiljar ‘the wife and the concubine quarrel’: For the sg. kiljar (‘lit. quarrels’) with a pl. subject, see Note to st. 1/1, 2. The verb kilja (kilja við e-n ‘quarrel with sby’ in U) does not occur elsewhere in Old Norse and its sense is controversial. According to CVC, kilja means ‘fondle’, while LP: kilja 1, Fritzner: kilja and ÍO: kilja 2 assume the opposite sense, ‘quarrel, abuse’ (see also the discussion of the noun kilja in Note to ÞjóðA Lv 6/5, 6^II). Presumably, the latter sense better suits the two heiti for ‘women’ mentioned in this line, kván f. (also kvæn (U)), the poetic term for ‘wedded wife’, which is never used in the general sense ‘woman’, and its opposite, elja f. ‘concubine’. Elja is derived either from ella adv. ‘otherwise’ or from eljan f./n. or eljun f. (variant forms) ‘endurance, energy, jealousy’ (see CVC: elja; AEW: elja). Skm (SnE 1998, I, 108) provides the following definition of this word: Þær konur heita eljur er einn mann eigu ‘Those women are called eljur who are wives of the same man’. See also the kenning for the goddess Jǫrð, ÞjóðA Sex 3/3^II elja Rindar ‘rival of Rindr <giantess>’ (both Jǫrð and Rindr were concubines of the god Óðinn in Old Norse myth).

kann ‘can’

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kunna (verb): know, can, be able

nipt ‘the sister’

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nift (noun f.): kinswoman

við ‘with’

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2. við (prep.): with, against

snør ‘the daughter-in-law’

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snør (noun f.): [daughter-in-law]

notes

[8] snør (f.) ‘the daughter-in-law’: In Old Norse poetry the word is otherwise attested only in eddic lays (Ghv 18/8 and as a pers. n. in Rþ 23/5).

skipta ‘deal’

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skipta (verb): share, divide, exchange