Anon Krm 26VIII
Rory McTurk (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Poems, Krákumál 26’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry in fornaldarsögur. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 8. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 770.
Hjuggu ‘hewed’
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hǫggva (verb): to strike, put to death, cut, hew
[1] Hjuggu vér með hjörvi: abbrev. as ‘H v m h:’ R702ˣ, (?) abbrev. as ‘(Hi’) v(’ m’) hiaurfi’ 147, Hjuggum vér með hjörvi 6ˣ, LR, R693ˣ
vér ‘We’
(not checked:)
vér (pron.; °gen. vár, dat./acc. oss): we, us, our
[1] Hjuggu vér með hjörvi: abbrev. as ‘H v m h:’ R702ˣ, (?) abbrev. as ‘(Hi’) v(’ m’) hiaurfi’ 147, Hjuggum vér með hjörvi 6ˣ, LR, R693ˣ
með ‘with’
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með (prep.): with
[1] Hjuggu vér með hjörvi: abbrev. as ‘H v m h:’ R702ˣ, (?) abbrev. as ‘(Hi’) v(’ m’) hiaurfi’ 147, Hjuggum vér með hjörvi 6ˣ, LR, R693ˣ
hjörvi ‘the sword’
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hjǫrr (noun m.): sword
[1] Hjuggu vér með hjörvi: abbrev. as ‘H v m h:’ R702ˣ, (?) abbrev. as ‘(Hi’) v(’ m’) hiaurfi’ 147, Hjuggum vér með hjörvi 6ˣ, LR, R693ˣ
Hér ‘here’
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hér (adv.): here
notes
[2, 4] mundu … vekja ‘would … start’: Lit. ‘would wake’. A sense of strong probability is required here, in view of what is conveyed by the conditional clause in ll. 5-8. However, both the majority mss’ reading vildu and that of 147, mundu, adopted here, are 3rd pers. pl. pret. indic. rather than the expected subj. forms. Previous eds up to and including Wisén (1886-9) retain the majority mss’ reading vildu, while Finnur Jónsson (1893b; 1905; Skj B) and Kock (Skald) emend to vildi, 3rd pers. pl. pret. subj. of vilja, in order to obtain the appropriate sense ‘would wish’. The required sense of ‘would’ is however adequately conveyed by the reading mundu, 3rd pers. pl. pret. indic. of munu ‘will, shall, be likely to’ (see NS §§177(b) Anm. 1, and 195(b) Anm. 2).
allir ‘All’
(not checked:)
allr (adj.): all
notes
[2-3] allir burir Áslaugar ‘all the sons of Áslaug’: In the 1824b text of Ragn (Ragn 1906-8, 129, 135-7, 161-8) and in RagnSon (Hb 1892-6, 459, 463-4) it is sons of Ragnarr by his second wife Áslaug, namely Ívarr (nicknamed beinlausi ‘the Boneless’ in RagnSon, Hb 1892-6, 459), Sigurðr ormr-í-auga ‘Snake-in-eye’, Hvítserkr and Björn járnsíða ‘Ironside’ who avenge him; in Saxo’s account it is sons of Regnerus by Thora, there presented as his second wife, who do so, namely Iuarus, Syuardus serpentini oculi ‘of the snake-like eye’ and Biornus ferrei lateris ‘of the iron side’ (Saxo 2015, I, ix. 4. 4-8, pp. 634-7; I, ix. 4. 12, pp. 638-41; I, ix. 4. 17, pp. 644-5; I, ix. 5. 1-5, pp. 662-5). In all three accounts they avenge him by having the figure of an eagle (apparently) carved on Ælle’s back; in RagnSon they have all the ribs cut from his backbone, so that his lungs are pulled out. In the fragmentary text of Ragn in 147, where the account of the revenge differs little from that in RagnSon, only Ívarr is specified in connection with it. See the Notes to Sigv Knútdr 1I, which is quoted in this connection in RagnSon and in the 147 text of Ragn (Ragn 1906-8, xcii, 193). On the historical sons of Reginheri, Ragnarr’s likely historical prototype (cf. Note to st. 1/8 above), see McTurk (1991a, 39-50; 2011b; 2013, 95-8); Rowe (2012, 11-80).
notes
[2-3] allir burir Áslaugar ‘all the sons of Áslaug’: In the 1824b text of Ragn (Ragn 1906-8, 129, 135-7, 161-8) and in RagnSon (Hb 1892-6, 459, 463-4) it is sons of Ragnarr by his second wife Áslaug, namely Ívarr (nicknamed beinlausi ‘the Boneless’ in RagnSon, Hb 1892-6, 459), Sigurðr ormr-í-auga ‘Snake-in-eye’, Hvítserkr and Björn járnsíða ‘Ironside’ who avenge him; in Saxo’s account it is sons of Regnerus by Thora, there presented as his second wife, who do so, namely Iuarus, Syuardus serpentini oculi ‘of the snake-like eye’ and Biornus ferrei lateris ‘of the iron side’ (Saxo 2015, I, ix. 4. 4-8, pp. 634-7; I, ix. 4. 12, pp. 638-41; I, ix. 4. 17, pp. 644-5; I, ix. 5. 1-5, pp. 662-5). In all three accounts they avenge him by having the figure of an eagle (apparently) carved on Ælle’s back; in RagnSon they have all the ribs cut from his backbone, so that his lungs are pulled out. In the fragmentary text of Ragn in 147, where the account of the revenge differs little from that in RagnSon, only Ívarr is specified in connection with it. See the Notes to Sigv Knútdr 1I, which is quoted in this connection in RagnSon and in the 147 text of Ragn (Ragn 1906-8, xcii, 193). On the historical sons of Reginheri, Ragnarr’s likely historical prototype (cf. Note to st. 1/8 above), see McTurk (1991a, 39-50; 2011b; 2013, 95-8); Rowe (2012, 11-80).
Áslaugar ‘of Áslaug’
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Áslaug (noun f.)
[3] Áslaugar: ‘[...]sl(au)gar’(?) 147, ‘Außlaugar’ R693ˣ
notes
[2-3] allir burir Áslaugar ‘all the sons of Áslaug’: In the 1824b text of Ragn (Ragn 1906-8, 129, 135-7, 161-8) and in RagnSon (Hb 1892-6, 459, 463-4) it is sons of Ragnarr by his second wife Áslaug, namely Ívarr (nicknamed beinlausi ‘the Boneless’ in RagnSon, Hb 1892-6, 459), Sigurðr ormr-í-auga ‘Snake-in-eye’, Hvítserkr and Björn járnsíða ‘Ironside’ who avenge him; in Saxo’s account it is sons of Regnerus by Thora, there presented as his second wife, who do so, namely Iuarus, Syuardus serpentini oculi ‘of the snake-like eye’ and Biornus ferrei lateris ‘of the iron side’ (Saxo 2015, I, ix. 4. 4-8, pp. 634-7; I, ix. 4. 12, pp. 638-41; I, ix. 4. 17, pp. 644-5; I, ix. 5. 1-5, pp. 662-5). In all three accounts they avenge him by having the figure of an eagle (apparently) carved on Ælle’s back; in RagnSon they have all the ribs cut from his backbone, so that his lungs are pulled out. In the fragmentary text of Ragn in 147, where the account of the revenge differs little from that in RagnSon, only Ívarr is specified in connection with it. See the Notes to Sigv Knútdr 1I, which is quoted in this connection in RagnSon and in the 147 text of Ragn (Ragn 1906-8, xcii, 193). On the historical sons of Reginheri, Ragnarr’s likely historical prototype (cf. Note to st. 1/8 above), see McTurk (1991a, 39-50; 2011b; 2013, 95-8); Rowe (2012, 11-80).
bröndum ‘swords’
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brandr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): sword, prow; fire
[3] bröndum: ‘[...](und)[...]’(?) 147
bitrum ‘with sharp’
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bitr (adj.; °bitran; superl. bitrastr): sharp, biting
[4] bitrum: ‘(bi)t[…]’(?) 147, ‘biaurtum’ 6ˣ
notes
[4] hildi ‘a battle’: Rafn (1826), Pfeiffer (1860), Valdimar Ásmundarson (Krm 1891) and Wisén (1886-9) treat hildi as a pers. n. for the valkyrie Hildr (cf. first Note to st. 4/2, and first Note to st. 10/2 above). The common-noun interpretation of ‘battle’ is preferred here, however, because it is outside any context of reference to the legend of Hildr and the Hjaðningar. The phrase vekja hildi ‘start a battle’ also occurs in Akv 14/16 and (with the verb in finite form) in HHund II 7/1-2
notes
[2, 4] mundu … vekja ‘would … start’: Lit. ‘would wake’. A sense of strong probability is required here, in view of what is conveyed by the conditional clause in ll. 5-8. However, both the majority mss’ reading vildu and that of 147, mundu, adopted here, are 3rd pers. pl. pret. indic. rather than the expected subj. forms. Previous eds up to and including Wisén (1886-9) retain the majority mss’ reading vildu, while Finnur Jónsson (1893b; 1905; Skj B) and Kock (Skald) emend to vildi, 3rd pers. pl. pret. subj. of vilja, in order to obtain the appropriate sense ‘would wish’. The required sense of ‘would’ is however adequately conveyed by the reading mundu, 3rd pers. pl. pret. indic. of munu ‘will, shall, be likely to’ (see NS §§177(b) Anm. 1, and 195(b) Anm. 2).
ef ‘if’
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3. ef (conj.): if
notes
[5-6] ef vissi vandliga um ossar viðfarar ‘if they knew fully about our treatment’: The speaker is referring solely to his own predicament here. On the frequency in poetry of oss-forms of the 1st pers. pl. poss. adj. várr ‘our’, see Finnur Jónsson (1901, 77).
vandliga ‘fully’
(not checked:)
vandliga (adv.): carefully
[5] vandliga: ‘vandlig[…]’ 147, ‘vandlige’ LR
notes
[5-6] ef vissi vandliga um ossar viðfarar ‘if they knew fully about our treatment’: The speaker is referring solely to his own predicament here. On the frequency in poetry of oss-forms of the 1st pers. pl. poss. adj. várr ‘our’, see Finnur Jónsson (1901, 77).
vissi ‘they knew’
(not checked:)
1. vita (verb): know
notes
[5-6] ef vissi vandliga um ossar viðfarar ‘if they knew fully about our treatment’: The speaker is referring solely to his own predicament here. On the frequency in poetry of oss-forms of the 1st pers. pl. poss. adj. várr ‘our’, see Finnur Jónsson (1901, 77).
notes
[5-6] ef vissi vandliga um ossar viðfarar ‘if they knew fully about our treatment’: The speaker is referring solely to his own predicament here. On the frequency in poetry of oss-forms of the 1st pers. pl. poss. adj. várr ‘our’, see Finnur Jónsson (1901, 77).
viðfarar ‘treatment’
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viðfǫr (noun f.)
notes
[5-6] ef vissi vandliga um ossar viðfarar ‘if they knew fully about our treatment’: The speaker is referring solely to his own predicament here. On the frequency in poetry of oss-forms of the 1st pers. pl. poss. adj. várr ‘our’, see Finnur Jónsson (1901, 77).
ossar ‘our’
(not checked:)
várr (pron.; °f. ór/vár; pl. órir/várir): our
notes
[5-6] ef vissi vandliga um ossar viðfarar ‘if they knew fully about our treatment’: The speaker is referring solely to his own predicament here. On the frequency in poetry of oss-forms of the 1st pers. pl. poss. adj. várr ‘our’, see Finnur Jónsson (1901, 77).
hvé ‘how’
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hvé (conj.): how
ófáir ‘numerous’
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ófár (adj.): not a few
ormar ‘snakes’
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ormr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): serpent
eitrfullir ‘poisonous’
[8] eitrfullir mik slíta: ‘(e)iturfull(í)r […] slita’(?) 147, ‘eitur ffllir mig slyta’ LR
mik ‘at me’
(not checked:)
ek (pron.; °mín, dat. mér, acc. mik): I, me
[8] eitrfullir mik slíta: ‘(e)iturfull(í)r […] slita’(?) 147, ‘eitur ffllir mig slyta’ LR
slíta ‘are tearing’
(not checked:)
slíta (verb): to tear
[8] eitrfullir mik slíta: ‘(e)iturfull(í)r […] slita’(?) 147, ‘eitur ffllir mig slyta’ LR
Móðernis ‘such a mother’
[9] Móðernis fekk ek mínum: ‘modernis (f)[…] eg [...](um)’(?) 147
notes
[9-10] ek fekk mögum mínum móðernis, svá at hjörtun dugðu ‘I gave my sons such a mother that their hearts stood firm’: Lit. ‘I provided a maternal origin for my sons so that the hearts availed [them]’. In l. 9, móðernis, meaning strictly ‘maternal origin’ or ‘motherhood’, is the gen. object of fekk, 1st pers. sg pret. of fá, used here in the sense ‘give, provide’, with the gen. of what is given and the dat. of the receiver, see Note to st. 2/5-6, 8, above. The present ed. follows the example of the earliest eds up to and including Valdimar Ásmundarson (Krm 1891) in retaining the word ek ‘I’ here, which other eds, from and including Wisén (1886-9), omit, presumably for metrical reasons.
fekk ‘gave’
(not checked:)
2. fá (verb; °fǽr; fekk, fengu; fenginn): get, receive
[9] Móðernis fekk ek mínum: ‘modernis (f)[…] eg [...](um)’(?) 147
notes
[9-10] ek fekk mögum mínum móðernis, svá at hjörtun dugðu ‘I gave my sons such a mother that their hearts stood firm’: Lit. ‘I provided a maternal origin for my sons so that the hearts availed [them]’. In l. 9, móðernis, meaning strictly ‘maternal origin’ or ‘motherhood’, is the gen. object of fekk, 1st pers. sg pret. of fá, used here in the sense ‘give, provide’, with the gen. of what is given and the dat. of the receiver, see Note to st. 2/5-6, 8, above. The present ed. follows the example of the earliest eds up to and including Valdimar Ásmundarson (Krm 1891) in retaining the word ek ‘I’ here, which other eds, from and including Wisén (1886-9), omit, presumably for metrical reasons.
ek ‘I’
(not checked:)
ek (pron.; °mín, dat. mér, acc. mik): I, me
[9] Móðernis fekk ek mínum: ‘modernis (f)[…] eg [...](um)’(?) 147
notes
[9-10] ek fekk mögum mínum móðernis, svá at hjörtun dugðu ‘I gave my sons such a mother that their hearts stood firm’: Lit. ‘I provided a maternal origin for my sons so that the hearts availed [them]’. In l. 9, móðernis, meaning strictly ‘maternal origin’ or ‘motherhood’, is the gen. object of fekk, 1st pers. sg pret. of fá, used here in the sense ‘give, provide’, with the gen. of what is given and the dat. of the receiver, see Note to st. 2/5-6, 8, above. The present ed. follows the example of the earliest eds up to and including Valdimar Ásmundarson (Krm 1891) in retaining the word ek ‘I’ here, which other eds, from and including Wisén (1886-9), omit, presumably for metrical reasons.
mínum ‘my’
(not checked:)
minn (pron.; °f. mín, n. mitt): my
[9] Móðernis fekk ek mínum: ‘modernis (f)[…] eg [...](um)’(?) 147
notes
[9-10] ek fekk mögum mínum móðernis, svá at hjörtun dugðu ‘I gave my sons such a mother that their hearts stood firm’: Lit. ‘I provided a maternal origin for my sons so that the hearts availed [them]’. In l. 9, móðernis, meaning strictly ‘maternal origin’ or ‘motherhood’, is the gen. object of fekk, 1st pers. sg pret. of fá, used here in the sense ‘give, provide’, with the gen. of what is given and the dat. of the receiver, see Note to st. 2/5-6, 8, above. The present ed. follows the example of the earliest eds up to and including Valdimar Ásmundarson (Krm 1891) in retaining the word ek ‘I’ here, which other eds, from and including Wisén (1886-9), omit, presumably for metrical reasons.
notes
[9-10] ek fekk mögum mínum móðernis, svá at hjörtun dugðu ‘I gave my sons such a mother that their hearts stood firm’: Lit. ‘I provided a maternal origin for my sons so that the hearts availed [them]’. In l. 9, móðernis, meaning strictly ‘maternal origin’ or ‘motherhood’, is the gen. object of fekk, 1st pers. sg pret. of fá, used here in the sense ‘give, provide’, with the gen. of what is given and the dat. of the receiver, see Note to st. 2/5-6, 8, above. The present ed. follows the example of the earliest eds up to and including Valdimar Ásmundarson (Krm 1891) in retaining the word ek ‘I’ here, which other eds, from and including Wisén (1886-9), omit, presumably for metrical reasons.
notes
[9-10] ek fekk mögum mínum móðernis, svá at hjörtun dugðu ‘I gave my sons such a mother that their hearts stood firm’: Lit. ‘I provided a maternal origin for my sons so that the hearts availed [them]’. In l. 9, móðernis, meaning strictly ‘maternal origin’ or ‘motherhood’, is the gen. object of fekk, 1st pers. sg pret. of fá, used here in the sense ‘give, provide’, with the gen. of what is given and the dat. of the receiver, see Note to st. 2/5-6, 8, above. The present ed. follows the example of the earliest eds up to and including Valdimar Ásmundarson (Krm 1891) in retaining the word ek ‘I’ here, which other eds, from and including Wisén (1886-9), omit, presumably for metrical reasons.
notes
[9-10] ek fekk mögum mínum móðernis, svá at hjörtun dugðu ‘I gave my sons such a mother that their hearts stood firm’: Lit. ‘I provided a maternal origin for my sons so that the hearts availed [them]’. In l. 9, móðernis, meaning strictly ‘maternal origin’ or ‘motherhood’, is the gen. object of fekk, 1st pers. sg pret. of fá, used here in the sense ‘give, provide’, with the gen. of what is given and the dat. of the receiver, see Note to st. 2/5-6, 8, above. The present ed. follows the example of the earliest eds up to and including Valdimar Ásmundarson (Krm 1891) in retaining the word ek ‘I’ here, which other eds, from and including Wisén (1886-9), omit, presumably for metrical reasons.
hjörtun ‘hearts’
(not checked:)
hjarta (noun n.; °-; *-u): heart
[10] hjörtun dugðu: ‘hiort[…] d[...](dv)’(?) 147, ‘hiortu duga’ 6ˣ, ‘hiortun duga’ LR
notes
[9-10] ek fekk mögum mínum móðernis, svá at hjörtun dugðu ‘I gave my sons such a mother that their hearts stood firm’: Lit. ‘I provided a maternal origin for my sons so that the hearts availed [them]’. In l. 9, móðernis, meaning strictly ‘maternal origin’ or ‘motherhood’, is the gen. object of fekk, 1st pers. sg pret. of fá, used here in the sense ‘give, provide’, with the gen. of what is given and the dat. of the receiver, see Note to st. 2/5-6, 8, above. The present ed. follows the example of the earliest eds up to and including Valdimar Ásmundarson (Krm 1891) in retaining the word ek ‘I’ here, which other eds, from and including Wisén (1886-9), omit, presumably for metrical reasons. — [10] hjörtun dugðu ‘their hearts stood firm’: The same phrase is found in the sg. in RvHbreiðm Hl 34/1III Hjartat dugði … ‘The heart helped …’.
hjörtun ‘hearts’
(not checked:)
hjarta (noun n.; °-; *-u): heart
[10] hjörtun dugðu: ‘hiort[…] d[...](dv)’(?) 147, ‘hiortu duga’ 6ˣ, ‘hiortun duga’ LR
notes
[9-10] ek fekk mögum mínum móðernis, svá at hjörtun dugðu ‘I gave my sons such a mother that their hearts stood firm’: Lit. ‘I provided a maternal origin for my sons so that the hearts availed [them]’. In l. 9, móðernis, meaning strictly ‘maternal origin’ or ‘motherhood’, is the gen. object of fekk, 1st pers. sg pret. of fá, used here in the sense ‘give, provide’, with the gen. of what is given and the dat. of the receiver, see Note to st. 2/5-6, 8, above. The present ed. follows the example of the earliest eds up to and including Valdimar Ásmundarson (Krm 1891) in retaining the word ek ‘I’ here, which other eds, from and including Wisén (1886-9), omit, presumably for metrical reasons. — [10] hjörtun dugðu ‘their hearts stood firm’: The same phrase is found in the sg. in RvHbreiðm Hl 34/1III Hjartat dugði … ‘The heart helped …’.
dugðu ‘stood firm’
(not checked:)
duga (verb; °dugir; dugði; dugat): help, befit
[10] hjörtun dugðu: ‘hiort[…] d[...](dv)’(?) 147, ‘hiortu duga’ 6ˣ, ‘hiortun duga’ LR
notes
[9-10] ek fekk mögum mínum móðernis, svá at hjörtun dugðu ‘I gave my sons such a mother that their hearts stood firm’: Lit. ‘I provided a maternal origin for my sons so that the hearts availed [them]’. In l. 9, móðernis, meaning strictly ‘maternal origin’ or ‘motherhood’, is the gen. object of fekk, 1st pers. sg pret. of fá, used here in the sense ‘give, provide’, with the gen. of what is given and the dat. of the receiver, see Note to st. 2/5-6, 8, above. The present ed. follows the example of the earliest eds up to and including Valdimar Ásmundarson (Krm 1891) in retaining the word ek ‘I’ here, which other eds, from and including Wisén (1886-9), omit, presumably for metrical reasons. — [10] hjörtun dugðu ‘their hearts stood firm’: The same phrase is found in the sg. in RvHbreiðm Hl 34/1III Hjartat dugði … ‘The heart helped …’.
dugðu ‘stood firm’
(not checked:)
duga (verb; °dugir; dugði; dugat): help, befit
[10] hjörtun dugðu: ‘hiort[…] d[...](dv)’(?) 147, ‘hiortu duga’ 6ˣ, ‘hiortun duga’ LR
notes
[9-10] ek fekk mögum mínum móðernis, svá at hjörtun dugðu ‘I gave my sons such a mother that their hearts stood firm’: Lit. ‘I provided a maternal origin for my sons so that the hearts availed [them]’. In l. 9, móðernis, meaning strictly ‘maternal origin’ or ‘motherhood’, is the gen. object of fekk, 1st pers. sg pret. of fá, used here in the sense ‘give, provide’, with the gen. of what is given and the dat. of the receiver, see Note to st. 2/5-6, 8, above. The present ed. follows the example of the earliest eds up to and including Valdimar Ásmundarson (Krm 1891) in retaining the word ek ‘I’ here, which other eds, from and including Wisén (1886-9), omit, presumably for metrical reasons. — [10] hjörtun dugðu ‘their hearts stood firm’: The same phrase is found in the sg. in RvHbreiðm Hl 34/1III Hjartat dugði … ‘The heart helped …’.
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