ESk Øxfl 1III
Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Einarr Skúlason, Øxarflokkr 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 141.
Þars ‘Where’
(not checked:)
þars (conj.): where
Mardallar ‘of Mardǫll’
(not checked:)
Mardǫll (noun f.): Mardǫll
kennings
grátr Mardallar‘the tears of Mardǫll ’
= GOLD
the tears of Mardǫll → GOLD
notes
[1, 4] grátr Mardallar ‘the tears of Mardǫll <= Freyja> [GOLD]’: Lit. ‘the weeping of Mardǫll’. According to Old Norse myth, the goddess Freyja wept tears of gold for her husband, Óðr (SnE 2005, 29): Óðr fór í braut langar leiðir, en Freyja grætr eptir, en tár hennar er gull rautt ‘Óðr went away on long journeys, and Freyja weeps for him, and her tear is red gold’. See also Note to Anon Bjark 5/6.
milli ‘between’
(not checked:)
milli (prep.): between
megin ‘mighty’
(not checked:)
1. megin (noun n.; °-s, dat. magni/megni/megin(HirðB 398¹⁹); -): might, strength; very < meginhurð (noun f.)
kennings
galla meginhurðar Gauts,‘the destroyer of Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door, ’
= AXE/SWORD
Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door, → SHIELD
the destroyer of the SHIELD → AXE/SWORD
notes
[2, 3] galla meginhurðar Gauts ‘the destroyer of Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door [SHIELD > AXE/SWORD]’: This kenning is ambiguous (see Introduction above).
megin ‘mighty’
(not checked:)
1. megin (noun n.; °-s, dat. magni/megni/megin(HirðB 398¹⁹); -): might, strength; very < meginhurð (noun f.)
kennings
galla meginhurðar Gauts,‘the destroyer of Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door, ’
= AXE/SWORD
Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door, → SHIELD
the destroyer of the SHIELD → AXE/SWORD
notes
[2, 3] galla meginhurðar Gauts ‘the destroyer of Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door [SHIELD > AXE/SWORD]’: This kenning is ambiguous (see Introduction above).
hurðar ‘door’
(not checked:)
hurð (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u/-; -ir): door < meginhurð (noun f.)
[2] ‑hurðar: urð þar W
kennings
galla meginhurðar Gauts,‘the destroyer of Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door, ’
= AXE/SWORD
Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door, → SHIELD
the destroyer of the SHIELD → AXE/SWORD
notes
[2, 3] galla meginhurðar Gauts ‘the destroyer of Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door [SHIELD > AXE/SWORD]’: This kenning is ambiguous (see Introduction above).
hurðar ‘door’
(not checked:)
hurð (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u/-; -ir): door < meginhurð (noun f.)
[2] ‑hurðar: urð þar W
kennings
galla meginhurðar Gauts,‘the destroyer of Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door, ’
= AXE/SWORD
Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door, → SHIELD
the destroyer of the SHIELD → AXE/SWORD
notes
[2, 3] galla meginhurðar Gauts ‘the destroyer of Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door [SHIELD > AXE/SWORD]’: This kenning is ambiguous (see Introduction above).
liggr ‘lie’
(not checked:)
liggja (verb): lie
skurða ‘the grooves’
(not checked:)
skurðr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. -/-i; -ir): [grooves, cleaver]
Gauts ‘of Gautr’s’
(not checked:)
2. Gautr (noun m.): Gautr, Óðinn
kennings
galla meginhurðar Gauts,‘the destroyer of Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door, ’
= AXE/SWORD
Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door, → SHIELD
the destroyer of the SHIELD → AXE/SWORD
notes
[2, 3] galla meginhurðar Gauts ‘the destroyer of Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door [SHIELD > AXE/SWORD]’: This kenning is ambiguous (see Introduction above).
Gauts ‘of Gautr’s’
(not checked:)
2. Gautr (noun m.): Gautr, Óðinn
kennings
galla meginhurðar Gauts,‘the destroyer of Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door, ’
= AXE/SWORD
Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door, → SHIELD
the destroyer of the SHIELD → AXE/SWORD
notes
[2, 3] galla meginhurðar Gauts ‘the destroyer of Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door [SHIELD > AXE/SWORD]’: This kenning is ambiguous (see Introduction above).
berum ‘carry’
(not checked:)
3. bera (verb; °berr; bar, báru; borinn): bear, carry
galla ‘the destroyer’
(not checked:)
1. galli (noun m.): destruction
kennings
galla meginhurðar Gauts,‘the destroyer of Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door, ’
= AXE/SWORD
Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door, → SHIELD
the destroyer of the SHIELD → AXE/SWORD
notes
[2, 3] galla meginhurðar Gauts ‘the destroyer of Gautr’s <= Óðinn’s> mighty door [SHIELD > AXE/SWORD]’: This kenning is ambiguous (see Introduction above).
þrútinn ‘swollen’
(not checked:)
þrútinn (adj./verb p.p.): swollen
[3] þrútinn: so Tˣ, W, ‘þrvttinn’ R
grátr ‘the tears’
(not checked:)
grátr (noun m.): weeping, crying
kennings
grátr Mardallar‘the tears of Mardǫll ’
= GOLD
the tears of Mardǫll → GOLD
notes
[1, 4] grátr Mardallar ‘the tears of Mardǫll <= Freyja> [GOLD]’: Lit. ‘the weeping of Mardǫll’. According to Old Norse myth, the goddess Freyja wept tears of gold for her husband, Óðr (SnE 2005, 29): Óðr fór í braut langar leiðir, en Freyja grætr eptir, en tár hennar er gull rautt ‘Óðr went away on long journeys, and Freyja weeps for him, and her tear is red gold’. See also Note to Anon Bjark 5/6.
dal ‘of the valley’
(not checked:)
dalr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -/-i; -ir, acc. -i/-a): valley < dalreyðr (noun f.): [valley-char]
kennings
látra dalreyðar.‘with lairs of the valley-char.’
= GOLD
the valley-char. → SNAKE
with lairs of the SNAKE → GOLD
notes
[4] látra dalreyðar ‘with lairs of the valley-char [SNAKE > GOLD]’: Lit. ‘of lairs of the valley-char’. This phrase qualifies þrútinn ‘swollen’ (see SnE 1998, II, 342: látr and NS §§104, 137). Usually one would expect the qualifier to be in the dat. rather than in the gen. (see Fritzner: þrútinn). Reyðr is a fish, the Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), but the word can also mean ‘whale’ (any whale of the species Balaenoptera). See Notes to Steinn Óldr 11/7II, Sturl Hrafn 7/8II, Þul Fiska 2/2 and Þul Hvala 1/5.
dal ‘of the valley’
(not checked:)
dalr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -/-i; -ir, acc. -i/-a): valley < dalreyðr (noun f.): [valley-char]
kennings
látra dalreyðar.‘with lairs of the valley-char.’
= GOLD
the valley-char. → SNAKE
with lairs of the SNAKE → GOLD
notes
[4] látra dalreyðar ‘with lairs of the valley-char [SNAKE > GOLD]’: Lit. ‘of lairs of the valley-char’. This phrase qualifies þrútinn ‘swollen’ (see SnE 1998, II, 342: látr and NS §§104, 137). Usually one would expect the qualifier to be in the dat. rather than in the gen. (see Fritzner: þrútinn). Reyðr is a fish, the Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), but the word can also mean ‘whale’ (any whale of the species Balaenoptera). See Notes to Steinn Óldr 11/7II, Sturl Hrafn 7/8II, Þul Fiska 2/2 and Þul Hvala 1/5.
reyðar ‘char’
(not checked:)
reyðr (noun f.; °; -ar): whale, rorqual < dalreyðr (noun f.): [valley-char]
kennings
látra dalreyðar.‘with lairs of the valley-char.’
= GOLD
the valley-char. → SNAKE
with lairs of the SNAKE → GOLD
notes
[4] látra dalreyðar ‘with lairs of the valley-char [SNAKE > GOLD]’: Lit. ‘of lairs of the valley-char’. This phrase qualifies þrútinn ‘swollen’ (see SnE 1998, II, 342: látr and NS §§104, 137). Usually one would expect the qualifier to be in the dat. rather than in the gen. (see Fritzner: þrútinn). Reyðr is a fish, the Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), but the word can also mean ‘whale’ (any whale of the species Balaenoptera). See Notes to Steinn Óldr 11/7II, Sturl Hrafn 7/8II, Þul Fiska 2/2 and Þul Hvala 1/5.
reyðar ‘char’
(not checked:)
reyðr (noun f.; °; -ar): whale, rorqual < dalreyðr (noun f.): [valley-char]
kennings
látra dalreyðar.‘with lairs of the valley-char.’
= GOLD
the valley-char. → SNAKE
with lairs of the SNAKE → GOLD
notes
[4] látra dalreyðar ‘with lairs of the valley-char [SNAKE > GOLD]’: Lit. ‘of lairs of the valley-char’. This phrase qualifies þrútinn ‘swollen’ (see SnE 1998, II, 342: látr and NS §§104, 137). Usually one would expect the qualifier to be in the dat. rather than in the gen. (see Fritzner: þrútinn). Reyðr is a fish, the Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), but the word can also mean ‘whale’ (any whale of the species Balaenoptera). See Notes to Steinn Óldr 11/7II, Sturl Hrafn 7/8II, Þul Fiska 2/2 and Þul Hvala 1/5.
látra ‘with lairs’
(not checked:)
látr (noun n.; °; dat. -um): lair
kennings
látra dalreyðar.‘with lairs of the valley-char.’
= GOLD
the valley-char. → SNAKE
with lairs of the SNAKE → GOLD
notes
[4] látra dalreyðar ‘with lairs of the valley-char [SNAKE > GOLD]’: Lit. ‘of lairs of the valley-char’. This phrase qualifies þrútinn ‘swollen’ (see SnE 1998, II, 342: látr and NS §§104, 137). Usually one would expect the qualifier to be in the dat. rather than in the gen. (see Fritzner: þrútinn). Reyðr is a fish, the Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), but the word can also mean ‘whale’ (any whale of the species Balaenoptera). See Notes to Steinn Óldr 11/7II, Sturl Hrafn 7/8II, Þul Fiska 2/2 and Þul Hvala 1/5.
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
Grátr Mardallar ‘Mardǫll’s tears, weeping’ is given in Skm as one of several kennings for ‘gold’.
The first clause must belong syntactically to the previous, no longer extant half-stanza. — The stanza is attributed to Einarr Skúlason in all mss.
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