Þul Manna 2^III

Bragnar ‘Noble ones’

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bragnar (noun m.): men, warriors

notes

[1] bragnar ‘noble ones’: A poetic term for ‘men’ used only in the pl. form. In Skm (SnE 1998, I, 105), bragnar were the warriors of King Bragi inn gamli ‘the Old’, but the term is derived from bragr m. ‘the best, foremost’ (AEW: bragningr: bragr 1). See also bragningr as a heiti for ‘king’ (Þul Konunga 1/5).

þegnar ‘freemen’

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þegn (noun m.; °dat. -/-i; -ar): thane, man, franklin

notes

[1] þegnar ‘freemen’: Pl. of þegn m. ‘thane, freeman’ (see Goetting 2006). In Rþ 24/4, Þegn is one of the sons of Karl. Cf. also the formulaic legal phrase þegn ok þræll ‘freeman and bondman’, i.e. ‘all men’. According to Skm (SnE 1998, I, 106), þegn is a term for ‘landowner’: Þegnar ok hǫlðar, svá eru búendr kallaðir ‘Þegnar and hǫlðar, this is what landowners are called’ (cf. Faulkes 1987, 151). As a legal term the word also means ‘liegeman, subject’, but in poetry it is most often used in the more general sense ‘warrior, man’. See also OE þegn, OHG thegan ‘follower, retainer, warrior’ and OS thegan ‘follower, child, boy’ (AEW: þegn).

beimar ‘warriors’

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beimi (noun m.; °; -ar): man

notes

[2] beimar ‘warriors’: This poetic term is used only in the pl. form and translates as ‘warriors, men, heroes’. According to Skm (SnE 1998, I, 105), beimar were the followers of King Beimuni (see Notes to Þul Sea-kings ll. 4, 8). The etymology of this word is uncertain, but it may be cognate with the name of a Germanic tribe mentioned by Ptolemy as Βαῖμοι (AEW: beimar).

hǫlðar ‘freeholders’

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hǫlðr (noun m.; °-s; -ar): man

notes

[2] hǫlðar ‘freeholders’: Pl. of hǫlðr m. This is an Old Norse legal term which denoted a high-ranking yeoman who by right of birth held property under the Norwegian allodial system (óðal). See Note to Anon Nkt 15/2^II. According to the law of S. Óláfr, Icelanders enjoyed the right of a hǫlðr while in Norway (DI I, 65: jslendingar eigo at hava hꜹldz rétt i noregi). In Rþ 24/4, Hǫlðr is the name of one of the sons of Karl. In poetry hǫlðar means ‘men’ in general. — [4] hǫlðar ‘freeholders’: The repetition of the heiti hǫlðar, which was already mentioned in l. 2, is probably caused by dittography. Kock (NN §2160) suggests that the correct word in this context could have been aldir ‘men, people’ (pl. of ǫld ‘age, population’; see st. 3/1).

hǫlðar ‘freeholders’

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hǫlðr (noun m.; °-s; -ar): man

notes

[2] hǫlðar ‘freeholders’: Pl. of hǫlðr m. This is an Old Norse legal term which denoted a high-ranking yeoman who by right of birth held property under the Norwegian allodial system (óðal). See Note to Anon Nkt 15/2^II. According to the law of S. Óláfr, Icelanders enjoyed the right of a hǫlðr while in Norway (DI I, 65: jslendingar eigo at hava hꜹldz rétt i noregi). In Rþ 24/4, Hǫlðr is the name of one of the sons of Karl. In poetry hǫlðar means ‘men’ in general. — [4] hǫlðar ‘freeholders’: The repetition of the heiti hǫlðar, which was already mentioned in l. 2, is probably caused by dittography. Kock (NN §2160) suggests that the correct word in this context could have been aldir ‘men, people’ (pl. of ǫld ‘age, population’; see st. 3/1).

firar ‘vital ones’

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firar (noun m.): men

notes

[3, 4] firar ok flotnar, fyrðar ‘vital ones and seamen, vital ones’: These are poetic terms for ‘men’ or ‘warriors’ used only in the pl. form. Firar is derived from fjǫr n. ‘life’, hence ‘vital ones’, and fyrðar (also firðar) from firar (AEW: firar; fyrðar). In Skm (SnE 1998, I, 105), fyrðar and firar are ‘defenders of the land’ (landvarnarmenn) and flotnar ‘seamen’ (from floti m. ‘fleet, ship’) belong to a naval force (skipaherr).

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[3] ok: om. Tˣ

notes

[3, 4] firar ok flotnar, fyrðar ‘vital ones and seamen, vital ones’: These are poetic terms for ‘men’ or ‘warriors’ used only in the pl. form. Firar is derived from fjǫr n. ‘life’, hence ‘vital ones’, and fyrðar (also firðar) from firar (AEW: firar; fyrðar). In Skm (SnE 1998, I, 105), fyrðar and firar are ‘defenders of the land’ (landvarnarmenn) and flotnar ‘seamen’ (from floti m. ‘fleet, ship’) belong to a naval force (skipaherr).

flotnar ‘seamen’

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flotnar (noun m.): mariners

[3] flotnar: hǫlðar C, ‘flotn[…]’ B, ‘flotnar’ 744ˣ

notes

[3, 4] firar ok flotnar, fyrðar ‘vital ones and seamen, vital ones’: These are poetic terms for ‘men’ or ‘warriors’ used only in the pl. form. Firar is derived from fjǫr n. ‘life’, hence ‘vital ones’, and fyrðar (also firðar) from firar (AEW: firar; fyrðar). In Skm (SnE 1998, I, 105), fyrðar and firar are ‘defenders of the land’ (landvarnarmenn) and flotnar ‘seamen’ (from floti m. ‘fleet, ship’) belong to a naval force (skipaherr).

fyrðar ‘vital ones’

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2. fyrðr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -): man

[4] fyrðar hǫlðar: fyrðar Tˣ, flotnar fyrðar C, ‘[…]o᷎ldar’ B, ‘fýrdar ho᷎ldar’ 744ˣ

notes

[3, 4] firar ok flotnar, fyrðar ‘vital ones and seamen, vital ones’: These are poetic terms for ‘men’ or ‘warriors’ used only in the pl. form. Firar is derived from fjǫr n. ‘life’, hence ‘vital ones’, and fyrðar (also firðar) from firar (AEW: firar; fyrðar). In Skm (SnE 1998, I, 105), fyrðar and firar are ‘defenders of the land’ (landvarnarmenn) and flotnar ‘seamen’ (from floti m. ‘fleet, ship’) belong to a naval force (skipaherr).

hǫlðar ‘freeholders’

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hǫlðr (noun m.; °-s; -ar): man

[4] fyrðar hǫlðar: fyrðar Tˣ, flotnar fyrðar C, ‘[…]o᷎ldar’ B, ‘fýrdar ho᷎ldar’ 744ˣ

fǫruneyti ‘company’

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fǫruneyti (noun n.)

drótt ‘retinue’

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1. drótt (noun f.): troop

flokkr ‘flock’

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flokkr (noun m.): group, flock

harðmenni ‘tough ones’

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harðmenni (noun n.)

notes

[6] harðmenni ‘tough ones’: This is a collective n. noun, lit. ‘hardy men’ (from the adj. harðr ‘hard’ and maðr, mannr m. ‘man’). The word is found only in this þula and in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 106), where it is listed among other heroic names (such as kappar, kempur, etc.; cf. the heiti in the next two lines).

kníar ‘kníar’

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kníi (noun m.; °; -ar): °(heiti; for mand)

[7] kníar: ‘[…]ar’ B, ‘kniar’ 744ˣ

notes

[7] kníar: The term occurs only in the pl. form. Other than in the þulur, the word is found in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 106), where kníar are mentioned among fylgðarmenn ‘members of a retinue’, and in Egill Arkv 11/3^V (Eg 107). This heiti is possibly related to kind f. ‘offspring’ and kyn n. ‘kin’ (AEW: kníar).

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[7] ok: om. Tˣ, ‘[…]’ B, ok 744ˣ

kappar ‘champions’

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1. kappi (noun m.; °-a; -ar): champion

[7] kappar: ‘[…]’ B, kappar 744ˣ

notes

[7, 8] kappar, kenpur ‘champions, fighters’: Pl. forms of kappi m. (from kapp n. ‘impetuosity, competitive spirit’) and kenpa (or kempa) f. ‘champion’. The latter heiti does not occur in poetry and is most likely a loanword (< MLG kempe or OE cempa ‘champion’).

kenpur ‘fighters’

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kempa (noun f.; °-a; -ur): °stærk modig mand, helt, kriger

[8] kenpur: kempr Tˣ, kempur A, ‘[…]ur’ B, kempur 744ˣ

notes

[7, 8] kappar, kenpur ‘champions, fighters’: Pl. forms of kappi m. (from kapp n. ‘impetuosity, competitive spirit’) and kenpa (or kempa) f. ‘champion’. The latter heiti does not occur in poetry and is most likely a loanword (< MLG kempe or OE cempa ‘champion’).

nautar ‘mates’

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nautr (noun m.; °-s; -ar): companion; treasure

[8] nautar: ‘n[…]ar’ B, nautar 744ˣ