Þul Hauks 1^III

Haukr, hamðir, harmr,         Hábrók, tregi,
heiðir, heimþér,         hrímnir, kǫglingr,
ginnarr, gamðir         ok geirlǫðnir,
gǫllungr, ginnungr         ok gaglhati.

Haukr, hamðir, harmr, Hábrók, tregi, heiðir, heimþér, hrímnir, kǫglingr, ginnarr, gamðir ok geirlǫðnir, gǫllungr, ginnungr ok gaglhati.

Hawk, hamðir, sorrow, Hábrók, grief, heath-dweller, heimþér, noise-maker, tracking one, deceiver, amusing one and spear-inviter, screamer, impostor and goose-hater.

Mss: A(20v), B(9v), 744ˣ(87r) (SnE)

Readings: [1] Haukr: ‘[…]aukr’ B, Haukr 744ˣ    [3] heiðir: so B, ‘heiþér’ A;    heimþér: ‘hemdir’ B    [4] kǫglingr: ‘kólginng’ A, ‘koglínng’ B    [5] ginnarr: ‘gímnar’ B    [6] ok geirlǫðnir: ‘[…]lodnir’ B, ‘ok geírlodnir’ 744ˣ    [7] gǫllungr: ‘golkinngr’ B

Editions: Skj AI, 686, Skj BI, 676, Skald I, 340; SnE 1848-87, II, 487-8, 571.

Notes: [1] hamðir (m.): The meaning of this heiti is uncertain. It is perhaps derived from hamr m. ‘skin’ (so AEW: Hamðir; cf. CVC: hamr ‘esp. the skin of birds flayed off with feathers and wings’) and ‑þér (cf. runic þewaʀ ‘servant’) used as a second element in personal names (cf. the legendary hero Hamðir < Hamþér). This explanation is problematic, however, because ‘genuine’ names with ‑þér as a second element are usually old, and it is doubtful whether the word retained its original meaning in later, made-up words (see AEW: þér 3). Heimþér and gamðir ‘amusing one’ (ll. 3, 5 below) have the same second element. Alternatively, Falk (1925a, 239) suggests that this hawk-heiti could have been derived from a mythical pers. n., based on beliefs in the Norse gods’ abilities to shape-change (e.g. valshamr ‘falcon shape’ owned by Frigg and Freyja; Skm, SnE 1998, I, 2, 24, 30). Another possibility is that the word was related to the weak verb hemja ‘restrain’ and meant ‘tamed one’ (for details, see ÍO: hamðir). As a heiti for ‘hawk’ the word does not occur elsewhere. — [1] harmr (m.) ‘sorrow’: This heiti could be the same word as harmr m. ‘grief, sorrow’ (see Note to Rv Lv 34/6); cf. tregi ‘grief’ in l. 2. Both harmr and tregi could be half-kennings for ‘hawk’ (cf. such kennings as gaglhati ‘gosling-hater’, l. 8 below, and gaglfár ‘gosling-danger’; Meissner 112). Harmr ‘Velfjorden’ is also the name of a Norwegian fjord in Þul Fjarða l. 3, where the name occurs together with Tregi (the latter p. n. has not been identified with any certainty). Alternatively, the word might refer to a tamed hawk (‘quiet’; so Falk 1925a, 242) from Gmc *herm-; cf. OHG ungahirmi ‘restless’, OE gehirman ‘rest, quit’. Holthausen’s (1942, 270) explanation, that the hawk-heiti harmr refers to the hawk’s piercing shriek and is related to the weak verb herma ‘repeat, relate’, is less plausible. — [2] Hábrók: Lit. ‘High Breeches’. This is the name of a mythical hawk in Grí 44/8 but the word is never used as a common noun. Kock (1898, 265-6) suggests that Hábrók was originally a loanword from another Germanic language, reinterpreted by popular etymology (cf. OHG habuh, OE hafoc ‘hawk’ and the Old Saxon pers. n. Habocasbrōc). In the þulur the word is also listed among the heiti for ‘hen’ (see Note to Þul Hana l. 8). — [2] tregi (m.) ‘grief’: Not otherwise attested as a term for ‘hawk’. This is either the same word as tregi m. ‘grief, woe, sorrow’ (cf. also the weak verb trega ‘grieve’ and Note to harmr ‘sorrow’, l. 1 above) or related to the adj. tregr ‘unwilling, slow’, in which case it would be translated as ‘unwilling one’ (so AEW: trega, tregi). — [3] heiðir (m.) ‘heath-dweller’: So B. Ms. A has ‘heiþér’ (see Note to hamðir, l. 1 above). The heiti is probably derived from heiðr f. ‘heath’ and refers to a wild bird. Alternatively, it could be related to heiðr m. ‘honour, payment’ and mean ‘noble gift’ (if so, as Falk 1925a, 239 believes, this word possibly denotes a bird given as a gift or as payment). — [3] heimþér (m.): An otherwise unattested cpd from heimr m. ‘home’ and the suffix ‑þér; see Note to hamðir, l. 1 above. — [4] hrímnir (m.) ‘noise-maker’: See Note to Þul Hjálms 1/4 as well as Þul Jǫtna I 1/5, Þul Galtar l. 2 and Þul Elds 1/8. Cf. also ymir ‘clamourer’ (st. 2/1 below). Hrímnir is otherwise not attested in poetry as a heiti for ‘hawk’. — [4] kǫglingr (m.) ‘tracking one’: A hap. leg. The word is spelled ‘koglínng’ in B and ‘kólginng’ in A. It could be related to an adj. *kǫgull (from the weak verb kaga ‘stare, gaze’; so Falk 1925a, 246). Cf. also kǫgla ‘roll or bulge (the eyes)’, ModIcel. köguðr ‘guard, patrolman’ (ÍO: kögla, kǫgla). — [5] ginnarr (m.) ‘deceiver’: See the corresponding dwarf- and Óðinn-names (Notes to Þul Dverga 4/5 and Þul Óðins 1/8) and cf. ginnungr ‘impostor’ (l. 7 below). Falk (1925a, 243), however, argues that as a bird-heiti this word ought to have a passive sense (‘entrapped’). According to Skm (SnE 1998, I, 92), ginnarr is an eagle-heiti (see Note to Þul Ara l. 5), but the word is not found in poetry with any of the meanings ascribed to it in the þulur. — [5] gamðir (m.) ‘amusing one’: The word is a poetic term most likely referring to falconry and attested only once (KormǪ Lv 23/3^V (Korm 25)). It is possibly related to gaman m. ‘amusement’ (cf. New Norw. gama seg, gamast ‘amuse oneself’; Falk 1925a, 246). If so, gamðir may have been derived from *gam(an)-þér (Holthausen 1948, 79; cf. Björn Magnússon Ólsen 1888, 42; ÍO: gamðir). — [6] geirlǫðnir (m.) ‘spear-inviter’: The heiti is also listed in Þul Óðins 3/8 (see Note there), but it is not attested elsewhere. — [7] gǫllungr (m.) ‘screamer’: The heiti occurs several times in poetry but not earlier than in C12th skaldic verse, namely, in ESk Hardr II 5/4^II and HaukrV Ísldr 23/2^IV. In the former stanza, the word is given as gollungr (for a discussion of that word, see Note to ESk Hardr II 5/4^II). Gǫllungr is also a name for Óðinn (see Note to Þul Óðins 5/5). — [8] gaglhati (m.) ‘goose-hater’: From gagl n. ‘goose’ and hati m. ‘hater’. This cpd, which is a kenning for ‘bird of prey’, is not attested elsewhere. See also Note to l. 1 harmr above.

References

1. Bibliography
2. SnE 1848-87 = Snorri Sturluson. 1848-87. Edda Snorra Sturlusonar: Edda Snorronis Sturlaei. Ed. Jón Sigurðsson et al. 3 vols. Copenhagen: Legatum Arnamagnaeanum. Rpt. Osnabrück: Zeller, 1966.
3. Skald = Kock, Ernst Albin, ed. 1946-50. Den norsk-isländska skaldediktningen. 2 vols. Lund: Gleerup.
4. Meissner = Meissner, Rudolf. 1921. Die Kenningar der Skalden: Ein Beitrag zur skaldischen Poetik. Rheinische Beiträge und Hülfsbücher zur germanischen Philologie und Volkskunde 1. Bonn and Leipzig: Schroeder. Rpt. 1984. Hildesheim etc.: Olms.
5. AEW = Vries, Jan de. 1962. Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 2nd rev. edn. Rpt. 1977. Leiden: Brill.
6. CVC = Cleasby, Richard, Gudbrand Vigfusson [Guðbrandur Vigfússon] and W. A. Craigie. 1957. An Icelandic-English Dictionary. 2nd edn. Oxford: Clarendon.
7. ÍO = Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon. 1989. Íslensk orðsifjabók. Reykjavík: Orðabók Háskólans.
8. SnE 1998 = Snorri Sturluson. 1998. Edda: Skáldskaparmál. Ed. Anthony Faulkes. 2 vols. University College London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
9. Kock, Axel. 1898. ‘Studier i de nordiska språkens historia’. ANF 14, 213-70.
10. Holthausen, Ferdinand. 1948. Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altwestnordischen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
11. Falk, Hjalmar. 1925a. ‘Die altnordischen Namen der Beizvögel’. In Germanica: Eduard Sievers zum 75. Geburtstage 25. November 1925. Halle (Saale): Niemeyer, 236-46.
12. Björn Magnússon Ólsen. 1888. ‘Om versene i Kormaks saga’. ÅNOH, 1-88.
13. Internal references
14. (forthcoming), ‘ Snorri Sturluson, Skáldskaparmál’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=112> (accessed 26 April 2024)
15. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Jǫtna heiti I 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 707.
16. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Dverga heiti 4’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 699.
17. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Óðins nǫfn 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 732.
18. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Óðins nǫfn 3’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 739.
19. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Óðins nǫfn 5’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 743.
20. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Elds heiti 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 921.
21. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Hjálms heiti 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 828.
22. Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Einarr Skúlason, Haraldsdrápa II 5’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 548.
23. Not published: do not cite ()
24. Not published: do not cite (HaukrV Ísldr 23^IV)
25. Elena Gurevich 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Galtar heiti’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 900. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=3215> (accessed 26 April 2024)
26. Elena Gurevich 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Hana heiti’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 947. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=3239> (accessed 26 April 2024)
27. Elena Gurevich 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Ara heiti’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 949. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=3240> (accessed 26 April 2024)
28. Elena Gurevich 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Fjarða heiti’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 982. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=3248> (accessed 26 April 2024)
29. Edith Marold (ed.) 2022, ‘Kormáks saga 25 (Kormákr Ǫgmundarson, Lausavísur 23)’ in Margaret Clunies Ross, Kari Ellen Gade and Tarrin Wills (eds), Poetry in Sagas of Icelanders. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 5. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1066.
30. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2017, ‘Rǫgnvaldr jarl Kali Kolsson, Lausavísur 34’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 343.