Kate Heslop (ed.) 2012, ‘Anonymous Poems, Óláfs drápa Tryggvasonar 12’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1044.
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hraustr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): strong, valiant
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2. vinna (verb): perform, work
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hjalt (noun n.; °; *-): hilt < Hjaltland (noun n.): [Shetland]
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land (noun n.; °-s; *-): land < Hjaltland (noun n.): [Shetland]
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2. kristna (verb): to convert to Christianity
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hlíf (noun f.; °-ar; -ar): shield, defence
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hlíf (noun f.; °-ar; -ar): shield, defence
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hlíf (noun f.; °-ar; -ar): shield, defence
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hlíf (noun f.; °-ar; -ar): shield, defence
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þeyr (noun m.; °; -jar/-ir): breeze, thawing wind
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þeyr (noun m.; °; -jar/-ir): breeze, thawing wind
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þeyr (noun m.; °; -jar/-ir): breeze, thawing wind
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þeyr (noun m.; °; -jar/-ir): breeze, thawing wind
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sem (conj.): as, which
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1. ey (noun f.; °-jar, dat. -ju/-; -jar): island
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stýrir (noun m.): ruler, controller
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1. støkkva (verb): (str.) leap, spring; scatter < støkkvifúrr (noun m.): [scattering flames]
[3] støkkvifúra: ‘steckví fyra’ Bb
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1. støkkva (verb): (str.) leap, spring; scatter < støkkvifúrr (noun m.): [scattering flames]
[3] støkkvifúra: ‘steckví fyra’ Bb
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1. støkkva (verb): (str.) leap, spring; scatter < støkkvifúrr (noun m.): [scattering flames]
[3] støkkvifúra: ‘steckví fyra’ Bb
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fúrr (noun m.): fire < støkkvifúrr (noun m.): [scattering flames]
[3] støkkvifúra: ‘steckví fyra’ Bb
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fúrr (noun m.): fire < støkkvifúrr (noun m.): [scattering flames]
[3] støkkvifúra: ‘steckví fyra’ Bb
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fúrr (noun m.): fire < støkkvifúrr (noun m.): [scattering flames]
[3] støkkvifúra: ‘steckví fyra’ Bb
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stallr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): seat, stall, support
[4] stalls: ‘stvllz’ or ‘stvllr’ Bb
[4] stalls ‘of the stand’: The ms. reading ‘stvllz’ is unmetrical and does not appear to be an ON word. It is therefore almost certainly corrupt. Emendation to stalls m. gen. sg. ‘stand, stall, crib, altar’ is suggested by the aðalhending with allan ‘all’. This is an unusual base-word to a weapon-kenning, but cf. setr m. ‘home, resting-place’ (Meissner 169).
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stallr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): seat, stall, support
[4] stalls: ‘stvllz’ or ‘stvllr’ Bb
[4] stalls ‘of the stand’: The ms. reading ‘stvllz’ is unmetrical and does not appear to be an ON word. It is therefore almost certainly corrupt. Emendation to stalls m. gen. sg. ‘stand, stall, crib, altar’ is suggested by the aðalhending with allan ‘all’. This is an unusual base-word to a weapon-kenning, but cf. setr m. ‘home, resting-place’ (Meissner 169).
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sem (conj.): as, which
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Noregr (noun m.): Norway
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allr (adj.): all
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láta (verb): let, have sth done
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3. á (prep.): on, at
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2. grœnn (adj.; °superl. grǿnastr/grǿnstr): green < Grœnland (noun n.)
[5] Grœn‑: ‘gręn‑’ corrected from ‘gręl‑’ Bb
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land (noun n.; °-s; *-): land < Grœnland (noun n.)
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gætir (noun m.): guardian
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gunnr (noun f.): battle < gunnblíðr (adj.): battle-joyful
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blíðr (adj.; °n. sg. nom. & acc. blítt/blíðt; compar. -ari, superl. -astr): gentle, happy < gunnblíðr (adj.): battle-joyful
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koma (verb; kem, kom/kvam, kominn): come
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síðan (adv.): later, then
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vǫllr (noun m.; °vallar, dat. velli; vellir acc. vǫllu/velli): plain, field
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vǫllr (noun m.; °vallar, dat. velli; vellir acc. vǫllu/velli): plain, field
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vǫllr (noun m.; °vallar, dat. velli; vellir acc. vǫllu/velli): plain, field
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1. hringr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ar): ring; sword
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1. hringr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ar): ring; sword
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1. hringr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ar): ring; sword
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vegsamr (adj.): [glorious]
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1. trúa (noun f.; °trú): faith, belief
[7] vengis ‘of the field’: Finnur Jónsson in Skj B made the emendation to vengis, gen. sg. of vengi n.; the ms. appears to have the dat. pl. of the same word. There are three possible interpretations of vengi n.: (a) ‘land, plain, field’ (LP: 2. vengi; AEW: vengi 2), only otherwise attested in kennings; (b) ‘pillow’, in Guðr I 13/3 and in a Lat. gloss (Fritzner IV: vengi; LP: 1. vengi; AEW: vengi 1; all but one of the citations of vengi ‘field’ in LP could equally well be examples of this sense); and (c) ‘poop-deck, cabin(-roof)’ (LP: 3. vengi). This occurs as determinant of a ship-kenning in Hharð Gamv 2/4II (see Note there for further discussion of this sense). The present helmingr could conceivably be construed without emendation by taking vengi/vængi in sense (c) as a curious pars pro toto for ‘ship’: [Óláfr] lét síðan komit vengjum ramri trúu á Grœnland ‘[Óláfr] then had the powerful faith brought to Greenland on ships’; see Note above on the Christianization of Greenland. — [8] trúu ‘faith’: See Note to st. 9/8.
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1. trúa (noun f.; °trú): faith, belief
[7] vengis ‘of the field’: Finnur Jónsson in Skj B made the emendation to vengis, gen. sg. of vengi n.; the ms. appears to have the dat. pl. of the same word. There are three possible interpretations of vengi n.: (a) ‘land, plain, field’ (LP: 2. vengi; AEW: vengi 2), only otherwise attested in kennings; (b) ‘pillow’, in Guðr I 13/3 and in a Lat. gloss (Fritzner IV: vengi; LP: 1. vengi; AEW: vengi 1; all but one of the citations of vengi ‘field’ in LP could equally well be examples of this sense); and (c) ‘poop-deck, cabin(-roof)’ (LP: 3. vengi). This occurs as determinant of a ship-kenning in Hharð Gamv 2/4II (see Note there for further discussion of this sense). The present helmingr could conceivably be construed without emendation by taking vengi/vængi in sense (c) as a curious pars pro toto for ‘ship’: [Óláfr] lét síðan komit vengjum ramri trúu á Grœnland ‘[Óláfr] then had the powerful faith brought to Greenland on ships’; see Note above on the Christianization of Greenland. — [8] trúu ‘faith’: See Note to st. 9/8.
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rammr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): mighty
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
Hraustr vann Hjaltland kristnat |
The bold controller of the stand of scattering flames of the breeze of the shield [BATTLE > SWORDS > SHIELD > WARRIOR] made Shetland Christian, and the Isles [Orkney], as well as all of Norway. The glorious, battle-joyful guardian of the field of the rings of the plain [SERPENTS > GOLD > GENEROUS MAN] then had the powerful faith brought to Greenland.
In HN (MHN 115-16) and Ágr (ÍF 29, 22) King Óláfr is said to have Christianized five countries: Norway, Iceland, Shetland, Orkney and the Faroes. HSt Rst and Anon Óldr also list five lands, but replace the Faroes with Greenland, and ÓTOdd (ÍF 25, 271) increases the tally to six by including both these countries. The basis for including Greenland is probably the tradition that Óláfr sent Leifr Eiríksson there on a missionary voyage (Hkr, ÍF 26, 347; see also ÓT 1958-2000, II, 200). But this is almost certainly a fiction, perhaps stemming from Gunnlaugr Leifsson’s lost biography of Óláfr (Jón Jóhannesson 1962-5; Ólafur Halldórsson 1978, 379-89). — [2]: The same rhyming words appear in HSt Rst 11/4.
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