Diana Whaley (ed.) 2012, ‘Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld Óttarsson, Óláfsdrápa 3’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 394.
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1. tíð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): time < tíðhǫggvinn (adj./verb p.p.)1. tíð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): time1. tíð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): time
[1] lét tíðhǫggvit ‘had ... cut down often’: Vann ‘caused (to be cut down), succeeded in (cutting down)’ is an equally good reading to lét; cf. st. 4/1.
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hǫggva (verb): to strike, put to death, cut, hew < tíðhǫggvinn (adj./verb p.p.)
[1] ‑hǫggvit: ‘hoggot’ 62, Flat, ‘hoggvic’ FskBˣ
[1] lét tíðhǫggvit ‘had ... cut down often’: Vann ‘caused (to be cut down), succeeded in (cutting down)’ is an equally good reading to lét; cf. st. 4/1.
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2. vinna (verb): perform, work
[1] lét tíðhǫggvit ‘had ... cut down often’: Vann ‘caused (to be cut down), succeeded in (cutting down)’ is an equally good reading to lét; cf. st. 4/1.
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tyggi (noun m.): prince, sovereign
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tryggja (verb)
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sonr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. syni; synir, acc. sonu, syni): son
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sonr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. syni; synir, acc. sonu, syni): son
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sonr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. syni; synir, acc. sonu, syni): son
[2] sonr: abbrev. as ‘s.’ 39, Bb, Flat, son F, J1ˣ, FskAˣ, sonar or sonr 310
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2. við (prep.): with, against
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dyggr (adj.; °dyggvan/dyggan; compar. -vari/-ari/-ri, superl. -vastr/-astr/-str): trustworthy
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styggr (adj.): shy
[2] styggvan: dyggvan J1ˣ, 62, ‘dyggían’ 62, ‘skryggian’ Flat
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Leikn (noun f.): [Leikn, of Leikn]
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hestr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): horse, stallion
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3. á (prep.): on, at
[3] á lesti ‘finally’: This sits somewhat oddly with tíð- ‘often’, l. 1, and it is not clear whether it refers to the closure of this particular episode, the victory over the Saxons, or to a wider chronology. A. Bugge (1910, 9-12, cited in ÍF 26, 264 n.) assumed the latter, arguing that Óláfr had proceeded from England to Saxony and Friesland in the summer of 994 and that the stanza should follow sts 5 and 6 (= 8 and 9 in previous eds).
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lesti (noun n.): end, the last
[3] lesti: so all others, ‘lęsti’ or ‘lesti’ Kˣ
[3] á lesti ‘finally’: This sits somewhat oddly with tíð- ‘often’, l. 1, and it is not clear whether it refers to the closure of this particular episode, the victory over the Saxons, or to a wider chronology. A. Bugge (1910, 9-12, cited in ÍF 26, 264 n.) assumed the latter, arguing that Óláfr had proceeded from England to Saxony and Friesland in the summer of 994 and that the stanza should follow sts 5 and 6 (= 8 and 9 in previous eds).
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ljótr (adj.): ugly < ljótvaxinn (adj./verb p.p.)ljótr (adj.): ugly < ljótvaxinn (adj./verb p.p.)
[4] ljótvaxinn ‘ugly-grown’: We can safely assume that this is not m. nom. sg. describing the subject, Óláfr, but m. acc. sg. qualifying hest ‘(troll-woman’s) horse’, hence the wolf to whom Saxon corpses are fed. The minority variant -vaxin, however, is also viable and would be n. acc. pl. qualifying hræ ‘corpses’.
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vaxa (verb): grow, increase < ljótvaxinn (adj./verb p.p.)
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vaxa (verb): grow, increase < ljótvaxinn (adj./verb p.p.)
[4] ‑vaxinn: so F, J1ˣ, 61, 54, Bb, 62, Flat, FskBˣ, FskAˣ, 310, vaxin Kˣ, 39, 53
[4] ljótvaxinn ‘ugly-grown’: We can safely assume that this is not m. nom. sg. describing the subject, Óláfr, but m. acc. sg. qualifying hest ‘(troll-woman’s) horse’, hence the wolf to whom Saxon corpses are fed. The minority variant -vaxin, however, is also viable and would be n. acc. pl. qualifying hræ ‘corpses’.
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hrár (adj.): raw
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1. gramr (noun m.): ruler
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vaxa (verb): grow, increase
[5] vinhróðigr ‘friend-exulting’: A hap. leg. which could alternatively mean ‘famous for [his] friends’, cf. vinsæll ‘blessed with friends, popular’.
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hróðigr (adj.): glorious < vinhróðigr (adj.)
[5] ‑hróðigr: ‘‑roðr’ FskBˣ
[5] vinhróðigr ‘friend-exulting’: A hap. leg. which could alternatively mean ‘famous for [his] friends’, cf. vinsæll ‘blessed with friends, popular’.
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gefa (verb): give
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1. víða (adv.): widely
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1. vísir (noun m.): [king, ruler]
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2. margr (adj.; °-an): many
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Fríss (noun m.; °; -ir): Frisian
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2. blakkr (adj.): black
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blak (noun n.; °; *-): °slapping, slap
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bráðr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): quick(ly)
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1. braut (noun f.; °dat. -/-u; -ir): path, way; away
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2. brúnn (adj.): brown, dark
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2. brúnn (adj.): brown, dark
[7] brúnt: ‘brun’ 53, braut 62, bratt Flat, ‘brunnt’ 310
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5. at (nota): to (with infinitive)
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2. drekka (verb; °drekkr; drakk, drukku; drukkinn/drykkinn): drink
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blóð (noun n.; °-s): blood
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kveld (noun n.; °-s): evening < kveldriða (noun f.): [evening-rider]
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kveld (noun n.; °-s): evening < kveldriða (noun f.): [evening-rider]
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1. riða (noun f.; °-u; -ur): [rider] < kveldriða (noun f.): [evening-rider]
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1. riða (noun f.; °-u; -ur): [rider] < kveldriða (noun f.): [evening-rider]
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2. stóð (noun n.; °-s): stud-horse
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
Tíðhǫggvit lét tyggi |
The ruler, Tryggvi’s son [= Óláfr Tryggvason], had the corpses of Saxons cut down often, finally, before the edgy, ugly-grown horse of Leikn <troll-woman> [WOLF]. Far and wide the friend-exulting prince gave the black stud of the evening-rider [TROLL-WOMAN > WOLF] the dark blood of many Frisians to drink.
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