Refr Ferðv 5^III

Hrynja ‘fall’

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hrynja (verb): fall, flow

[1] Hrynja: ‘[…]rynja’ B, ‘hrýnía’ 744ˣ

notes

[1] fjǫll hrynja á fyllar ‘mountains fall into the sea’: (a) Skj B interprets fjǫll fyllar ‘mountains of the sea’ as a kenning for ‘waves’. That kenning leaves a dangling prep. (á) in l. 1, which Finnur Jónsson connects with skautbjǫrn ‘sail-bear’ (l. 4; for that kenning, see Note to l. 4 below). This tortuous syntax is justifiably criticised by Kock (NN §785; see also Reichardt 1930, 249). (b) Kock himself combines á fyllar (l. 1) with skautbjǫrn (l. 4) to form the ship-kenning á skautbjǫrn fyllar ‘on the sail-bear of the sea’ (for skaut lit. ‘corner of a sail’ as pars pro toto for ‘sail’, see LP: skaut 1). That kenning is over-determined, however, because it has two determinants, skaut- ‘sail’ and fyllar ‘of the sea’ and, further, fjǫll is now rendered as ‘wave’, which Kock tries to justify on a contextual basis. (c) The only solution that makes sense is to interpret fyllar as acc. pl. of a f. noun fyllr (f. jō-stem) rather than as gen. sg. of a m. noun fyllr, and that has been adopted in the present edn. Fyllr ‘sea’ is otherwise attested only in the gen. sg. (fyllar; see LP: fyllr 2), which can be either f. or m.

fjǫll ‘Mountains’

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1. fjall (noun n.): mountain

[1] fjǫll á: ‘fio[…]’ B, ‘fioll a’ 744ˣ, fljótt á C

notes

[1] fjǫll hrynja á fyllar ‘mountains fall into the sea’: (a) Skj B interprets fjǫll fyllar ‘mountains of the sea’ as a kenning for ‘waves’. That kenning leaves a dangling prep. (á) in l. 1, which Finnur Jónsson connects with skautbjǫrn ‘sail-bear’ (l. 4; for that kenning, see Note to l. 4 below). This tortuous syntax is justifiably criticised by Kock (NN §785; see also Reichardt 1930, 249). (b) Kock himself combines á fyllar (l. 1) with skautbjǫrn (l. 4) to form the ship-kenning á skautbjǫrn fyllar ‘on the sail-bear of the sea’ (for skaut lit. ‘corner of a sail’ as pars pro toto for ‘sail’, see LP: skaut 1). That kenning is over-determined, however, because it has two determinants, skaut- ‘sail’ and fyllar ‘of the sea’ and, further, fjǫll is now rendered as ‘wave’, which Kock tries to justify on a contextual basis. (c) The only solution that makes sense is to interpret fyllar as acc. pl. of a f. noun fyllr (f. jō-stem) rather than as gen. sg. of a m. noun fyllr, and that has been adopted in the present edn. Fyllr ‘sea’ is otherwise attested only in the gen. sg. (fyllar; see LP: fyllr 2), which can be either f. or m.

á ‘into’

(not checked:)
3. á (prep.): on, at

[1] fjǫll á: ‘fio[…]’ B, ‘fioll a’ 744ˣ, fljótt á C

notes

[1] fjǫll hrynja á fyllar ‘mountains fall into the sea’: (a) Skj B interprets fjǫll fyllar ‘mountains of the sea’ as a kenning for ‘waves’. That kenning leaves a dangling prep. (á) in l. 1, which Finnur Jónsson connects with skautbjǫrn ‘sail-bear’ (l. 4; for that kenning, see Note to l. 4 below). This tortuous syntax is justifiably criticised by Kock (NN §785; see also Reichardt 1930, 249). (b) Kock himself combines á fyllar (l. 1) with skautbjǫrn (l. 4) to form the ship-kenning á skautbjǫrn fyllar ‘on the sail-bear of the sea’ (for skaut lit. ‘corner of a sail’ as pars pro toto for ‘sail’, see LP: skaut 1). That kenning is over-determined, however, because it has two determinants, skaut- ‘sail’ and fyllar ‘of the sea’ and, further, fjǫll is now rendered as ‘wave’, which Kock tries to justify on a contextual basis. (c) The only solution that makes sense is to interpret fyllar as acc. pl. of a f. noun fyllr (f. jō-stem) rather than as gen. sg. of a m. noun fyllr, and that has been adopted in the present edn. Fyllr ‘sea’ is otherwise attested only in the gen. sg. (fyllar; see LP: fyllr 2), which can be either f. or m.

fyllar ‘the sea’

(not checked:)
2. fyllr (noun f.): [sea]

[1] fyllar: fullar C

notes

[1] fjǫll hrynja á fyllar ‘mountains fall into the sea’: (a) Skj B interprets fjǫll fyllar ‘mountains of the sea’ as a kenning for ‘waves’. That kenning leaves a dangling prep. (á) in l. 1, which Finnur Jónsson connects with skautbjǫrn ‘sail-bear’ (l. 4; for that kenning, see Note to l. 4 below). This tortuous syntax is justifiably criticised by Kock (NN §785; see also Reichardt 1930, 249). (b) Kock himself combines á fyllar (l. 1) with skautbjǫrn (l. 4) to form the ship-kenning á skautbjǫrn fyllar ‘on the sail-bear of the sea’ (for skaut lit. ‘corner of a sail’ as pars pro toto for ‘sail’, see LP: skaut 1). That kenning is over-determined, however, because it has two determinants, skaut- ‘sail’ and fyllar ‘of the sea’ and, further, fjǫll is now rendered as ‘wave’, which Kock tries to justify on a contextual basis. (c) The only solution that makes sense is to interpret fyllar as acc. pl. of a f. noun fyllr (f. jō-stem) rather than as gen. sg. of a m. noun fyllr, and that has been adopted in the present edn. Fyllr ‘sea’ is otherwise attested only in the gen. sg. (fyllar; see LP: fyllr 2), which can be either f. or m.

framm ‘forward’

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fram (adv.): out, forth, forwards, away

œsisk ‘rushes’

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œsa (verb): surge

[2] œsisk: æsir C

nú ‘now’

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nú (adv.): now

Glamma ‘of Glammi’

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2. Glammi (noun m.): Glammi

kennings

skeið ‘the race-course’

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2. skeið (noun n.; °; -): race, course

[3] skeið: ‘(skreið)’(?) B, skreið 744ˣ, C

kennings

vetrliði ‘the bear’

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vetrliði (noun m.): [bear]

kennings

notes

[3] vetrliði skíða ‘the bear of planks [SHIP]’: Vetrliði (lit. ‘winter-walker’; see the explanation in Fritzner: vetrliði) is given in Þul Bjarnar 1/10 as a heiti for ‘bear’. The determinant is problematic here, because although skíð ‘plank’ does appear in ship-kennings, it is always a base-word with such determinants as ‘sea-king’ or ‘sea’ and never a determinant as in the present kenning. Because skíða can only be gen. pl. of skíð n. ‘thin board’ and vetrliði must be determined somehow, one must assume that skíð is a variation of borð ‘ship-plank’ here.

skíða ‘of planks’

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skíða (noun f.; °-u; -ur): [planks]

kennings

notes

[3] vetrliði skíða ‘the bear of planks [SHIP]’: Vetrliði (lit. ‘winter-walker’; see the explanation in Fritzner: vetrliði) is given in Þul Bjarnar 1/10 as a heiti for ‘bear’. The determinant is problematic here, because although skíð ‘plank’ does appear in ship-kennings, it is always a base-word with such determinants as ‘sea-king’ or ‘sea’ and never a determinant as in the present kenning. Because skíða can only be gen. pl. of skíð n. ‘thin board’ and vetrliði must be determined somehow, one must assume that skíð is a variation of borð ‘ship-plank’ here.

skaut ‘shot’

(not checked:)
skjóta (verb): shoot

[4] skaut: skut‑ B

notes

[4] bjǫrn nauta Gusis skaut ‘the bear of the gifts of Gusir <legendary king> [ARROWS > = Ǫrvar-Oddr] shot’: (a) The present interpretation, which follows Marold (2006a), rests on the observation that skaut bjǫrn in l. 4 is written as two separate words in all mss except A. The subject of skaut ‘shot’ can only be bjǫrn ‘bear’, with the added determinant nauta Gusis ‘of the gifts of Gusir’, giving the straightforward clause bjǫrn nauta Gusis skaut ‘the bear of the gifts of Gusir shot’. An explanation for this somewhat cryptic statement is found in the Bjarmaland voyage episode of Ǫrvar-Odds saga (ch. 5, FSN II, 176-82): Oddr and his companions are attacked aboard their ship by giants who hurl rocks at them, creating large waves. Later, Oddr shoots from the inside of a bear decoy he has constructed by draping the skin of a large bear that they have killed over a post, so that it looks as though a bear were standing upright. In the beast’s mouth Oddr kindles a fire and shoots Gusir’s arrows out of it at a giantess who is threatening him and his companions. The difference between the stanza and the episode in Ǫrvar-Odds saga is that in the stanza a bear is shooting, while in the saga the hero stands behind the bear decoy and shoots. It is therefore tempting to assume that the stanza is based on a version of the legend or a related episode in which the hero actually takes on the shape of a bear, which was interpreted later as the use of a decoy. On shape-changing and on the bear-motif in Ǫrvar-Odds saga, see Marold (2006a, 229-33). The two previous interpretations of this line, offered by Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) and Kock (Skald; NN §785), are both unsatisfactory. (b) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B; LP: Gusi) construes the whole line as a complicated and over-determined kenning for ‘ship’ (skautbjǫrn nauta Gusis ‘sail-bear of the gifts of Gusir <legendary king>’), his explanation being that one of the Finnish King Gusi’s arrows mentioned in Ketils saga hœngs (Ket ch. 3) is named Flaug and flaug is also a term for the pennant flown by ships (LP: 2. flaug; see also Þul Skipa 6/7). According to Finnur, nauta Gusis ‘of the gifts of Gusir’ is an ofljóst construction for flaug ‘pennant’ that functions as the determinant of skautbjǫrn ‘sail-bear’. Kock (NN §785) rightly labels this interpretation ‘misapplied ingenuity’ (Reichardt 1930, 249 is equally dismissive). (c) Kock (NN §785) splits l. 4 by combining skautbjǫrn with á fyllar (l. 1), and he construes the prepositional phrase á skautbjǫrn fyllar ‘on the sail-bear of the sea [SHIP]’ (on this kenning, see Note to l. 1). He then connects nauta Gusis and vetrliði skíða (l. 3), construing a second ship-kenning, vetrliði skíða nauta Gusis ‘bear of the planks of the gifts of Gusir [ARROWS > SHIELD > SHIP]’. That kenning must also be rejected, because skíð is not attested as a base-word of shield-kennings, and ‘shield’ does not appear in Meissner’s list of ship-kenning determinants (Meissner 214-16).

bjǫrn ‘the bear’

(not checked:)
bjǫrn (noun m.; °bjarnar, dat. birni; birnir, acc. bjǫrnu): bear, Bjǫrn

[4] bjǫrn Gusis nauta: ‘bior[…]’ B, ‘bio᷎rn ..us.. .auta’ 744ˣ

kennings

notes

[4] bjǫrn nauta Gusis skaut ‘the bear of the gifts of Gusir <legendary king> [ARROWS > = Ǫrvar-Oddr] shot’: (a) The present interpretation, which follows Marold (2006a), rests on the observation that skaut bjǫrn in l. 4 is written as two separate words in all mss except A. The subject of skaut ‘shot’ can only be bjǫrn ‘bear’, with the added determinant nauta Gusis ‘of the gifts of Gusir’, giving the straightforward clause bjǫrn nauta Gusis skaut ‘the bear of the gifts of Gusir shot’. An explanation for this somewhat cryptic statement is found in the Bjarmaland voyage episode of Ǫrvar-Odds saga (ch. 5, FSN II, 176-82): Oddr and his companions are attacked aboard their ship by giants who hurl rocks at them, creating large waves. Later, Oddr shoots from the inside of a bear decoy he has constructed by draping the skin of a large bear that they have killed over a post, so that it looks as though a bear were standing upright. In the beast’s mouth Oddr kindles a fire and shoots Gusir’s arrows out of it at a giantess who is threatening him and his companions. The difference between the stanza and the episode in Ǫrvar-Odds saga is that in the stanza a bear is shooting, while in the saga the hero stands behind the bear decoy and shoots. It is therefore tempting to assume that the stanza is based on a version of the legend or a related episode in which the hero actually takes on the shape of a bear, which was interpreted later as the use of a decoy. On shape-changing and on the bear-motif in Ǫrvar-Odds saga, see Marold (2006a, 229-33). The two previous interpretations of this line, offered by Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) and Kock (Skald; NN §785), are both unsatisfactory. (b) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B; LP: Gusi) construes the whole line as a complicated and over-determined kenning for ‘ship’ (skautbjǫrn nauta Gusis ‘sail-bear of the gifts of Gusir <legendary king>’), his explanation being that one of the Finnish King Gusi’s arrows mentioned in Ketils saga hœngs (Ket ch. 3) is named Flaug and flaug is also a term for the pennant flown by ships (LP: 2. flaug; see also Þul Skipa 6/7). According to Finnur, nauta Gusis ‘of the gifts of Gusir’ is an ofljóst construction for flaug ‘pennant’ that functions as the determinant of skautbjǫrn ‘sail-bear’. Kock (NN §785) rightly labels this interpretation ‘misapplied ingenuity’ (Reichardt 1930, 249 is equally dismissive). (c) Kock (NN §785) splits l. 4 by combining skautbjǫrn with á fyllar (l. 1), and he construes the prepositional phrase á skautbjǫrn fyllar ‘on the sail-bear of the sea [SHIP]’ (on this kenning, see Note to l. 1). He then connects nauta Gusis and vetrliði skíða (l. 3), construing a second ship-kenning, vetrliði skíða nauta Gusis ‘bear of the planks of the gifts of Gusir [ARROWS > SHIELD > SHIP]’. That kenning must also be rejected, because skíð is not attested as a base-word of shield-kennings, and ‘shield’ does not appear in Meissner’s list of ship-kenning determinants (Meissner 214-16).

Gusis ‘of Gusir’

(not checked:)
Gusir (noun m.): Gusir

[4] bjǫrn Gusis nauta: ‘bior[…]’ B, ‘bio᷎rn ..us.. .auta’ 744ˣ

kennings

notes

[4] Gusis ‘of Gusir <legendary king>’: The gen. of the strong m. noun Gusir. In Ǫrvar-Odds saga (FSN II, 173, 511) the weak form Gusi appears alongside the strong form (see also Notes to Gusi Lv 1/1^VIII (Ket 3[b]) and Þul Jǫtna II 2/6). — [4] bjǫrn nauta Gusis skaut ‘the bear of the gifts of Gusir <legendary king> [ARROWS > = Ǫrvar-Oddr] shot’: (a) The present interpretation, which follows Marold (2006a), rests on the observation that skaut bjǫrn in l. 4 is written as two separate words in all mss except A. The subject of skaut ‘shot’ can only be bjǫrn ‘bear’, with the added determinant nauta Gusis ‘of the gifts of Gusir’, giving the straightforward clause bjǫrn nauta Gusis skaut ‘the bear of the gifts of Gusir shot’. An explanation for this somewhat cryptic statement is found in the Bjarmaland voyage episode of Ǫrvar-Odds saga (ch. 5, FSN II, 176-82): Oddr and his companions are attacked aboard their ship by giants who hurl rocks at them, creating large waves. Later, Oddr shoots from the inside of a bear decoy he has constructed by draping the skin of a large bear that they have killed over a post, so that it looks as though a bear were standing upright. In the beast’s mouth Oddr kindles a fire and shoots Gusir’s arrows out of it at a giantess who is threatening him and his companions. The difference between the stanza and the episode in Ǫrvar-Odds saga is that in the stanza a bear is shooting, while in the saga the hero stands behind the bear decoy and shoots. It is therefore tempting to assume that the stanza is based on a version of the legend or a related episode in which the hero actually takes on the shape of a bear, which was interpreted later as the use of a decoy. On shape-changing and on the bear-motif in Ǫrvar-Odds saga, see Marold (2006a, 229-33). The two previous interpretations of this line, offered by Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) and Kock (Skald; NN §785), are both unsatisfactory. (b) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B; LP: Gusi) construes the whole line as a complicated and over-determined kenning for ‘ship’ (skautbjǫrn nauta Gusis ‘sail-bear of the gifts of Gusir <legendary king>’), his explanation being that one of the Finnish King Gusi’s arrows mentioned in Ketils saga hœngs (Ket ch. 3) is named Flaug and flaug is also a term for the pennant flown by ships (LP: 2. flaug; see also Þul Skipa 6/7). According to Finnur, nauta Gusis ‘of the gifts of Gusir’ is an ofljóst construction for flaug ‘pennant’ that functions as the determinant of skautbjǫrn ‘sail-bear’. Kock (NN §785) rightly labels this interpretation ‘misapplied ingenuity’ (Reichardt 1930, 249 is equally dismissive). (c) Kock (NN §785) splits l. 4 by combining skautbjǫrn with á fyllar (l. 1), and he construes the prepositional phrase á skautbjǫrn fyllar ‘on the sail-bear of the sea [SHIP]’ (on this kenning, see Note to l. 1). He then connects nauta Gusis and vetrliði skíða (l. 3), construing a second ship-kenning, vetrliði skíða nauta Gusis ‘bear of the planks of the gifts of Gusir [ARROWS > SHIELD > SHIP]’. That kenning must also be rejected, because skíð is not attested as a base-word of shield-kennings, and ‘shield’ does not appear in Meissner’s list of ship-kenning determinants (Meissner 214-16).

Gusis ‘of Gusir’

(not checked:)
Gusir (noun m.): Gusir

[4] bjǫrn Gusis nauta: ‘bior[…]’ B, ‘bio᷎rn ..us.. .auta’ 744ˣ

kennings

notes

[4] Gusis ‘of Gusir <legendary king>’: The gen. of the strong m. noun Gusir. In Ǫrvar-Odds saga (FSN II, 173, 511) the weak form Gusi appears alongside the strong form (see also Notes to Gusi Lv 1/1^VIII (Ket 3[b]) and Þul Jǫtna II 2/6). — [4] bjǫrn nauta Gusis skaut ‘the bear of the gifts of Gusir <legendary king> [ARROWS > = Ǫrvar-Oddr] shot’: (a) The present interpretation, which follows Marold (2006a), rests on the observation that skaut bjǫrn in l. 4 is written as two separate words in all mss except A. The subject of skaut ‘shot’ can only be bjǫrn ‘bear’, with the added determinant nauta Gusis ‘of the gifts of Gusir’, giving the straightforward clause bjǫrn nauta Gusis skaut ‘the bear of the gifts of Gusir shot’. An explanation for this somewhat cryptic statement is found in the Bjarmaland voyage episode of Ǫrvar-Odds saga (ch. 5, FSN II, 176-82): Oddr and his companions are attacked aboard their ship by giants who hurl rocks at them, creating large waves. Later, Oddr shoots from the inside of a bear decoy he has constructed by draping the skin of a large bear that they have killed over a post, so that it looks as though a bear were standing upright. In the beast’s mouth Oddr kindles a fire and shoots Gusir’s arrows out of it at a giantess who is threatening him and his companions. The difference between the stanza and the episode in Ǫrvar-Odds saga is that in the stanza a bear is shooting, while in the saga the hero stands behind the bear decoy and shoots. It is therefore tempting to assume that the stanza is based on a version of the legend or a related episode in which the hero actually takes on the shape of a bear, which was interpreted later as the use of a decoy. On shape-changing and on the bear-motif in Ǫrvar-Odds saga, see Marold (2006a, 229-33). The two previous interpretations of this line, offered by Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) and Kock (Skald; NN §785), are both unsatisfactory. (b) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B; LP: Gusi) construes the whole line as a complicated and over-determined kenning for ‘ship’ (skautbjǫrn nauta Gusis ‘sail-bear of the gifts of Gusir <legendary king>’), his explanation being that one of the Finnish King Gusi’s arrows mentioned in Ketils saga hœngs (Ket ch. 3) is named Flaug and flaug is also a term for the pennant flown by ships (LP: 2. flaug; see also Þul Skipa 6/7). According to Finnur, nauta Gusis ‘of the gifts of Gusir’ is an ofljóst construction for flaug ‘pennant’ that functions as the determinant of skautbjǫrn ‘sail-bear’. Kock (NN §785) rightly labels this interpretation ‘misapplied ingenuity’ (Reichardt 1930, 249 is equally dismissive). (c) Kock (NN §785) splits l. 4 by combining skautbjǫrn with á fyllar (l. 1), and he construes the prepositional phrase á skautbjǫrn fyllar ‘on the sail-bear of the sea [SHIP]’ (on this kenning, see Note to l. 1). He then connects nauta Gusis and vetrliði skíða (l. 3), construing a second ship-kenning, vetrliði skíða nauta Gusis ‘bear of the planks of the gifts of Gusir [ARROWS > SHIELD > SHIP]’. That kenning must also be rejected, because skíð is not attested as a base-word of shield-kennings, and ‘shield’ does not appear in Meissner’s list of ship-kenning determinants (Meissner 214-16).

Gusis ‘of Gusir’

(not checked:)
Gusir (noun m.): Gusir

[4] bjǫrn Gusis nauta: ‘bior[…]’ B, ‘bio᷎rn ..us.. .auta’ 744ˣ

kennings

notes

[4] Gusis ‘of Gusir <legendary king>’: The gen. of the strong m. noun Gusir. In Ǫrvar-Odds saga (FSN II, 173, 511) the weak form Gusi appears alongside the strong form (see also Notes to Gusi Lv 1/1^VIII (Ket 3[b]) and Þul Jǫtna II 2/6). — [4] bjǫrn nauta Gusis skaut ‘the bear of the gifts of Gusir <legendary king> [ARROWS > = Ǫrvar-Oddr] shot’: (a) The present interpretation, which follows Marold (2006a), rests on the observation that skaut bjǫrn in l. 4 is written as two separate words in all mss except A. The subject of skaut ‘shot’ can only be bjǫrn ‘bear’, with the added determinant nauta Gusis ‘of the gifts of Gusir’, giving the straightforward clause bjǫrn nauta Gusis skaut ‘the bear of the gifts of Gusir shot’. An explanation for this somewhat cryptic statement is found in the Bjarmaland voyage episode of Ǫrvar-Odds saga (ch. 5, FSN II, 176-82): Oddr and his companions are attacked aboard their ship by giants who hurl rocks at them, creating large waves. Later, Oddr shoots from the inside of a bear decoy he has constructed by draping the skin of a large bear that they have killed over a post, so that it looks as though a bear were standing upright. In the beast’s mouth Oddr kindles a fire and shoots Gusir’s arrows out of it at a giantess who is threatening him and his companions. The difference between the stanza and the episode in Ǫrvar-Odds saga is that in the stanza a bear is shooting, while in the saga the hero stands behind the bear decoy and shoots. It is therefore tempting to assume that the stanza is based on a version of the legend or a related episode in which the hero actually takes on the shape of a bear, which was interpreted later as the use of a decoy. On shape-changing and on the bear-motif in Ǫrvar-Odds saga, see Marold (2006a, 229-33). The two previous interpretations of this line, offered by Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) and Kock (Skald; NN §785), are both unsatisfactory. (b) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B; LP: Gusi) construes the whole line as a complicated and over-determined kenning for ‘ship’ (skautbjǫrn nauta Gusis ‘sail-bear of the gifts of Gusir <legendary king>’), his explanation being that one of the Finnish King Gusi’s arrows mentioned in Ketils saga hœngs (Ket ch. 3) is named Flaug and flaug is also a term for the pennant flown by ships (LP: 2. flaug; see also Þul Skipa 6/7). According to Finnur, nauta Gusis ‘of the gifts of Gusir’ is an ofljóst construction for flaug ‘pennant’ that functions as the determinant of skautbjǫrn ‘sail-bear’. Kock (NN §785) rightly labels this interpretation ‘misapplied ingenuity’ (Reichardt 1930, 249 is equally dismissive). (c) Kock (NN §785) splits l. 4 by combining skautbjǫrn with á fyllar (l. 1), and he construes the prepositional phrase á skautbjǫrn fyllar ‘on the sail-bear of the sea [SHIP]’ (on this kenning, see Note to l. 1). He then connects nauta Gusis and vetrliði skíða (l. 3), construing a second ship-kenning, vetrliði skíða nauta Gusis ‘bear of the planks of the gifts of Gusir [ARROWS > SHIELD > SHIP]’. That kenning must also be rejected, because skíð is not attested as a base-word of shield-kennings, and ‘shield’ does not appear in Meissner’s list of ship-kenning determinants (Meissner 214-16).

Gusis ‘of Gusir’

(not checked:)
Gusir (noun m.): Gusir

[4] bjǫrn Gusis nauta: ‘bior[…]’ B, ‘bio᷎rn ..us.. .auta’ 744ˣ

kennings

notes

[4] Gusis ‘of Gusir <legendary king>’: The gen. of the strong m. noun Gusir. In Ǫrvar-Odds saga (FSN II, 173, 511) the weak form Gusi appears alongside the strong form (see also Notes to Gusi Lv 1/1^VIII (Ket 3[b]) and Þul Jǫtna II 2/6). — [4] bjǫrn nauta Gusis skaut ‘the bear of the gifts of Gusir <legendary king> [ARROWS > = Ǫrvar-Oddr] shot’: (a) The present interpretation, which follows Marold (2006a), rests on the observation that skaut bjǫrn in l. 4 is written as two separate words in all mss except A. The subject of skaut ‘shot’ can only be bjǫrn ‘bear’, with the added determinant nauta Gusis ‘of the gifts of Gusir’, giving the straightforward clause bjǫrn nauta Gusis skaut ‘the bear of the gifts of Gusir shot’. An explanation for this somewhat cryptic statement is found in the Bjarmaland voyage episode of Ǫrvar-Odds saga (ch. 5, FSN II, 176-82): Oddr and his companions are attacked aboard their ship by giants who hurl rocks at them, creating large waves. Later, Oddr shoots from the inside of a bear decoy he has constructed by draping the skin of a large bear that they have killed over a post, so that it looks as though a bear were standing upright. In the beast’s mouth Oddr kindles a fire and shoots Gusir’s arrows out of it at a giantess who is threatening him and his companions. The difference between the stanza and the episode in Ǫrvar-Odds saga is that in the stanza a bear is shooting, while in the saga the hero stands behind the bear decoy and shoots. It is therefore tempting to assume that the stanza is based on a version of the legend or a related episode in which the hero actually takes on the shape of a bear, which was interpreted later as the use of a decoy. On shape-changing and on the bear-motif in Ǫrvar-Odds saga, see Marold (2006a, 229-33). The two previous interpretations of this line, offered by Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) and Kock (Skald; NN §785), are both unsatisfactory. (b) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B; LP: Gusi) construes the whole line as a complicated and over-determined kenning for ‘ship’ (skautbjǫrn nauta Gusis ‘sail-bear of the gifts of Gusir <legendary king>’), his explanation being that one of the Finnish King Gusi’s arrows mentioned in Ketils saga hœngs (Ket ch. 3) is named Flaug and flaug is also a term for the pennant flown by ships (LP: 2. flaug; see also Þul Skipa 6/7). According to Finnur, nauta Gusis ‘of the gifts of Gusir’ is an ofljóst construction for flaug ‘pennant’ that functions as the determinant of skautbjǫrn ‘sail-bear’. Kock (NN §785) rightly labels this interpretation ‘misapplied ingenuity’ (Reichardt 1930, 249 is equally dismissive). (c) Kock (NN §785) splits l. 4 by combining skautbjǫrn with á fyllar (l. 1), and he construes the prepositional phrase á skautbjǫrn fyllar ‘on the sail-bear of the sea [SHIP]’ (on this kenning, see Note to l. 1). He then connects nauta Gusis and vetrliði skíða (l. 3), construing a second ship-kenning, vetrliði skíða nauta Gusis ‘bear of the planks of the gifts of Gusir [ARROWS > SHIELD > SHIP]’. That kenning must also be rejected, because skíð is not attested as a base-word of shield-kennings, and ‘shield’ does not appear in Meissner’s list of ship-kenning determinants (Meissner 214-16).

nauta ‘of the gifts’

(not checked:)
nauti (noun m.): [gifts, ox]

[4] bjǫrn Gusis nauta: ‘bior[…]’ B, ‘bio᷎rn ..us.. .auta’ 744ˣ

kennings

notes

[4] bjǫrn nauta Gusis skaut ‘the bear of the gifts of Gusir <legendary king> [ARROWS > = Ǫrvar-Oddr] shot’: (a) The present interpretation, which follows Marold (2006a), rests on the observation that skaut bjǫrn in l. 4 is written as two separate words in all mss except A. The subject of skaut ‘shot’ can only be bjǫrn ‘bear’, with the added determinant nauta Gusis ‘of the gifts of Gusir’, giving the straightforward clause bjǫrn nauta Gusis skaut ‘the bear of the gifts of Gusir shot’. An explanation for this somewhat cryptic statement is found in the Bjarmaland voyage episode of Ǫrvar-Odds saga (ch. 5, FSN II, 176-82): Oddr and his companions are attacked aboard their ship by giants who hurl rocks at them, creating large waves. Later, Oddr shoots from the inside of a bear decoy he has constructed by draping the skin of a large bear that they have killed over a post, so that it looks as though a bear were standing upright. In the beast’s mouth Oddr kindles a fire and shoots Gusir’s arrows out of it at a giantess who is threatening him and his companions. The difference between the stanza and the episode in Ǫrvar-Odds saga is that in the stanza a bear is shooting, while in the saga the hero stands behind the bear decoy and shoots. It is therefore tempting to assume that the stanza is based on a version of the legend or a related episode in which the hero actually takes on the shape of a bear, which was interpreted later as the use of a decoy. On shape-changing and on the bear-motif in Ǫrvar-Odds saga, see Marold (2006a, 229-33). The two previous interpretations of this line, offered by Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) and Kock (Skald; NN §785), are both unsatisfactory. (b) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B; LP: Gusi) construes the whole line as a complicated and over-determined kenning for ‘ship’ (skautbjǫrn nauta Gusis ‘sail-bear of the gifts of Gusir <legendary king>’), his explanation being that one of the Finnish King Gusi’s arrows mentioned in Ketils saga hœngs (Ket ch. 3) is named Flaug and flaug is also a term for the pennant flown by ships (LP: 2. flaug; see also Þul Skipa 6/7). According to Finnur, nauta Gusis ‘of the gifts of Gusir’ is an ofljóst construction for flaug ‘pennant’ that functions as the determinant of skautbjǫrn ‘sail-bear’. Kock (NN §785) rightly labels this interpretation ‘misapplied ingenuity’ (Reichardt 1930, 249 is equally dismissive). (c) Kock (NN §785) splits l. 4 by combining skautbjǫrn with á fyllar (l. 1), and he construes the prepositional phrase á skautbjǫrn fyllar ‘on the sail-bear of the sea [SHIP]’ (on this kenning, see Note to l. 1). He then connects nauta Gusis and vetrliði skíða (l. 3), construing a second ship-kenning, vetrliði skíða nauta Gusis ‘bear of the planks of the gifts of Gusir [ARROWS > SHIELD > SHIP]’. That kenning must also be rejected, because skíð is not attested as a base-word of shield-kennings, and ‘shield’ does not appear in Meissner’s list of ship-kenning determinants (Meissner 214-16).

nauta ‘of the gifts’

(not checked:)
nauti (noun m.): [gifts, ox]

[4] bjǫrn Gusis nauta: ‘bior[…]’ B, ‘bio᷎rn ..us.. .auta’ 744ˣ

kennings

notes

[4] bjǫrn nauta Gusis skaut ‘the bear of the gifts of Gusir <legendary king> [ARROWS > = Ǫrvar-Oddr] shot’: (a) The present interpretation, which follows Marold (2006a), rests on the observation that skaut bjǫrn in l. 4 is written as two separate words in all mss except A. The subject of skaut ‘shot’ can only be bjǫrn ‘bear’, with the added determinant nauta Gusis ‘of the gifts of Gusir’, giving the straightforward clause bjǫrn nauta Gusis skaut ‘the bear of the gifts of Gusir shot’. An explanation for this somewhat cryptic statement is found in the Bjarmaland voyage episode of Ǫrvar-Odds saga (ch. 5, FSN II, 176-82): Oddr and his companions are attacked aboard their ship by giants who hurl rocks at them, creating large waves. Later, Oddr shoots from the inside of a bear decoy he has constructed by draping the skin of a large bear that they have killed over a post, so that it looks as though a bear were standing upright. In the beast’s mouth Oddr kindles a fire and shoots Gusir’s arrows out of it at a giantess who is threatening him and his companions. The difference between the stanza and the episode in Ǫrvar-Odds saga is that in the stanza a bear is shooting, while in the saga the hero stands behind the bear decoy and shoots. It is therefore tempting to assume that the stanza is based on a version of the legend or a related episode in which the hero actually takes on the shape of a bear, which was interpreted later as the use of a decoy. On shape-changing and on the bear-motif in Ǫrvar-Odds saga, see Marold (2006a, 229-33). The two previous interpretations of this line, offered by Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) and Kock (Skald; NN §785), are both unsatisfactory. (b) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B; LP: Gusi) construes the whole line as a complicated and over-determined kenning for ‘ship’ (skautbjǫrn nauta Gusis ‘sail-bear of the gifts of Gusir <legendary king>’), his explanation being that one of the Finnish King Gusi’s arrows mentioned in Ketils saga hœngs (Ket ch. 3) is named Flaug and flaug is also a term for the pennant flown by ships (LP: 2. flaug; see also Þul Skipa 6/7). According to Finnur, nauta Gusis ‘of the gifts of Gusir’ is an ofljóst construction for flaug ‘pennant’ that functions as the determinant of skautbjǫrn ‘sail-bear’. Kock (NN §785) rightly labels this interpretation ‘misapplied ingenuity’ (Reichardt 1930, 249 is equally dismissive). (c) Kock (NN §785) splits l. 4 by combining skautbjǫrn with á fyllar (l. 1), and he construes the prepositional phrase á skautbjǫrn fyllar ‘on the sail-bear of the sea [SHIP]’ (on this kenning, see Note to l. 1). He then connects nauta Gusis and vetrliði skíða (l. 3), construing a second ship-kenning, vetrliði skíða nauta Gusis ‘bear of the planks of the gifts of Gusir [ARROWS > SHIELD > SHIP]’. That kenning must also be rejected, because skíð is not attested as a base-word of shield-kennings, and ‘shield’ does not appear in Meissner’s list of ship-kenning determinants (Meissner 214-16).