Þul Øxna 4III
Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Øxna heiti 4’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 890.
Kýr ‘A cow’
(not checked:)
kýr (noun f.; °kýr, dat. kú; kýr): cow
heitir ‘is called’
(not checked:)
2. heita (verb): be called, promise
kvíga ‘heifer’
(not checked:)
kvíga (noun f.; °-u; -ur): °kvie, kviekalv
notes
[2] frenja (f.) ‘lower’: A poetic name for ‘cow’ related to the weak verb frenja ‘roar, low’.
Auð ‘Auð’
(not checked:)
1. auðr (noun m.; °-s/-ar, dat. -i/-): wealth < Auðhumbla (noun f.)
notes
[3] Auðhumbla: Or Auðhumla. In Gylf (SnE 2005, 11), this is the name of the mythical cow whose milk feeds Ymir, the primeval giant. The name may mean ‘wealthy hornless cow’, from auðr m. ‘wealth’ (here most likely implying that this cow had plenty of milk) and ‑humla f. derived from the adj. *humala-, humula-, cf. ModEngl. humble ‘hornless’ (AEW: Auðhumla, Auðumla, Auðhumbla; Noreen 1918, 169-72; Olsen 1938b, 71). Alternatively, the second element may be the same word as humla f. ‘hop’, a plant used during beer-brewing (Toporova and Uspensky 1999, 132-3). This heiti is not found in poetry.
humbla ‘humbla’
(not checked:)
(unknown) < Auðhumbla (noun f.)
[3] ‑humbla: ‑umbla Tˣ, C, A, ‘‑kumla’ B
notes
[3] Auðhumbla: Or Auðhumla. In Gylf (SnE 2005, 11), this is the name of the mythical cow whose milk feeds Ymir, the primeval giant. The name may mean ‘wealthy hornless cow’, from auðr m. ‘wealth’ (here most likely implying that this cow had plenty of milk) and ‑humla f. derived from the adj. *humala-, humula-, cf. ModEngl. humble ‘hornless’ (AEW: Auðhumla, Auðumla, Auðhumbla; Noreen 1918, 169-72; Olsen 1938b, 71). Alternatively, the second element may be the same word as humla f. ‘hop’, a plant used during beer-brewing (Toporova and Uspensky 1999, 132-3). This heiti is not found in poetry.
hon ‘she’
(not checked:)
hann (pron.; °gen. hans, dat. honum; f. hon, gen. hennar, acc. hana): he, she, it, they, them...
es ‘is’
(not checked:)
2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
kúa ‘of cows’
(not checked:)
kýr (noun f.; °kýr, dat. kú; kýr): cow
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
Stanza/chapter/text segment
Use the buttons at the top of the page to navigate between stanzas in a poem.
Information tab
- text: if the stanza has been published, the edited text of the stanza and translation are here; if it hasn't been published an old edition (usually Skj) is given for reference
- sources: a list of the manuscripts or inscriptions containing this stanza, with page and line references and links (eye button) to images where available, and transcription where available
- readings: a list of variant manuscript readings of words in the main text
- editions and texts: a list of editions of the stanza with links to the bibliography; and a list of prose works in which the stanza occurs, allowing you to navigate within the prose context
- notes and context: notes not linked to individual words are given here, along with the account of the prose context for the stanza, where relevant
Interactive tab
The text and translation are given here, with buttons to toggle whether the text is shown in the verse order or prose word order. Clicking on indiviudal words gives dictionary links, variant readings, kennings and notes, where relevant.
Full text tab
This is the text of the edition in a similar format to how the edition appears in the printed volumes.
Chapter/text segment
This view is also used for chapters and other text segments. Not all the headings shown are relevant to such sections.