9. Normalisation and Dates of Composition

The corpus of poetry edited in the present volume spans a period of almost five hundred years of skaldic composition, from poems by the earliest known skalds, the late ninth- or early tenth-century poets Bragi inn gamli ‘the Old’ Boddason (Bragi; see his Biography in the present volume) and Þjóðólfr ór Hvini (Þjóð; see his Biography in SkP I, 3), to fourteenth-century anonymous stanzas transmitted in the so-called Fourth Grammatical Treatise (FoGT), which is preserved only in Codex Wormianus, AM 242 fol (W) from c. 1350. Whereas the bulk of the poetry edited in SkP I-II, IV-V commemorates historical persons usually connected with datable events, that is not the case with the poetry found in the poetic and grammatical treatises, which makes the dating and normalisation of this poetry rather difficult. To be sure, many of the stanzas and poems are attributed in their prose environments to skalds whose names and oeuvres are known from and cited in other sources (see Section 2 above), which allows us to establish approximate dates of composition. In other cases, however, the skalds whose names are given are unknown; furthermore, many stanzas are anonymous and simply introduced by sem hér segir ‘as it is said here’ (or similar). In Skj, Finnur Jónsson (followed by Kock in Skald) assigned the anonymous stanzas variously to the tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and the criteria behind this distribution are never stated explicitly and often appear to be based on Finnur’s own intuition (cf. Skj AI, ix; Skj AII, v; LH 1894-1901, II, 184-5).

The present volume follows Skj in assigning the poetry by known skalds to the centuries of the poets’ floruit. Sometimes the identification of these poets remains tentative, in particular when only the first name is given and there is more than one poet of the same name. If a stanza in Skáldskaparmál (Skm) is attributed to an ‘Einarr’, for example, it is not clear whether this is Einarr skálaglamm ‘Tinkle-scales’ Helgason (c. 940-c. 990) or Einarr Skúlason (c. 1090-c. 1160). Dubious cases of identification are discussed in detail in the Introduction or Notes to the respective stanzas.

Because the bulk of the anonymous poetry in Skm and the grammatical treatises consists of single stanzas, half-stanzas, couplets, and even single lines, it is almost impossible to establish dates of composition based on metrical and linguistic criteria since diagnostic features that would allow us to do so are usually lacking. Hence the poetry by skalds whose identity is unknown as well as the anonymous stanzas in Skm and the grammatical treatises are given tentative dates based on the terminus ante quem of their prose environments: for Skm 1241 (the year of Snorri Sturluson’s death); for the Third Grammatical Treatise (TGT) 1250 (Óláfr Þórðarson died in 1259); for FoGT 1320-40 (cf. FoGT 2014, xiii). If certain metrical or linguistic features are present and point to an early or late date of composition, that is discussed in the Notes or in the Introductions to these stanzas. Sometimes an early date has been assigned to a poem or a stanza based on content or transmission, e.g. Bjarkamál (Anon Bjark), whose first two stanzas are transmitted in the kings’ sagas in connection with events that took place prior to the battle of Stiklestad in 1030. The anonymous poetry that is transmitted only in Laufás Edda (LaufE) and/or in Orms-Eddu-brot in ms. W presents a special problem, as do the þulur. In the present volume, the former has been dated tentatively to 1200-1250 and the latter to pre-1200, with the reservation that some of the anonymous stanzas in LaufE and W and several of the þulur may be later additions growing out of medieval learned environments (see Introductions to Anon LaufE and Anon Þul).

The normalisation of the poems and stanzas edited in Skj BI-II is based on Finnur Jónsson’s distribution of this poetry (from the ninth to the fourteenth century). According to him (Skj AII, vi), his own orthography is somewhat adjusted (noget læmpet) to reflect phonological changes that took place during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, but not consistently so, and this is especially apparent in the editions of the poetry he assigns to the fourteenth century. The orthography and normalisation of the texts in the present volume adhere to the principles established for the SkP editions for the periods pre-1200, 1200-1250, 1250-1300 and 1300-1400 (see ‘General Introduction’ in SkP I, xliv-li; SkP VII, lxv-lxvii). The following overview shows the distribution of the poetry in SkP III across these four periods.

A. pre-1200

Skalds whose poetry or names are documented in other sources

Arnórr jarlaskáld Þórðarson (Arn); Atli litli (Atli); Auðunn illskælda (Auðunn); Ásgrímr Ketilsson (ÁKet); Bragi inn gamli Boddason (Bragi); Egill Skallagrímsson (Egill); Eilífr Goðrúnarson (Eil); Einarr skálaglamm Helgason (Eskál); Einarr Skúlason (ESk); Gizurr svarti (Gizsv); Glúmr Geirason (Glúmr); Grani skáld (Grani); Hallar-Steinn (HSt); Halldórr skvaldri (Hskv); Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld Óttarsson (Hfr); Hallr Snorrason (HSn); Hallvarðr háreksblesi (Hallv); Hávarðr halti ísfirðingr (Hávh); Hofgarða-Refr Gestsson (Refr); Illugi bryndœlaskáld (Ill); Klœingr Þorsteinsson (Klœ); Kolbeinn Tumason (Kolb); Kormákr Ǫgmundarson (KormǪ); Markús Skeggjason (Mark); Máni (Máni); Níkulás Bergsson (Ník); Ormr Barreyjarskáld (OBarr); Óttarr svarti (Ótt); Rǫgnvaldr jarl Kali Kolsson (Rv); Rǫgnvaldr jarl Kali Kolsson and Hallr Þórarinsson breiðmaga (RvHbreiðm); Sigvatr Þórðarson (Sigv); Skapti Þóroddsson (Skapti); Skáldhelgi Þórðarson (ShÞ); Skúli Þorsteinsson (Skúli); Sneglu-Halli (SnH); Steinn Herdísarson (Steinn); Úlfr Uggason (ÚlfrU); Vetrliði Sumarliðason (Vetrl); Vǫlusteinn (VSt); Þjóðólfr ór Hvini (Þjóð); Þorkell hamarskáld (Þham); Þorleikr fagri (Þfagr); Þorvaldr blǫnduskáld (Þblǫnd); Þórðr Særeksson (Sjáreksson) (ÞSjár); Ǫlvir hnúfa (Ǫlvir)

Skalds whose poetry is not documented in other sources but displays relevant metrical or linguistic diagnostic features

Eilífr kúlnasveinn (Ekúl); Erringar-Steinn (ErrSt); Eysteinn Valdason (EVald); Þórálfr (-valdr) (Þórálfr)

Other skalds who most likely belong to this period

Bjarni ‘A…son’ (Bjarni); Gamli gnævaðarskáld (Ggnæv); Ormr Steinþórsson (Ormr); Sveinn (Sveinn); Þorbjǫrn dísarskáld (Þdís)

Anonymous poetry

Bjarkamál (Anon Bjark); Kálfsvísa (Anon Kálfv); Þorgrímsþula I-II (Anon Þorgþ I-II); Þulur (Anon Þul)

B. 1200-1250

Skalds whose poetry or names are documented in other sources / terminus ante quem determined by the work in which the stanzas are cited

Eyjólfr Brúnason (EBrún); Guðbrandr í Svǫlum (Guðbr); Guðlaugr (Guðl); Leiðólfr (Leiðólfr); Óláfr hvítaskáld Þórðarson (Ólhv); Óláfr svartaskáld Leggsson (Ólsv); Skraut-Oddr (SkrautO); Snorri Sturluson (SnSt); Snæbjǫrn (Snæbj); Starkaðr Stórvirksson (StarkSt); Steinarr (Steinarr); Steinþórr (Steinþ); Styrkárr Oddason (Styrkárr); Þjóðólfr (Þjóðólfr); Þórðr mauraskáld (Þmaur)

Skalds who are otherwise unknown and whose poetry is preserved in LaufE

Ásgrímr Jónsson (Ásgr); Hallgrímr (Hallg); Skáldþórir (Skáldþ)

Anonymous poetry from Skm

Máríuflokkr (Anon Mfl); Morginsól (Anon Morg); Stanzas from Snorra Edda (Anon (SnE))

Anonymous poetry from TGT

Bjúgarvísur (Anon Bjúgvís); Hafliðamál (Anon Hafl); Kúgadrápa (Anon Kúgdr); Stanzas from the Third Grammatical Treatise (Anon (TGT))

Anonymous poetry from LaufE

Gátur (Anon Gátur); Gnóðar-Ásmundar drápa (Anon GnóðÁsm); Stríðkeravísur (Anon Stríðk); Stanzas from Laufás Edda (Anon (LaufE))

Other anonymous poetry

Málsháttakvæði (Anon Mhkv)

C. 1250-1300

Skald whose poetry and name are documented in other sources

Sturla Þórðarson (Sturl)

D. 1300-1400

Anonymous poetry from FoGT

Nikulásdrápa (Anon Nikdr); Stanzas from the Fourth Grammatical Treatise (Anon (FoGT))

Other anonymous poetry

Lausavísur from AM 732 b 4° (Anon 732b); Poem about the Phoenix (Anon Phoenix).

The poetry of these three skalds displays no features that allow us to establish a date of composition.

References

1. Bibliography
2. Skj A = Finnur Jónsson, ed. 1912-15a. Den norsk-islandske skjaldedigtning. A: Tekst efter håndskrifterne. 2 vols. Copenhagen: Villadsen & Christensen. Rpt. 1967. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger.
3. Skj B = Finnur Jónsson, ed. 1912-15b. Den norsk-islandske skjaldedigtning. B: Rettet tekst. 2 vols. Copenhagen: Villadsen & Christensen. Rpt. 1973. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger.
4. Skald = Kock, Ernst Albin, ed. 1946-50. Den norsk-isländska skaldediktningen. 2 vols. Lund: Gleerup.
5. LH 1894-1901 = Finnur Jónsson. 1894-1901. Den oldnorske og oldislandske litteraturs historie. 2 vols. Copenhagen: Gad.
6. SkP = Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. Turnhout: Brepols.
7. SkP I = Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Ed. Diana Whaley. 2012.
8. SkP III = Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Ed. Kari Ellen Gade in collaboration with Edith Marold. 2017.
9. SkP VII = Poetry on Christian Subjects. Ed. Margaret Clunies Ross. 2007.
10. FoGT 2014 = Clunies Ross, Margaret and Jonas Wellendorf, eds. 2014. The Fourth Grammatical Treatise. University College London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
11. Internal references
12. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘(Biography of) Ásgrímr Ketilsson’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 14.
13. Edith Marold 2017, ‘Snorra Edda (Prologue, Gylfaginning, Skáldskaparmál)’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols [check printed volume for citation].
14. Diana Whaley 2017, ‘(Biography of) Arnórr jarlaskáld Þórðarson’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 3.
15. R. D. Fulk 2017, ‘(Biography of) Ásgrímr Jónsson’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 12.
16. R. D. Fulk 2017, ‘(Biography of) Atli litli’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 16.
17. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘(Biography of) Auðunn illskælda’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 18.
18. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘(Biography of) Bragi inn gamli Boddason’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 26.
19. (forthcoming), ‘ Óláfr hvítaskáld Þórðarson, The Third Grammatical Treatise’ in Tarrin Wills (ed.), The Third Grammatical Treatise. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=32> (accessed 22 November 2024)
20. (forthcoming), ‘ Unattributed, The Fourth Grammatical Treatise’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=34> (accessed 22 November 2024)
22. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘(Biography of) Einarr Skúlason’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 140.
23. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘(Biography of) Eysteinn Valdason’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 185.
24. Not published: do not cite (Egill^V)
26. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘(Biography of) Eilífr kúlnasveinn’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 130.
27. Edith Marold 2017, ‘(Biography of) Einarr skálaglamm Helgason’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 137.
28. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘(Biography of) Gamli gnævaðarskáld’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 189.
29. Diana Whaley 2017, ‘(Biography of) Glúmr Geirason’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 194.
30. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘(Biography of) Grani skáld’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 196.
31. Valgerður Erna Þorvaldsdóttir 2017, ‘(Biography of) Guðbrandr í Svǫlum’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 198.
33. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘(Biography of) Hallr Snorrason’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 228.
34. Matthew Townend 2017, ‘(Biography of) Hallvarðr háreksblesi’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 230.
36. Judith Jesch 2009, ‘(Biography of) Hallr Þórarinsson breiðmaga’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 610-11.
37. Diana Whaley 2017, ‘(Biography of) Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld Óttarsson’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 212.
38. (forthcoming), ‘ Snorri Sturluson, Skáldskaparmál’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=112> (accessed 22 November 2024)
39. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘(Biography of) Halldórr skvaldri’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 210.
40. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘(Biography of) Illugi bryndœlaskáld’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 266.
41. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘(Biography of) Klœingr Þorsteinsson’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 268.
42. Guðrún Nordal 2017, ‘(Biography of) Kolbeinn Tumason’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 270.
44. Jayne Carroll 2017, ‘(Biography of) Markús Skeggjason’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 292.
45. Beatrice La Farge 2017, ‘(Biography of) Níkulás Bergsson’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 299.
46. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘(Biography of) Ormr Barreyjarskáld’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 320.
47. Lauren Goetting 2017, ‘(Biography of) Óláfr hvítaskáld Þórðarson’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 301.
48. R. D. Fulk 2017, ‘(Biography of) Óláfr svartaskáld Leggsson’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 311.
49. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘(Biography of) Ǫlvir hnúfa’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 491.
51. Matthew Townend 2017, ‘(Biography of) Óttarr svarti’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 335.
52. Judith Jesch 2017, ‘(Biography of) Rǫgnvaldr jarl Kali Kolsson’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 342.
53. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘(Biography of) Skáldhelgi Þórðarson’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 351.
54. Judith Jesch 2017, ‘(Biography of) Sigvatr Þórðarson’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 347.
56. Kate Heslop 2017, ‘(Biography of) Skúli Þorsteinsson’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 360.
58. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘(Biography of) Steinn Herdísarson’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 388.
59. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘(Biography of) Sturla Þórðarson’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 392.
60. R. D. Fulk 2017, ‘(Biography of) Styrkárr Oddason’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 395.
61. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘(Biography of) Þórðr Særeksson (Sjáreksson)’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 476.
63. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘(Biography of) Þorbjǫrn dísarskáld’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 470.
64. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘(Biography of) Þorleikr fagri’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 484.
65. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘(Biography of) Þorkell hamarskáld’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 482.
66. Edith Marold 2017, ‘(Biography of) Þjóðólfr ór Hvini’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 431.
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71. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Bjarkamál in fornu’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 495. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1006> (accessed 22 November 2024)
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75. Tarrin Wills 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Kúgadrápa’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 535. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1021> (accessed 22 November 2024)
76. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Máríuflokkr’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 507. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1027> (accessed 22 November 2024)
77. Roberta Frank 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Málsháttakvæði’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1213. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1029> (accessed 22 November 2024)
78. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Morginsól’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 510. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1030> (accessed 22 November 2024)
79. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Nikulásdrápa’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 565. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1034> (accessed 22 November 2024)
80. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Stríðkeravísur’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 628. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1042> (accessed 22 November 2024)
81. Kari Ellen Gade 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Kálfsvísa’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 663. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1044> (accessed 22 November 2024)
82. Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Lausavísur, Stanzas from the Fourth Grammatical Treatise 13’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 586.
83. Jonathan Grove 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Lausavísur from AM 732 b 4°’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1247. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=2924> (accessed 22 November 2024)
84. Tarrin Wills 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Stanzas from the Third Grammatical Treatise’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 536. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=2932> (accessed 22 November 2024)
85. Margaret Clunies Ross 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Stanzas from the Fourth Grammatical Treatise’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 570. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=2933> (accessed 22 November 2024)
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