Anon Sól 79VII
Carolyne Larrington and Peter Robinson (eds) 2007, ‘Anonymous Poems, Sólarljóð 79’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 354.
eru ‘are’
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
þær ‘the’
[1] þær: om. papp15ˣ, 738ˣ, 1441ˣ, 10575ˣ, 2797ˣ
rúnir ‘runes’
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rún (noun f.; °; -ar/-ir): rune, secret
er ‘’
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2. er (conj.): who, which, when
ristit ‘carved’
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rísta (verb): carve, raise
notes
[3] níu dætr Njarðar ‘Njǫrðr’s nine daughters’: The only daughter of the sea-god Njǫrðr known by name from ON myth is Freyja. Ægir, a sea-deity like Njǫrðr, is however said to have nine daughters in SnE (1998, I, 36); these are normally regarded as personifications of the waves. It is likely that Ægir and Njǫrðr have been assimilated to one another here. Björn M. Ólsen (1915, 62-3) and Njörður Njarðvík (1991, 105) suggest the daughters are the Deadly Sins, usually thought of as seven in number, but given as nine both in the Alexandreis X, ll. 32-57 (Colker 1978, 254-5) and in Alex (Unger 1848, 152-3). This fits the pagan associations of the number nine elsewhere in the poem. Falk (1914a, 52-3) and Björn M. Ólsen (1915, 61-2) assume that the daughters of Njǫrðr have carved runes on the horn of salvation; Njörður Njarðvík (1991, 105) objects to such pagan lettering on a Christian symbol, while Tate (1985, 1032-3) thinks that the runes of this st. are not carved on the hart’s horn (which would surely carry a Christian message in himna skript ‘heavenly script’), but must be some other runes.
dætr ‘daughters’
(not checked:)
dóttir (noun f.; °dóttur, dat. dóttur/dǿtr/dóttir, acc. dóttur/dóttir, nom. dóttir/dóttur; dǿtr, gen. dǿtra (cf. [$1592$])): daughter
notes
[3] níu dætr Njarðar ‘Njǫrðr’s nine daughters’: The only daughter of the sea-god Njǫrðr known by name from ON myth is Freyja. Ægir, a sea-deity like Njǫrðr, is however said to have nine daughters in SnE (1998, I, 36); these are normally regarded as personifications of the waves. It is likely that Ægir and Njǫrðr have been assimilated to one another here. Björn M. Ólsen (1915, 62-3) and Njörður Njarðvík (1991, 105) suggest the daughters are the Deadly Sins, usually thought of as seven in number, but given as nine both in the Alexandreis X, ll. 32-57 (Colker 1978, 254-5) and in Alex (Unger 1848, 152-3). This fits the pagan associations of the number nine elsewhere in the poem. Falk (1914a, 52-3) and Björn M. Ólsen (1915, 61-2) assume that the daughters of Njǫrðr have carved runes on the horn of salvation; Njörður Njarðvík (1991, 105) objects to such pagan lettering on a Christian symbol, while Tate (1985, 1032-3) thinks that the runes of this st. are not carved on the hart’s horn (which would surely carry a Christian message in himna skript ‘heavenly script’), but must be some other runes.
níu ‘the nine’
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níu (num. cardinal): nine
notes
[3] níu dætr Njarðar ‘Njǫrðr’s nine daughters’: The only daughter of the sea-god Njǫrðr known by name from ON myth is Freyja. Ægir, a sea-deity like Njǫrðr, is however said to have nine daughters in SnE (1998, I, 36); these are normally regarded as personifications of the waves. It is likely that Ægir and Njǫrðr have been assimilated to one another here. Björn M. Ólsen (1915, 62-3) and Njörður Njarðvík (1991, 105) suggest the daughters are the Deadly Sins, usually thought of as seven in number, but given as nine both in the Alexandreis X, ll. 32-57 (Colker 1978, 254-5) and in Alex (Unger 1848, 152-3). This fits the pagan associations of the number nine elsewhere in the poem. Falk (1914a, 52-3) and Björn M. Ólsen (1915, 61-2) assume that the daughters of Njǫrðr have carved runes on the horn of salvation; Njörður Njarðvík (1991, 105) objects to such pagan lettering on a Christian symbol, while Tate (1985, 1032-3) thinks that the runes of this st. are not carved on the hart’s horn (which would surely carry a Christian message in himna skript ‘heavenly script’), but must be some other runes.
Baugvör ‘’
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Baugvǫr (noun f.)
Skaðveig ‘’
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Skaðveig (noun f.)
Baugveig ‘’
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Baugveig (noun f.)
Böðveig ‘Böðveig’
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Bǫðveig (noun f.): [Böðveig]
[4] Böðveig: so 10575ˣ, ‘Baðveing’ 166bˣ, Baugveig papp15ˣ, 1441ˣ, ‘Baudveing’ 738ˣ, 167b 6ˣ, Skaðveig 214ˣ, Baugvör 2797ˣ
notes
[4] Böðveig: There is little to choose between the variants of this name; Böðveig and Baugveig are both possible, though 166bˣ’s ‘Baðveing’ can hardly be right. Attempts to link the names of the st. with individual Deadly Sins have not proved convincing, cf. Björn M. Ólsen 1915, 62.
in ‘the’
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2. inn (art.): the
elzta ‘eldest’
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ellri (adj. comp.; °superl. ellztr; pos. gamall adj.): older, elder
[4] elzta: ‘[...]sta’ 214ˣ
ok ‘and’
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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
Kreppvör ‘Kreppvör’
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Kreppvǫr (noun f.): [Kreppvör]
[5] Kreppvör: Krippvör papp15ˣ, 167b 6ˣ, 214ˣ, 1441ˣ, 10575ˣ, ‘kryppvar keypp’ 738ˣ
in ‘the’
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2. inn (art.): the
yngsta ‘youngest’
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ungr (adj.): young
ok ‘and’
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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
þeira ‘their’
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hann (pron.; °gen. hans, dat. honum; f. hon, gen. hennar, acc. hana): he, she, it, they, them...
systr ‘sisters’
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systir (noun f.; °systur; systur): sister
sjau ‘seven’
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sjau (num. cardinal): seven
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
It is unusual for women to be associated with the carving of runes. — [1-2]: These ll. are missing in 167b 6ˣ because of a damaged leaf.
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