Kate Heslop (ed.) 2017, ‘Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld Óttarsson, Hákonardrápa 7’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 223.
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ráð (noun n.; °-s; -): advice, plan, control, power
[1] rôð ‘the marriage’: See Fritzner: ráð 13. Rôð (here pl.) could alternatively mean ‘extra-marital sexual relations’, ‘counsel’, ‘strategy’ or ‘agreement’ (CVC: ráð; Fritzner: ráð). The skald exploits this polysemousness to continue the metaphor of Jǫrð as both a goddess, possessed sexually by Hákon, and as the land (jǫrð) of Norway, which he rules.
[1] lukusk ‘was concluded’: This disyllabic pl. form must undergo resolution if the line is to scan (Gade 1995a, 63). Ms. B’s lauksk (sg.) is an acceptable alternative solution, as ráð occurs in both sg. and pl. in most of its senses, but is most probably scribal.
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4. at (conj.): that
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síðan (adv.): later, then
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snjallr (adj.): quick, resourceful, bold < snjallráðr (adj.)
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-ráðr (adj.): -ful < snjallráðr (adj.)
[2] ‑ráðr: so Tˣ(27r), W(56), U(29v), U(35v), B, ‑aðr R(26r), ‑mælt R(36v), ‑mæltr Tˣ(38r), W(82)
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konungr (noun m.; °dat. -i, -s; -ar): king
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spjalli (noun m.): confidant
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2. eiga (verb; °á/eigr (præs. pl. 3. pers. eigu/eiga); átti, áttu; átt): own, have
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(non-lexical) < eingadóttir (noun f.): °only daughter; own (beloved) daughter
[3] einga‑: enga Tˣ(38r), ‘o᷎nga’ B
[3] eingadóttur ‘the only daughter’: Hallfreðr calls his beloved Kolfinna eingadóttir Ávalds ‘only daughter of Ávaldr’ (Hfr Lv 2/3-4V (Hallfr 3)), perhaps implying, as Davidson (1983, 509) suggests, that she is Ávaldr’s (prose Ávaldi; cf. ÍF 8, 147 n.) sole heir and so an especially desirable prize.
[3] eingadóttur ‘the only daughter’: Hallfreðr calls his beloved Kolfinna eingadóttir Ávalds ‘only daughter of Ávaldr’ (Hfr Lv 2/3-4V (Hallfr 3)), perhaps implying, as Davidson (1983, 509) suggests, that she is Ávaldr’s (prose Ávaldi; cf. ÍF 8, 147 n.) sole heir and so an especially desirable prize.
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Ónarr (noun m.): Ónarr
[4] Ónars: Ánars Tˣ(27r), Tˣ(38r), ‘anas’ U(29v), annars B
[4] Ónars ‘of Ónarr <giant>’: The name Ónarr (or Ánarr, Annarr, cf. ms readings; see Note to Þul Dverga 3/6, AEW: Ónarr and SnE 2005, 163 for word forms and etymology) appears in several earth-kennings. He is said in Gylf (SnE 2005, 13) to be the second husband of Nótt, perhaps owing to association of his name with the ordinal annarr ‘second’, and father of Jǫrð; a figure of the same name appears in lists of dwarfs (Vsp 11; Þul Dverga 3/6). Frank (2007, 180 n. 23) suggests that Ónarr is an Óðinn-name (although this is not stated in SnE as she implies), as Jǫrð is described in kennings both as Ónarr’s daughter and as his wife, and Gylf (SnE 2005, 13) says of Óðinn, Jǫrðin var dóttir hans ok kona hans ‘The earth was his [Óðinn’s] daughter and his wife’; see the Note to Gsind Hákdr 5/1, 2-3I for an alternative explanation.
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1. viðr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. -i/-; -ir, acc. -u/-i): wood, tree
[4] viði: vini R(36v), viðr U(29v)
[4] gróna viði ‘grown with forest’: The image of Jǫrð’s hair as vegetation also occurs in st. 5/3-4, and (in a line very similar to the present stanza’s l. 4) in Gsind Hákdr 5/3I, a poem for Hákon góði ‘the Good’ Haraldsson.
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2. gróa (verb): grow
[4] gróna: om. Tˣ(27r), græna Tˣ(38r), U(29v), ‘gra[…]a’ B, ‘granna’ 744ˣ
[4] gróna viði ‘grown with forest’: The image of Jǫrð’s hair as vegetation also occurs in st. 5/3-4, and (in a line very similar to the present stanza’s l. 4) in Gsind Hákdr 5/3I, a poem for Hákon góði ‘the Good’ Haraldsson.
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
This helmingr is quoted twice in Skm, the first time in a series of six citations exemplifying kennings for ‘earth’ (jǫrð), and the second as an example of the ruler-kenning spjalli konungs ‘king’s intimate’.
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