Þul Hauks 1III
Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Hauks heiti 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 941.
Haukr ‘Hawk’
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1. haukr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-; -ar): hawk
[1] Haukr: ‘[…]aukr’ B, Haukr 744ˣ
hamðir ‘hamðir’
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hamðir (noun m.): Hamðir
notes
[1] hamðir (m.): The meaning of this heiti is uncertain. It is perhaps derived from hamr m. ‘skin’ (so AEW: Hamðir; cf. CVC: hamr ‘esp. the skin of birds flayed off with feathers and wings’) and ‑þér (cf. runic þewaʀ ‘servant’) used as a second element in personal names (cf. the legendary hero Hamðir < Hamþér). This explanation is problematic, however, because ‘genuine’ names with ‑þér as a second element are usually old, and it is doubtful whether the word retained its original meaning in later, made-up words (see AEW: þér 3). Heimþér and gamðir ‘amusing one’ (ll. 3, 5 below) have the same second element. Alternatively, Falk (1925a, 239) suggests that this hawk-heiti could have been derived from a mythical pers. n., based on beliefs in the Norse gods’ abilities to shape-change (e.g. valshamr ‘falcon shape’ owned by Frigg and Freyja; Skm, SnE 1998, I, 2, 24, 30). Another possibility is that the word was related to the weak verb hemja ‘restrain’ and meant ‘tamed one’ (for details, see ÍO: hamðir). As a heiti for ‘hawk’ the word does not occur elsewhere.
harmr ‘sorrow’
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1. harmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): sorrow, grief
notes
[1] harmr (m.) ‘sorrow’: This heiti could be the same word as harmr m. ‘grief, sorrow’ (see Note to Rv Lv 34/6); cf. tregi ‘grief’ in l. 2. Both harmr and tregi could be half-kennings for ‘hawk’ (cf. such kennings as gaglhati ‘gosling-hater’, l. 8 below, and gaglfár ‘gosling-danger’; Meissner 112). Harmr ‘Velfjorden’ is also the name of a Norwegian fjord in Þul Fjarða l. 3, where the name occurs together with Tregi (the latter p. n. has not been identified with any certainty). Alternatively, the word might refer to a tamed hawk (‘quiet’; so Falk 1925a, 242) from Gmc *herm-; cf. OHG ungahirmi ‘restless’, OE gehirman ‘rest, quit’. Holthausen’s (1942, 270) explanation, that the hawk-heiti harmr refers to the hawk’s piercing shriek and is related to the weak verb herma ‘repeat, relate’, is less plausible.
Hábrók ‘Hábrók’
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hábrók (noun f.): high-breeches, Hábrók
notes
[2] Hábrók: Lit. ‘High Breeches’. This is the name of a mythical hawk in Grí 44/8 but the word is never used as a common noun. Kock (1898, 265-6) suggests that Hábrók was originally a loanword from another Germanic language, reinterpreted by popular etymology (cf. OHG habuh, OE hafoc ‘hawk’ and the Old Saxon pers. n. Habocasbrōc). In the þulur the word is also listed among the heiti for ‘hen’ (see Note to Þul Hana l. 8).
tregi ‘grief’
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tregi (noun m.; °-a; -ar): sorrow
notes
[2] tregi (m.) ‘grief’: Not otherwise attested as a term for ‘hawk’. This is either the same word as tregi m. ‘grief, woe, sorrow’ (cf. also the weak verb trega ‘grieve’ and Note to harmr ‘sorrow’, l. 1 above) or related to the adj. tregr ‘unwilling, slow’, in which case it would be translated as ‘unwilling one’ (so AEW: trega, tregi).
notes
[3] heiðir (m.) ‘heath-dweller’: So B. Ms. A has ‘heiþér’ (see Note to hamðir, l. 1 above). The heiti is probably derived from heiðr f. ‘heath’ and refers to a wild bird. Alternatively, it could be related to heiðr m. ‘honour, payment’ and mean ‘noble gift’ (if so, as Falk 1925a, 239 believes, this word possibly denotes a bird given as a gift or as payment).
notes
[3] heimþér (m.): An otherwise unattested cpd from heimr m. ‘home’ and the suffix ‑þér; see Note to hamðir, l. 1 above.
hrímnir ‘noise-maker’
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Hrímnir (noun m.): Hrímnir, sooty one
notes
[4] hrímnir (m.) ‘noise-maker’: See Note to Þul Hjálms 1/4 as well as Þul Jǫtna I 1/5, Þul Galtar l. 2 and Þul Elds 1/8. Cf. also ymir ‘clamourer’ (st. 2/1 below). Hrímnir is otherwise not attested in poetry as a heiti for ‘hawk’.
kǫglingr ‘tracking one’
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kǫglingr (noun m.): [tracking one]
[4] kǫglingr: ‘kólginng’ A, ‘koglínng’ B
notes
[4] kǫglingr (m.) ‘tracking one’: A hap. leg. The word is spelled ‘koglínng’ in B and ‘kólginng’ in A. It could be related to an adj. *kǫgull (from the weak verb kaga ‘stare, gaze’; so Falk 1925a, 246). Cf. also kǫgla ‘roll or bulge (the eyes)’, ModIcel. köguðr ‘guard, patrolman’ (ÍO: kögla, kǫgla).
notes
[5] ginnarr (m.) ‘deceiver’: See the corresponding dwarf- and Óðinn-names (Notes to Þul Dverga 4/5 and Þul Óðins 1/8) and cf. ginnungr ‘impostor’ (l. 7 below). Falk (1925a, 243), however, argues that as a bird-heiti this word ought to have a passive sense (‘entrapped’). According to Skm (SnE 1998, I, 92), ginnarr is an eagle-heiti (see Note to Þul Ara l. 5), but the word is not found in poetry with any of the meanings ascribed to it in the þulur.
gamðir ‘amusing one’
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gamðir (noun m.): hawk
notes
[5] gamðir (m.) ‘amusing one’: The word is a poetic term most likely referring to falconry and attested only once (KormǪ Lv 23/3V (Korm 25)). It is possibly related to gaman m. ‘amusement’ (cf. New Norw. gama seg, gamast ‘amuse oneself’; Falk 1925a, 246). If so, gamðir may have been derived from *gam(an)-þér (Holthausen 1948, 79; cf. Björn Magnússon Ólsen 1888, 42; ÍO: gamðir).
ok ‘and’
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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
[6] ok geirlǫðnir: ‘[…]lodnir’ B, ‘ok geírlodnir’ 744ˣ
geirlǫðnir ‘spear-inviter’
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geirloðnir (noun m.): [spear-inviter]
[6] ok geirlǫðnir: ‘[…]lodnir’ B, ‘ok geírlodnir’ 744ˣ
notes
[6] geirlǫðnir (m.) ‘spear-inviter’: The heiti is also listed in Þul Óðins 3/8 (see Note there), but it is not attested elsewhere.
notes
[7] gǫllungr (m.) ‘screamer’: The heiti occurs several times in poetry but not earlier than in C12th skaldic verse, namely, in ESk Hardr II 5/4II and HaukrV Ísldr 23/2IV. In the former stanza, the word is given as gollungr (for a discussion of that word, see Note to ESk Hardr II 5/4II). Gǫllungr is also a name for Óðinn (see Note to Þul Óðins 5/5).
ginnungr ‘impostor’
ok ‘and’
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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
gaglhati ‘goose-hater’
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gaglhati (noun m.): [goose-hater]
notes
[8] gaglhati (m.) ‘goose-hater’: From gagl n. ‘goose’ and hati m. ‘hater’. This cpd, which is a kenning for ‘bird of prey’, is not attested elsewhere. See also Note to l. 1 harmr above.
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