ESk Geisl 44VII
Martin Chase (ed.) 2007, ‘Einarr Skúlason, Geisli 44’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 43-4.
Tók ‘took’
(not checked:)
2. taka (verb): take
þá ‘’
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2. þá (adv.): then
s ‘when’
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2. er (conj.): who, which, when
fell ‘fell’
(not checked:)
falla (verb): fall
kennings
inn frœkni kundr fylkis‘the brave descendant of a king ’
= Óláfr
the brave descendant of a king → Óláfr
frœkni ‘brave’
(not checked:)
frœkn (adj.): brave, bold
kennings
inn frœkni kundr fylkis‘the brave descendant of a king ’
= Óláfr
the brave descendant of a king → Óláfr
fylkis ‘of a king’
(not checked:)
fylkir (noun m.): leader
kennings
inn frœkni kundr fylkis‘the brave descendant of a king ’
= Óláfr
the brave descendant of a king → Óláfr
notes
[2] kundr fylkis ‘descendant of a king’: It is unclear whether any specific one of Óláfr’s royal predecessors is implied in this kenning. The reference may be to either Haraldr hárfagri or Óláfr Tryggvason, both of whom he claimed as ancestors.
kundr ‘descendant’
(not checked:)
kundr (noun m.): descendant
kennings
inn frœkni kundr fylkis‘the brave descendant of a king ’
= Óláfr
the brave descendant of a king → Óláfr
notes
[2] kundr fylkis ‘descendant of a king’: It is unclear whether any specific one of Óláfr’s royal predecessors is implied in this kenning. The reference may be to either Haraldr hárfagri or Óláfr Tryggvason, both of whom he claimed as ancestors.
til ‘to’
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til (prep.): to
grundar ‘the ground’
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grund (noun f.): earth, land
hinn ‘that’
(not checked:)
2. inn (art.): the
sverð ‘the sword’
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sverð (noun n.; °-s; -): sword
hinn ‘’
(not checked:)
2. inn (art.): the
sœkja ‘seek’
(not checked:)
sœkja (verb): seek, attack
sœkja ‘’
(not checked:)
sœkja (verb): seek, attack
þorði ‘dared’
(not checked:)
þora (verb): dare
þorði ‘’
(not checked:)
þora (verb): dare
sœnskr ‘A Swedish’
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sœnskr (adj.): Swedish
maðr ‘man’
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maðr (noun m.): man, person
af ‘from’
(not checked:)
af (prep.): from
gram ‘the king’
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1. gramr (noun m.): ruler
þrœnzkum ‘from Trøndelag’
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þrœnzkr (adj.): from Trøndelag
hefir ‘has’
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hafa (verb): have
notes
[5, 8] vas ... fundinn ‘was ... found’: Although Flat’s hefr … fundisk is grammatically possible, ‘(that sword) … has (later) been found’, l. 5 then lacks internal rhyme, which Bb’s reading (sá vas… hva) provides.
hjǫrr ‘sword’
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hjǫrr (noun m.): sword
ins ‘of the’
(not checked:)
2. inn (art.): the
kennings
ins hôva gunndjarfs stríðanda hrings‘of the tall, battle-eager enemy of the ring ’
= GENEROUS MAN = Óláfr
the tall, battle-eager enemy of the ring → GENEROUS MAN = Óláfr
harm ‘’
(not checked:)
1. harmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): sorrow, grief
hôva ‘tall’
(not checked:)
3. hár (adj.; °-van; compar. hǽrri, superl. hǽstr): high
kennings
ins hôva gunndjarfs stríðanda hrings‘of the tall, battle-eager enemy of the ring ’
= GENEROUS MAN = Óláfr
the tall, battle-eager enemy of the ring → GENEROUS MAN = Óláfr
harm ‘’
(not checked:)
1. harmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): sorrow, grief
hrings ‘of the ring’
(not checked:)
1. hringr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ar): ring; sword
[6] hrings: harm Bb
kennings
ins hôva gunndjarfs stríðanda hrings‘of the tall, battle-eager enemy of the ring ’
= GENEROUS MAN = Óláfr
the tall, battle-eager enemy of the ring → GENEROUS MAN = Óláfr
kennings
ins hôva gunndjarfs stríðanda hrings‘of the tall, battle-eager enemy of the ring ’
= GENEROUS MAN = Óláfr
the tall, battle-eager enemy of the ring → GENEROUS MAN = Óláfr
notes
[6] stríðanda ‘enemy’: Bb’s reading must be the correct one, since the nom. form stríðandi is not grammatically feasible in the helmingr.
síðan ‘later’
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síðan (adv.): later, then
gulli ‘with gold’
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gull (noun n.): gold
merktr ‘decorated’
(not checked:)
merkja (verb): mark, signify
í ‘in’
(not checked:)
í (prep.): in, into
notes
[7, 8] í liði Girkja ‘in the army of the Greeks’: The Greek army referred to here is that of the Byzantine emperor called Kirjalax in Nordic sources, variously identified as Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081-1118) or his son John II Komnenos (r. 1118-43). See further Note to 47/7.
Girkja ‘of the Greeks’
(not checked:)
1. Girkr (noun m.): Greek
notes
[7, 8] í liði Girkja ‘in the army of the Greeks’: The Greek army referred to here is that of the Byzantine emperor called Kirjalax in Nordic sources, variously identified as Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081-1118) or his son John II Komnenos (r. 1118-43). See further Note to 47/7.
gunn ‘battle’
(not checked:)
gunnr (noun f.): battle < gunndjarfr (adj.): battle-brave
kennings
ins hôva gunndjarfs stríðanda hrings‘of the tall, battle-eager enemy of the ring ’
= GENEROUS MAN = Óláfr
the tall, battle-eager enemy of the ring → GENEROUS MAN = Óláfr
fundizk ‘’
(not checked:)
2. finna (verb): find, meet
djarfs ‘eager’
(not checked:)
djarfr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): bold < gunndjarfr (adj.): battle-brave
kennings
ins hôva gunndjarfs stríðanda hrings‘of the tall, battle-eager enemy of the ring ’
= GENEROUS MAN = Óláfr
the tall, battle-eager enemy of the ring → GENEROUS MAN = Óláfr
liði ‘the army’
(not checked:)
lið (noun n.; °-s; -): retinue, troop
notes
[7, 8] í liði Girkja ‘in the army of the Greeks’: The Greek army referred to here is that of the Byzantine emperor called Kirjalax in Nordic sources, variously identified as Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081-1118) or his son John II Komnenos (r. 1118-43). See further Note to 47/7.
notes
[5, 8] vas ... fundinn ‘was ... found’: Although Flat’s hefr … fundisk is grammatically possible, ‘(that sword) … has (later) been found’, l. 5 then lacks internal rhyme, which Bb’s reading (sá vas… hva) provides.
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
[5]: After hjǫrr, the scribe of Flat has erased a word, which is no longer legible.
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