Þul Ása II 1^III

Enn ‘further’

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2. enn (adv.): still, yet, again

[1] Enn: ‘[…]nn’ C, B, Enn 744ˣ

skal ‘I shall’

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skulu (verb): shall, should, must

telja ‘list’

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telja (verb): tell, count

ása ‘of the gods’

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2. Áss (noun m.; °áss, dat. ási/ás; ásar): god

heiti ‘the names’

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heiti (noun n.): name, promise

þar ‘there’

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þar (adv.): there

es ‘is’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

Yggr ‘Yggr’

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1. Yggr (noun m.): Yggr

[3] Yggr: ‘yg[…]r’ B, ‘ýggr’ 744ˣ

notes

[3] Yggr: This name for Óðinn (lit. ‘frightening one’) is frequently used as a base-word in kennings for ‘man’. See Þul Óðins 8/8.

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

Þórr ‘Þórr’

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Þórr (noun m.): Thor; giant, ogre, monster

notes

[3] Þórr: See Note to Þul Ása I l. 5, and Þul Þórs l. 1.

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[4] ok Yngvi‑Freyr: ‘yngvi fror’ Tˣ

Yngvi ‘Yngvi’

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Yngvi (noun m.): Yngvi, prince < Yngvifreyr (noun m.)

[4] ok Yngvi‑Freyr: ‘yngvi fror’ Tˣ

notes

[4] Yngvi-Freyr: See Note to Þul Ása I l. 7.

Freyr ‘Freyr’

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Freyr (noun m.): (a god) < Yngvifreyr (noun m.)

[4] ok Yngvi‑Freyr: ‘yngvi fror’ Tˣ

notes

[4] Yngvi-Freyr: See Note to Þul Ása I l. 7.

Víðarr ‘Víðarr’

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Víðarr (noun m.): Víðarr

notes

[5] Víðarr: See Note to Þul Ása I l. 3.

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

Baldr ‘Baldr’

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Baldr (noun m.): [Baldr, Baldur]

notes

[5] Baldr: See Note to  Þul Ása I l. 2.

Váli ‘Váli’

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Váli (noun m.): Váli

[6] Váli: ‘[…]’ B, ‘valí’ 744ˣ

notes

[6] Váli: See Note to Þul Ása I l. 4.

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

Heimdallr ‘Heimdallr’

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Heimdallr (noun m.): Heimdallr

notes

[6] Heimdallr: See Note to Þul Ása I l. 9.

þá ‘then’

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2. þá (adv.): then

[7] þá es (‘þa er’): þá A, B

es ‘there are’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

[7] þá es (‘þa er’): þá A, B

notes

[7] es ‘there are’: Lit. ‘there is’ (sg. verb and a pl. subject; see NS §70).

Týr ‘Týr’

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Týr (noun m.): Týr

notes

[7] Týr: A war-god whose name was given to the rune t, which, according to Old Norse beliefs, was the rune of victory (cf. Sigrdr 6; see also Hym 33, Lok 37-40 and Gylf, SnE 2005, 25, 27-9, 50). He is also known as einhendi Áss ‘the one-handed god’ because he put his hand as a pledge into the mouth of the wolf Fenrir when the gods fettered him, and when they refused to release Fenrir, he bit Týr’s hand off (see Skm, SnE 1998, I, 19 and Gylf, SnE 2005, 25). The name of this god was originally the common noun týr m. ‘god’ (< Gmc *tīwaz), and this sense is preserved in such Óðinn-names as Farmatýr or Hroptatýr (see Þul Óðins 2/4, 3/6), and perhaps in some poetic compounds with ‑týr as the second element (see Marold 1992, 711-12 and Note to Eyv Hák 1/2^I). As the name of the god, Týr frequently appears as a base-word in kennings for ‘man’.

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

Njǫrðr ‘Njǫrðr’

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Njǫrðr (noun m.): Njǫrðr

notes

[7] Njǫrðr: In the present þula, as in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 1), Njǫrðr is listed among the gods of the Æsir family, although he is one of the Vanir, the family of the deities of fertility (Gylf, SnE 2005, 23). Cf. the name of the Germanic goddess Nerthus, whose cult is described by Tacitus (see ARG I, 467-72, II, 163-5, 203-4). See also Vafþr 38, Grí 16, Lok 33-6, Gylf (SnE 2005, 23-4), Skm (SnE 1998, I, 2-3, 18), as well as Yng (ch. 4, ÍF 26, 12-13). His name is widely used as a base-word in kennings for ‘man’.

tel ‘list’

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telja (verb): tell, count

ek ‘I’

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ek (pron.; °mín, dat. mér, acc. mik): I, me

næst ‘next’

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næst (adv.): next

Braga ‘Bragi’

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Bragi (noun m.; °; bragnar): Bragi

notes

[8] Bragi: See Note to Þul Ása I l. 10.

Hǫðr ‘Hǫðr’

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Hǫðr (noun m.): Hǫðr

notes

[9] Hǫðr: See also Þul Ása I l. 10, where, as in the present stanza, this name is given next to Bragi (see l. 8 above). In Þul Ása I both names are found only in mss A and B.

Forseti ‘Forseti’

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Forseti (noun m.): (a god)

notes

[9-10] Forseti; hér es Loki øfstr ‘Forseti; here is Loki last’: In the prose list of the twelve gods in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 1), these two names come last as well. The name of Forseti, a son of Baldr and Nanna (see Þul Ásynja 2/1), does not occur in skaldic poetry, although in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 17), Baldr is called ‘father of Forseti’. In the Poetic Edda this god is mentioned only in Grí 15/4. According to Gylf (SnE 2005, 26), Forseti was known for his ability to arbitrate between those who were engaged in litigation, and he lived in the hall Glitnir, the best place of judgement for gods and men. His name may mean ‘presiding one’ (from the prefix for- ‘before’ and the agent noun seti lit. ‘sitter’ from the strong verb sitja ‘sit’; AEW: Forseti). See also forseti ‘watchful one’ (Þul Hauks 2/5 and Note there).

hér ‘here’

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hér (adv.): here

notes

[9-10] Forseti; hér es Loki øfstr ‘Forseti; here is Loki last’: In the prose list of the twelve gods in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 1), these two names come last as well. The name of Forseti, a son of Baldr and Nanna (see Þul Ásynja 2/1), does not occur in skaldic poetry, although in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 17), Baldr is called ‘father of Forseti’. In the Poetic Edda this god is mentioned only in Grí 15/4. According to Gylf (SnE 2005, 26), Forseti was known for his ability to arbitrate between those who were engaged in litigation, and he lived in the hall Glitnir, the best place of judgement for gods and men. His name may mean ‘presiding one’ (from the prefix for- ‘before’ and the agent noun seti lit. ‘sitter’ from the strong verb sitja ‘sit’; AEW: Forseti). See also forseti ‘watchful one’ (Þul Hauks 2/5 and Note there).

es ‘is’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

notes

[9-10] Forseti; hér es Loki øfstr ‘Forseti; here is Loki last’: In the prose list of the twelve gods in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 1), these two names come last as well. The name of Forseti, a son of Baldr and Nanna (see Þul Ásynja 2/1), does not occur in skaldic poetry, although in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 17), Baldr is called ‘father of Forseti’. In the Poetic Edda this god is mentioned only in Grí 15/4. According to Gylf (SnE 2005, 26), Forseti was known for his ability to arbitrate between those who were engaged in litigation, and he lived in the hall Glitnir, the best place of judgement for gods and men. His name may mean ‘presiding one’ (from the prefix for- ‘before’ and the agent noun seti lit. ‘sitter’ from the strong verb sitja ‘sit’; AEW: Forseti). See also forseti ‘watchful one’ (Þul Hauks 2/5 and Note there).

øfstr ‘last’

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efri (adj. comp.; °superl. efstr/øfstr (eft- [$1653$] 13r²³, etc.)): higher, highest

[10] øfstr: næst A, B

notes

[9-10] Forseti; hér es Loki øfstr ‘Forseti; here is Loki last’: In the prose list of the twelve gods in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 1), these two names come last as well. The name of Forseti, a son of Baldr and Nanna (see Þul Ásynja 2/1), does not occur in skaldic poetry, although in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 17), Baldr is called ‘father of Forseti’. In the Poetic Edda this god is mentioned only in Grí 15/4. According to Gylf (SnE 2005, 26), Forseti was known for his ability to arbitrate between those who were engaged in litigation, and he lived in the hall Glitnir, the best place of judgement for gods and men. His name may mean ‘presiding one’ (from the prefix for- ‘before’ and the agent noun seti lit. ‘sitter’ from the strong verb sitja ‘sit’; AEW: Forseti). See also forseti ‘watchful one’ (Þul Hauks 2/5 and Note there). — [10] Loki: The trickster god in Old Norse myth (see ARG II, 255-67). Loki, son of the giant Fárbauti (see Gylf, SnE 2005, 26-7), is reckoned among the gods, possibly because his mother, Laufey, is presumed to belong to the gods’ group (he always goes by his matronymic, Loki Laufeyjarson). The name of this god does not occur in man-kennings, perhaps on account of his reputation as an evil-natured god (cf. Lok, Þry, Reg, Bdr 14, Hyndl 40-1, Gylf, Skm). Loki also goes by the name of Loptr. See also Þjóð Haustl 1-13, ÚlfrU Húsdr 2.

øfstr ‘last’

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efri (adj. comp.; °superl. efstr/øfstr (eft- [$1653$] 13r²³, etc.)): higher, highest

[10] øfstr: næst A, B

notes

[9-10] Forseti; hér es Loki øfstr ‘Forseti; here is Loki last’: In the prose list of the twelve gods in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 1), these two names come last as well. The name of Forseti, a son of Baldr and Nanna (see Þul Ásynja 2/1), does not occur in skaldic poetry, although in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 17), Baldr is called ‘father of Forseti’. In the Poetic Edda this god is mentioned only in Grí 15/4. According to Gylf (SnE 2005, 26), Forseti was known for his ability to arbitrate between those who were engaged in litigation, and he lived in the hall Glitnir, the best place of judgement for gods and men. His name may mean ‘presiding one’ (from the prefix for- ‘before’ and the agent noun seti lit. ‘sitter’ from the strong verb sitja ‘sit’; AEW: Forseti). See also forseti ‘watchful one’ (Þul Hauks 2/5 and Note there). — [10] Loki: The trickster god in Old Norse myth (see ARG II, 255-67). Loki, son of the giant Fárbauti (see Gylf, SnE 2005, 26-7), is reckoned among the gods, possibly because his mother, Laufey, is presumed to belong to the gods’ group (he always goes by his matronymic, Loki Laufeyjarson). The name of this god does not occur in man-kennings, perhaps on account of his reputation as an evil-natured god (cf. Lok, Þry, Reg, Bdr 14, Hyndl 40-1, Gylf, Skm). Loki also goes by the name of Loptr. See also Þjóð Haustl 1-13, ÚlfrU Húsdr 2.

Loki ‘Loki’

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Loki (noun m.): [to Loki, Loki]

notes

[9-10] Forseti; hér es Loki øfstr ‘Forseti; here is Loki last’: In the prose list of the twelve gods in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 1), these two names come last as well. The name of Forseti, a son of Baldr and Nanna (see Þul Ásynja 2/1), does not occur in skaldic poetry, although in Skm (SnE 1998, I, 17), Baldr is called ‘father of Forseti’. In the Poetic Edda this god is mentioned only in Grí 15/4. According to Gylf (SnE 2005, 26), Forseti was known for his ability to arbitrate between those who were engaged in litigation, and he lived in the hall Glitnir, the best place of judgement for gods and men. His name may mean ‘presiding one’ (from the prefix for- ‘before’ and the agent noun seti lit. ‘sitter’ from the strong verb sitja ‘sit’; AEW: Forseti). See also forseti ‘watchful one’ (Þul Hauks 2/5 and Note there).