Eil Frag 1^III

Setbergs kveða sitja
sunnr at Urðar brunni;
svá hefr ramr konungr remðan
Róms banda sik lǫndum.

Kveða sitja setbergs sunnr at brunni Urðar; svá hefr {ramr konungr Róms} remðan sik lǫndum banda.

They say that [he, Christ] sits on a seat-shaped crag in the south at the well of Urðr <norn>; thus {the strong king of Rome} [CHRIST] has strengthened himself in the lands of the gods.

Mss: R(35v), Tˣ(37r), W(80), U(34r), A(12r) (SnE); 2368ˣ(106) (LaufE)

Readings: [2] sunnr: ‘suðr’ all    [3] svá: ‘sá’ A;    remðan: ‘reindann’ 2368ˣ    [4] Róms: ‘Róm’ 2368ˣ

Editions: Skj AI, 152, Skj BI, 144, Skald I, 79, NN §470; SnE 1848-87, I, 446-7, III, 89, SnE 1931, 158, SnE 1998, I, 76; LaufE 1979, 364.

Context: This helmingr appears in Skm and LaufE as the first in a series of paraphrases for Christ. According to Skm (SnE 1998, I, 76) Christ could be referred to in terms of brunnr Urðar ‘Urðr’s well’ and Róm ‘Rome’: Forn skáld hafa kent hann við Urðar brunn ok Róm, sem kvað Eilífr Guðrúnarson ‘Ancient poets have referred to him in terms of Urðr’s well and Rome, as Eilífr Guðrúnarson said’. However, this statement is somewhat inaccurate as Christ, in the present half-stanza, is only called konungr Róms ‘king of Rome’. Brunni Urðar (dat. sg.) cannot be a kenning determinant here.

Notes: [1] kveða sitja setbergs ‘they say that [he, Christ] sits on a seat-shaped crag’: Lit. ‘[they] say to sit on a seat-shaped crag’. The analysis of setbergs ‘on a seat-shaped crag’ (l. 1) is controversial: (a) This edn, following Weber (1970, 88) and Frank (1978, 118), construes setbergs as an adverbial gen. of place qualifying sitja ‘sit’ (see NS §141; similarly CVC: setberg), instead of the more common construction with acc. (for examples see Fritzner: sitja). Hence sitja setbergs could be equated with sitja á setbergi ‘sit on a seat-shaped crag’. The idiom sitja á haugi ‘sit on the hill’ is not uncommon in connection with kings holding audience on higher ground in Old Norse literature (with twelve attestations under ONP: haugr). The practice was likely an aspect of royal ritual (cf. Olrik 1909; Weber 1970, 88-90). Records indicate that, up to the consolidation of Norway under Haraldr hárfagri ‘Fair-hair’, it was a sign of the king’s honourable status to sit on a hill, where his subjects could ask his advice or pay homage to him (Olrik 1909, 4). According to Haralds saga hárfagra in Hkr (ch. 8, ÍF 26, 99-100), King Hrollaugr, who ruled Namdalen (ON Naumudalr) along with his brother when Haraldr hárfagri was conquering Norway, ascended a hill on which kings customarily sat: Hrollaugr konungr fór upp á haug þann, er konungar váru vanir at sitja á ‘King Hrollaugr went up that hill which the kings used to sit on’. On this hill, King Hrollaugr, in a symbolic act, relinquished his status as king and submitted to King Haraldr hárfagri (further examples in Olrik 1909, 1-4 and Weber 1970, 89). Hence, if Christ is said to sit on a hill at the well of Urðr, it means that, since the heathen gods have been overcome, he will now be the one paid homage to and consulted for advice. Gylf (SnE 2005, 17) indicates that the dómstaðr ‘tribunal’ of the Æsir was located at the well of Urðr. According to Hávm st. 111/1-3, the well of Urðr was the site of the stóll þular ‘seat of the þulr’, from which Óðinn made his pronouncements. Urðr’s well was thus the seat of justice, and in this context setberg can be interpreted as part of the court. One might even imagine this setberg (lit. ‘seat-mountain’) in a physical sense as a seat-shaped hill because the other attestations of setberg refer to the shape of crags or mountains with hollows or cols (see Fritzner, LP: setberg). (b) Several eds have combined setbergs and banda ‘of the gods’ in l. 4 to form a kenning for ‘giants’ (SnE 1848-87; Skj B; Meissner 257; Lange 1958a, 55; SnE 1998, II, 384). Giant-kennings with a term for ‘gods’ as base-words are very rare, and Meissner 257 gives bǫnd bergsalar ‘the deities of the rock-hall [GIANTS]’ (Anon (ÓTHkr) 1^I) as a comparable kenning, where bǫnd apparently refers to landvættir ‘guardian spirits of the land’ (see Note to ll. 5, 6 there). In Eilífr’s Þdr 1/1, 2 we find the giant-kenning goð flugstalla ‘the gods of precipice-altars [MOUNTAINS > GIANTS]’; hence giant-kennings with a term for ‘gods’ as the base-word cannot be wholly dismissed even if they are uncommon. However, if banda setbergs ‘of the gods of the seat-shaped crag’ were a kenning for ‘giants’, such a kenning is difficult to accommodate in the present half-stanza. Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) and Lange (1958a, 57) construe banda setbergs as a gen. attribute of lǫndum, i.e. ‘lands of the giants’, which they claim must refer to the heathen countries of the North, but that interpretation is not persuasive. Lange (1958a, 57) even maintains that Christ appears here in Þórr’s role as a killer of giants (rejected by von See 1959-60, 87). (c) Guðmundur Finnbogason (1933, 71-2) and von See (1959-60, 86-7) combine lǫndum with banda and construe setbergs as a gen. attribute of brunni Urðar. Such a construction makes little sense, however, as brunnr Urðar is otherwise never mentioned in connection with a mountain or a hill (see Weber 1970, 88). The same applies to Guðmundur Finnbogason’s (1933, 72) interpretation of setberg as a kenning for ‘hall’, although a hall near brunnr Urðar is mentioned in Gylf (SnE 2005, 18) (see Note to l. 2 Urðar), which he construes to at brunni Urðar setbergs ‘at the well of Urðr of the seat-shaped crag’. Vésteinn Ólason (2000, 485-7) argues that the gen. setbergs changes the reference of brunni Urðar to suggest that Christ sits at another important well near a rock or at a rock from which this well originates. He identifies setberg with the rock upon which the Church is founded and brunnr Urðar with the well of life, the Grace of God, flowing from this rock, signifying the water of baptism. Louis-Jensen (2000, 80-2) proposes that setberg is qualified by Róms banda ‘of the gods of Rome’, which she understands as a kenning for the Capitoline Hill in Rome. Its brunnr Urðar, its place of oracle, would then be the basilica of S. Mary of the Altar of Heaven (Basilica di Santa Maria in Aracoeli), which, according to legend, was built at the place where the Tiburtine Sibyl prophesied the coming of Christ to Augustus, the first Roman emperor. (d) Kock’s (NN §470) interpretation of lines 1-2 is based on his unacceptable emendation to Sunnra (see Lange 1958a, 55 Anm. 1). The ensuing elision (Sunnra at Urðar brunni) is, however, not possible in this metrical position. — [2] sunnr ‘in the south’: All mss have suðr; however, the form sunnr, an early form of suðr (ANG §261), produces the correct aðalhending with brunni (SnE 1998, I, 201). — [2] Urðar ‘of Urðr <norn>’: Urðr is one of the three women (Urðr, Verðandi and Skuld) named in Vsp 20 who mete out the fate of humans and, above all, decides their time of death. In Gylf (SnE 2005, 18) these women are called nornir and are said to live in a hall under the world-tree Yggdrasill at the well of Urðr. Brunnr Urðar is the well of the norn named Urðr as well as ‘the well of fate’ (see Weber 1969, 149-54; for further information cf. Note to KormǪ Sigdr 4/4). According to Weber (1969, 152-3), the noun urðar ‘of fate’ originally appeared in connection with brunnr ‘well’ and was later personified as the norn Urðr. — [3, 4] konungr Róms ‘king of Rome [CHRIST]’: Meissner (Meissner 369) places this among the oldest kennings for the Christian god, a group for which geographical determinants are characteristic (see Meissner 378), as in gætir Gríklands ‘the guardian of Greece [= God]’ in Þloft Hfl 1/1-2^I or gramr Jórðánar ‘the prince of the Jordan [CHRIST]’ in Sigv ErfÓl 28/2^I. It was possible to refer to Christ as the ruler of Rome because the pope, the Christian god’s earthly representative, resided there. — [4] lǫndum banda ‘in the lands of the gods’: Bǫnd n. pl. is a term for the heathen gods who protect the land from evil, and they seem to have had a special connection to the jarls of Lade (ON Hlaðir); see Marold (1992, 705-7) and Note to Eskál Vell 8/2^I. Eilífr was a skald at the court of Hákon jarl Sigurðarson, and there are several indications that his Þdr was a praise poem to Hákon jarl (see Introduction to Þdr). Therefore lǫndum banda most likely refers to Norway, till then still heathen, and in particular to those parts of Norway under the domain of the jarls of Lade (cf. Tindr Hákdr 7/7, 8^I, where Norway is called mǫrk heiðins dóms ‘forest of heathendom’).

References

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14. ONP = Degnbol, Helle et al., eds. 1989-. A Dictionary of Old Norse Prose / Ordbog over det norrøne prosasprog. 1-. Copenhagen: The Arnamagnæan Commission.
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18. SnE 1998 = Snorri Sturluson. 1998. Edda: Skáldskaparmál. Ed. Anthony Faulkes. 2 vols. University College London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
19. SnE 2005 = Snorri Sturluson. 2005. Edda: Prologue and Gylfaginning. Ed. Anthony Faulkes. 2nd edn. University College London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
20. Marold, Edith. 1992. ‘Die Skaldendichtung als Quelle der Religionsgeschichte’. In Beck et al. 1992, 685-719.
21. Olrik, Axel. 1909. ‘At sidde på höj’. Danske studier, 1-10.
22. Guðmundur Finnbogason. 1933. Íslendingar: Nokkur drög að þjóðarlýsingu. Reykjavík: Menningarsjóður.
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24. Weber, Gerd Wolfgang. 1970. ‘Die Christus-Strophe des Eilífr Goðrúnarson’. ZDA 99, 87-90.
25. Weber, Gerd Wolfgang. 1969. Wyrd: Studien zum Schicksalsbegriff der altenglischen und altnordischen Literatur. Frankfurter Beiträge zur Germanistik 8. Bad Homburg v.d.H.: Gehlen.
26. Internal references
27. (forthcoming), ‘ Unattributed, Heimskringla’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=4> (accessed 4 May 2024)
28. (forthcoming), ‘ Snorri Sturluson, Skáldskaparmál’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=112> (accessed 4 May 2024)
29. (forthcoming), ‘ Snorri Sturluson, Gylfaginning’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=113> (accessed 4 May 2024)
30. Edith Marold with the assistance of Vivian Busch, Jana Krüger, Ann-Dörte Kyas and Katharina Seidel, translated from German by John Foulks 2017, ‘ Eilífr Goðrúnarson, Þórsdrápa’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 68. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1170> (accessed 4 May 2024)
31. Diana Whaley (ed.) 2012, ‘Anonymous Lausavísur, Lausavísa from Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar in Heimskringla 1’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1073.
32. Edith Marold (ed.) 2017, ‘Eilífr Goðrúnarson, Þórsdrápa 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 75.
33. Not published: do not cite ()
34. Edith Marold (ed.) 2012, ‘Einarr skálaglamm Helgason, Vellekla 8’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 292.
35. Not published: do not cite ()
36. Edith Marold (ed.) 2017, ‘Kormákr Ǫgmundarson, Sigurðardrápa 4’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 279.
37. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Erfidrápa Óláfs helga 28’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 697.
38. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Þórarinn loftunga, Hǫfuðlausn 1’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 850.
39. Russell Poole (ed.) 2012, ‘Tindr Hallkelsson, Hákonardrápa 7’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 350.
40. (forthcoming), ‘ Unattributed, Laufás Edda’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=10928> (accessed 4 May 2024)