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skaldic

Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages

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10. Reference material 2. Grammar reference 3. Tables 3. List of irregular nominal forms

3. List of irregular nominal forms

This is not currently part of the peer-reviewed material of the project. Do not cite as a research publication.

(From Cleasby and Vigfússon)

aðrir, from annarr, other,
Agli, from Egill.
agnar, from ögn, chaff.
aldar, from old, age.
alnar, from öln or alin, ell.
andar, from önd, breath, duck.
annar, from önn, labour.
arðar, from örð, tilling.
arkar, from örk, chest.
arnar, from örn, eagle.
aspar, from ösp, asp.
aungan, aungva, etc., from eingi, none.
aurar, from eyrir, ounce.
axar, from ox, axe.
axlar, from öxl, shoulder.
á & ana, from á, river.
á, from ær, ewe.
ár, from á, river.
ballar, from böllr, ball.
barkar, from börkr, bark.
beggja, from báðir, both.
birni, bjarnar, from björn, bear.
bjargar, from björg, help.
björg, from bjarg, rock.
bjort, from bjartr, bright.
blátt, from blár, blue.
blint, from blindr, blind,
blob, from blað, blade, leaf.
botz, from botn, botlom.
breitt, from breiðr, broad.
brynn, from brun, brow.
brýr, from bru, bridge.
brðr, from bróðir, brother,
brcekr, from brok, breeches.
brögð, from bragð, exploit.
brött, from brattr, steep.
búendr, from buandi.
bæði, from báðir, both.
boegi, from bógr, bow.
bjar, byjar, from br, byr, town.
boekr, from bók, book.
bselki, from bálkr, bulk, partition.
bndr, from bóndi, franklin.
btr, from bot, remedy.
bök, from bak, back.
bond, from band, bond.
börð, from barð, brim.
born, from barn, bairn, child.
degi, from dagr, day.
djörf, from djarfr, daring.
drætti, from dráttr, pulling.
dura, from dyrr, door.
dvalar, from dvöl, delay.
dypri, from djúpr, deep.
dcetr, from dóttir, daughter.
dögum, from dagr, day.
dögurðr = dagverðr, dinner.
dölum, from dalr, dale.
Dönum, from Danir, Danes.
döpr, from dapr, dismal.
eitt, from einn, one.
elptr, from álpt, swan.
endr, from end, duck.
erni, from örn, eagle.
eyjar, from ey, island.
fanna, from fonn, snow.
farar, from for, journey,
fátt, from far, ewe.
feðr, from fadir, father.
fegri, fegrstr, from fagr, fair.
firði, from fjörðr, fjord.
firri, firstr, from fjarr, .
fjaðrar, from fjöðr, feather.
fjalar, from fjöl, deal.
fjarðar, from fjörðr, firth.
fjár, from fé, cattle.
fjögu'r, from fjórir, four.
fjöll, from fjall, fell.
flatar, fleti, from flotr, flat.
fleer, from fio, flea.
flöt, from flatr, flat.
fremri, fremstr, fr. fram, forward.
fritt, from fríðr, handsome.
fyllri, fyllstr, from fullr, full.
faeri, faestr, from far, few.
foetr, from fotr, foot.
föður, from faðir, father.
fögnuðr = fagnaðr, joy.
fögr, from fagr, fair.
foil, from fall, fall.
for, from far, footprint.
fost, from fastr, firm.
fot, from fat, garment.
galtar, gelti, from göltr, bog.
garnir, from görn, gut.
gjafar, from gjöf, gift.
gjarðar, from gjörð, girdle.
gjold, from gjald, payment.
gjörn, from gjarn, willing.
glatt, from glaðr, glad.
glðr, from glóð, embers.
glöð, from glaðr, glad.
gott, from góðr, good.
grafar, from gröf, grave.
graftar, grefti, from gröftr, digging.
grátt, from grár, gray.
grynnri, grynnstr, from grunnr, shallow.
grös, from gras, grass.
gæss, from gas, goose.
gömul, from gamall, old.
götu, from gata, path.
Haðar, Heði, from Höðr.
hafnar, from höfn, haven.
hallar, from höll, ball.
handar, from hönd, band.
Harðar, Herði, from HÖrðr.
hattar, hetti, from hottr, hood.
hátt, from bar, high.
heilög, from heilagr, holy.
helgan, helgari, from heilagr, holy.
hendi, hendr, from bond, band.
himni, from himinn, heaven.
hirti, from hjortr, hart.
hitt, from hinn, the.
hjarðar, from hjörð, herd.
hjörtu, from hjarta, heart.
hlýtt, from hly'r, warm.
hnötr, hnetr, from hnot, nut.
hrátt, from hrar, raw.
hundruð, from hundrað, hundred.
hvannar, from hvönn, angelica.
hvöss, from hvass, sharp.
hvöt, from hvatr, vigorous.
hæri, haîstr, from hár, high.
hætti, from háltr, mode.
höf, from haf, sea.
höfði, from höfuð, head.
hog, from hagr, handy.
höll, from hallr, slant.
holt, from haltr, lame.
höpt, from hapt, bond.
hörð, from harðr, hard.
jarðar, from jörð, earth.
jöfn, jömn, from jafn, jamn, even.
karar, from kör, bed of a bedridden person.
kastar, kesti, from köstr, pile.
katli, from ketill, kettle.
kattar, ketti, from köttr, cat.
kili, from kjölr, keel.
kljá, from klé, weaver's weight.
knarrar, knerri, from knorr, ship.
knjá, knjám, from kné, knee.
kramar, from krom, wasting sickness.
kú, from kyr, cow.
kvalar, from kvöl, torment.
kvenna, from kona, woman.
köku, from kaka, cake.
kola, from kaldr, cold.
köll, from kail, call.
ktílluð, from kallaðr, called.
laðar, from löð, bidding.
laga, from log, law.
lagar, legi, from logr, water.
lanz, from land, land.
lasta, lesti, from lostr, fault.
látum, from laeti, manners.
leitt, from leiðr, loathed.
lítið, from litill, little.
Ija, from le, scythe.
lukli, from lykill, key.
ly'ss, from lús, louse.
lægri, lægstr, from lágr, low.
leer, from lo, lark.
lömb, from lamb, lamb.
Kind, from land, land.
long, from langr, long.
magar, megi, from mogr, son.
malar, from möl, gravel.
manar, from mön, mane.
manna, manni, mannr, from maðr, man.
marðar, merði.from mörðr, marten.
markar, from mörk, mark, march.
mart, from margr, many.
máttkan, from máttigr, mighty.
megri, from magr, meager.
menn, meðr, from maðr, man.
merkr, from mörk, mark.
mey, meyjar, from maer, maid.
miði, from mjöðr, mead.
mikit, from mikill, mickle.
mitt, from minn, mine.
mitt, from miðr, middle.
mjaðar, from mjöðr, mead.
mjallar, from mjöll, snow.
mjótt, from mjór, slim.
morni, from morginn, morning.
mimoðr = mánuðr, month.
niuðr = munnr, mouth.
mykill = mikill, mickle.
myss, from mús, mouse.
moeðr, from móðir, mother.
maetti, from máttr, might.
möðru, from maðra, madder.
mögn, from magn, might.
mögr, from magr, meagre.
mörg, from margr, many.
mörk, from mark, march, border.
maol, from mál, speech.
nasar, from nös, nostril.
nánari, from náinn, near.
náttar, from nótt, night.
negl, from nagl, nail.
Nirði, Njarðar, from Njörðr.
nýtt, from nyY, new.
nætr, from nótt, night.
ncetr, from not, net.
nöfn, nömn, from nafn, namn, name.
nörðri, nerðri, = nyrðri,more north.
orz, from orð, word.
ótt, from óðr, enraged.
raðar, from röð, row, series.
raddar, from rödd, voice.
randar, from rönd, stripe.
rastar, from rost, mile.
rótt, from ror, resting.
rcer, from ro, nail.
roetr, from rot, root.
röm, from ramnu, strong, bitter.
röng, from rangr, wrong.
ronn, from rann, house.
Ida = rá, nook, yard.
saðr = sannr, sooth.
sagar, from sög, saw, (to saw.)
sagnar, from sögn, saw, (to say.)
sakar, from sök, sake.
sannz, from sandr, sand.
salt, from sannr, sooth.
sitt, from sinn, suus.
sitt, from síðr, long.
skátt, from skár, open.
skemri, skemstr, from skammr, short.
skildi, from skjöldr, shield.
skúar, from skór, shoe.
skömm, from skammr, short.
sköpt, from skapt, shaft, handle.
sköpuð, from skapaðr, shaped.
skörð, from skarð, cleft.
slsett, from slær, blunt.
slsetti, from sláttr, smiting.
smaeri, smaestr, from smar, small.
snær = snjor, snow.
spalar, speli, from spolr, rail.
spjöld, from spjald, tablet.
spjöll, from spjall, spell.
spæni, from spánn, chip.
spök, from spakr, wise.
stangar, stengr, from stoug, pole.
steðja, from steði, stithy.
strandar, strendr, from strönd, strand.
styttri, styztr, from stuttr, short.
stoeri, stcerstr, from stórr, great.
stöðr, steðr, from stoð, pillar.
sumur, from sumar, summer.
sú, from sá, that.
sú, from sýr, sow.
svarðar, svcrði, from svörðr, sword.
sveppi, from svöppr, mushroom.
sviðr = svinnr, wise.
svor, from svar, answer.
syni, søni, from sonr, son.
sætt, from saer, seeing.
sævar, from'sær, sea.
sögu, from saga, story.
sölt, from saltr, salt.
sölu, from sala, sale.
söm, from samr, same.
sönn, from sannr, true.
söx, from sax, sword.
sôr = sár, sore, wound.
tafar, from töf, delay.
tangar, from töng, tongs.
tennr, teðr, tanna, from tönn, tooth.
tjarnar, from tjörn, tarn.
traðar, from tröð, enclosure.
trjá, trjám, from tré, tree.
trutt, from trúr, true.
tugli, from tygill, strap.
tveggja, from tveir, two.
tvær, tvá, tvau, from tveir, two.
taer, from tá, toe.
töðu, from taða, bay.
töfl, from tafl, same.
tölu, from tala, speech, tale.
töluð, from talaðr, told, spoken.
torn, from tamr, tame.
töpuð, from tapaðr, lost.
tösku, from taska, bag.
toór = tár, tears.
vakar, from vok, hole.
valar, veli, from völr, stick.
vallar, velli, from völlr, field.
vambar, from vömb, womb.
vamma, from vomm, .
vandar, vendi, from vondr, wand.
vant, from vandr, difficult.
varðar, verði, from vörðr, ward.
varnar, from vorn, defence.
varrar, from vorr, lip.
varrar, verri, from vörr, pull.
vattar, vetti, from vottr, glove.
vatz, from vatn, water.
vaxtar, vexti, from vöxtr, growth.
vánd, from vándr, bad.
veraldar, from veröld, world.
vesöl, from vesall, wretched.
vilja, from vili, will.
vinz, from vindr, wind.
vitt, from víðr, wide.
vöð, from vað, ford.
vöknuð, from vaknaðr, awake.
vöku, from vaka, waking.
void, from vald, power.
völu, from vala, knuckle.
vön, from vanr, want.
vond, from vandr, difficult.
vör, from varr, ware.
vörðu, from varða, beacon.
vörm, from varmr, warm.
vörtu, from varta, wart.
vöru, from vara, wares.
vosk, from vaskr, valiant.
vötn, from vatn, water.
vaón = ván, hope.
Vdópn = vápn, weapon.
yngri, yngstr, from ungr, young.
yxn, from uxi, ox.
þagnar, from þögn, silence.
þakkar, from þökk, thanks.
þau, paer, from þeir, they.
þelli, from þollr, youngfír.
þitt, from þinn, thine.
þramar, þremi, from þrömr, rim, border.
þrastar, þresti, from þröstr, thrush.
þriggja, from þrír, three.
þrjár, þrjú, from þrír, three.
þræði, from þráðr, thread.
þvætti, from þváttr, wash.
þyngri.þyngstr, from þungr, heavy.
þynnri, þynnstr, from þunnr, thin.
þætti, from þáttr, strand.
þök, from þak, thatch.
ærir, from árr, messenger.
æsir, from ass, god.
öðli, from óðal, property.
öðrum, from annarr, other.
öðu, from aða, shell.
öfl, from afl, strength.
ögn, from agn, bait.
ökrum, from akr, acre.
öldruð, from aldraðr, aged.
öldrum, from aldr, eld, age.
öldur, from alda, wave.
ömmu, from amma, grandmother.
önduð, from andaðr, dear.
öndurðr = öndverðr, opposed.
öngan, öngir, from einginn, none.
önnur, from annarr, other.
öpnum, from aptan, evening.
orðla, örðlum, from óbal,property.
örg, from argr, mean.
örm, from armr, poor.
örmum, from arrnr, arm.
örnum, from arinn, hearth.
örvar, from ör, arrow.
ösku, from aska, ashes.
ösnu, from asna, she-ass.
ötul, from atall, dire.
öx, from ax, ear of corn.
ô = á, river.
ô = á, from ær, ewe.
ôl = ál, strap.
ôr = ur, oar.
ôr = ár, years.
ôrr = árr, messenger.
ôss = áss, god.
ôst = ást, love.

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